pypsa-eur/data/costs.csv

1	technology	year	parameter	value	unit	source	further description
2	Ammonia cracker	2020	FOM	4.3	%/year	Ishimoto et al. (2020): 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.09.017 , table 7.
3	Ammonia cracker	2020	investment	1062107.74	EUR/MW_H2	Ishimoto et al. (2020): 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.09.017 , table 6.
4	Ammonia cracker	2020	lifetime	25.0	years	Ishimoto et al. (2020): 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.09.017 , table 7.
5	BioSNG	2020	C in fuel	0.32	per unit	Stoichiometric calculation
6	BioSNG	2020	C stored	0.68	per unit	Stoichiometric calculation
7	BioSNG	2020	CO2 stored	0.25	tCO2/MWh_th	Stoichiometric calculation
8	BioSNG	2020	FOM	1.61	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	84 Gasif. CFB, Bio-SNG: Fixed O&M
9	BioSNG	2020	VOM	2.7	EUR/MWh_th	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	84 Gasif. CFB, Bio-SNG: Variable O&M
10	BioSNG	2020	capture rate	0.98	per unit	Assumption based on doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.01.006
11	BioSNG	2020	efficiency	0.6	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	84 Gasif. CFB, Bio-SNG: Bio SNG
12	BioSNG	2020	investment	2500.0	EUR/kW_th	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	84 Gasif. CFB, Bio-SNG: Specific investment
13	BioSNG	2020	lifetime	25.0	years	TODO	84 Gasif. CFB, Bio-SNG: Technical lifetime
14	BtL	2020	C in fuel	0.32	per unit	Stoichiometric calculation
15	BtL	2020	C stored	0.68	per unit	Stoichiometric calculation
16	BtL	2020	CO2 stored	0.25	tCO2/MWh_th	Stoichiometric calculation
17	BtL	2020	FOM	2.4	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	85 Gasif. Ent. Flow FT, liq fu : Fixed O&M
18	BtL	2020	VOM	1.06	EUR/MWh_FT	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	85 Gasif. Ent. Flow FT, liq fu : Variable O&M
19	BtL	2020	capture rate	0.98	per unit	Assumption based on doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.01.006
20	BtL	2020	efficiency	0.45	per unit	doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2017.05.013
21	BtL	2020	investment	2000.0	EUR/kW_th	doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2017.05.013	85 Gasif. Ent. Flow FT, liq fu : Specific investment
22	BtL	2020	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	85 Gasif. Ent. Flow FT, liq fu : Technical lifetime
23	CCGT	2020	FOM	3.33	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	05 Gas turb. CC, steam extract.: Fixed O&M
24	CCGT	2020	VOM	4.4	EUR/MWh	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	05 Gas turb. CC, steam extract.: Variable O&M
25	CCGT	2020	c_b	1.8	50oC/100oC	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	05 Gas turb. CC, steam extract.: Cb coefficient
26	CCGT	2020	c_v	0.15	50oC/100oC	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	05 Gas turb. CC, steam extract.: Cv coefficient
27	CCGT	2020	efficiency	0.56	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	05 Gas turb. CC, steam extract.: Electricity efficiency, annual average
28	CCGT	2020	investment	880.0	EUR/kW	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	05 Gas turb. CC, steam extract.: Nominal investment
29	CCGT	2020	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	05 Gas turb. CC, steam extract.: Technical lifetime
30	CH4 (g) fill compressor station	2020	FOM	1.7	%/year	Assume same as for H2 (g) fill compressor station.
31	CH4 (g) fill compressor station	2020	investment	1498.95	EUR/MW_CH4	Guesstimate, based on H2 (g) pipeline and fill compressor station cost.
32	CH4 (g) fill compressor station	2020	lifetime	20.0	years	Assume same as for H2 (g) fill compressor station.
33	CH4 (g) pipeline	2020	FOM	1.5	%/year	Assume same as for H2 (g) pipeline in 2050 (CH4 pipeline as mature technology).
34	CH4 (g) pipeline	2020	investment	79.0	EUR/MW/km	Guesstimate.
35	CH4 (g) pipeline	2020	lifetime	50.0	years	Assume same as for H2 (g) pipeline in 2050 (CH4 pipeline as mature technology).
36	CH4 (g) submarine pipeline	2020	FOM	3.0	%/year	d’Amore-Domenech et al (2021): 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116625 , supplementary material.
37	CH4 (g) submarine pipeline	2020	investment	114.89	EUR/MW/km	Kaiser (2017): 10.1016/j.marpol.2017.05.003 .
38	CH4 (g) submarine pipeline	2020	lifetime	30.0	years	d’Amore-Domenech et al (2021): 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116625 , supplementary material.
39	CH4 (l) transport ship	2020	FOM	3.5	%/year	Fasihi et al 2017, table 1, https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/2/306
40	CH4 (l) transport ship	2020	capacity	58300.0	t_CH4	Calculated, based on Fasihi et al 2017, table 1, https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/2/306
41	CH4 (l) transport ship	2020	investment	151000000.0	EUR	Fasihi et al 2017, table 1, https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/2/306
42	CH4 (l) transport ship	2020	lifetime	25.0	years	Fasihi et al 2017, table 1, https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/2/306
43	CH4 evaporation	2020	FOM	3.5	%/year	Lochner and Bothe (2009): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.12.012 and Fasihi et al 2017, table 1, https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/2/306
44	CH4 evaporation	2020	investment	87.6	EUR/kW_CH4	Calculated, based on Lochner and Bothe (2009): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.12.012 and Fasihi et al 2017, table 1, https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/2/306
45	CH4 evaporation	2020	lifetime	30.0	years	Fasihi et al 2017, table 1, https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/2/306
46	CH4 liquefaction	2020	FOM	3.5	%/year	Fasihi et al 2017, table 1, https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/2/306
47	CH4 liquefaction	2020	investment	232.13	EUR/kW_CH4	Calculated, based on Lochner and Bothe (2009): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.12.012 and Fasihi et al 2017, table 1, https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/2/306
48	CH4 liquefaction	2020	lifetime	25.0	years	Fasihi et al 2017, table 1, https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/2/306
49	CO2 liquefaction	2020	FOM	5.0	%/year	Mitsubish Heavy Industries Ltd. and IEA (2004): https://ieaghg.org/docs/General_Docs/Reports/PH4-30%20Ship%20Transport.pdf .
50	CO2 liquefaction	2020	investment	16.03	EUR/t_CO2/h	Mitsubish Heavy Industries Ltd. and IEA (2004): https://ieaghg.org/docs/General_Docs/Reports/PH4-30%20Ship%20Transport.pdf .
51	CO2 liquefaction	2020	lifetime	25.0	years	Guesstimate, based on CH4 liquefaction.
52	CO2 pipeline	2020	FOM	0.9	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (March 2021), Excel datasheet: 121 co2 pipeline.
53	CO2 pipeline	2020	investment	2000.0	EUR/(tCO2/h)/km	Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (March 2021), Excel datasheet: 121 co2 pipeline.
54	CO2 pipeline	2020	lifetime	50.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (March 2021), Excel datasheet: 121 co2 pipeline.
55	CO2 storage tank	2020	FOM	1.0	%/year	Lauri et al. 2014: doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.297, pg. 2746 .
56	CO2 storage tank	2020	investment	2528.17	EUR/t_CO2	Lauri et al. 2014: doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.297, Table 3.
57	CO2 storage tank	2020	lifetime	25.0	years	Lauri et al. 2014: doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.297, pg. 2746 .
58	CO2 submarine pipeline	2020	FOM	0.5	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (March 2021), Excel datasheet: 121 co2 pipeline.
59	CO2 submarine pipeline	2020	investment	4000.0	EUR/(tCO2/h)/km	Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (March 2021), Excel datasheet: 121 co2 pipeline.
60	FT fuel transport ship	2020	FOM	5.0	%/year	Assume comparable tanker as for LOHC transport above, c.f. Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514 .
61	FT fuel transport ship	2020	capacity	75000.0	t_FTfuel	Assume comparable tanker as for LOHC transport above, c.f. Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514 .
62	FT fuel transport ship	2020	investment	31700578.34	EUR	Assume comparable tanker as for LOHC transport above, c.f. Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514 .
63	FT fuel transport ship	2020	lifetime	15.0	years	Assume comparable tanker as for LOHC transport above, c.f. Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514 .
64	Fischer-Tropsch	2020	FOM	3.0	%/year	Agora Energiewende (2018): The Future Cost of Electricity-Based Synthetic Fuels (https://www.agora-energiewende.de/en/publications/the-future-cost-of-electricity-based-synthetic-fuels-1/), section 6.3.2.1.
65	Fischer-Tropsch	2020	capture rate	0.98	per unit	Assumption based on doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.01.006
66	Fischer-Tropsch	2020	efficiency	0.8	per unit	Agora Energiewende (2018): The Future Cost of Electricity-Based Synthetic Fuels (https://www.agora-energiewende.de/en/publications/the-future-cost-of-electricity-based-synthetic-fuels-1/), section 6.3.2.2.
67	Fischer-Tropsch	2020	investment	757401.0	EUR/MW_FT	Agora Energiewende (2018): The Future Cost of Electricity-Based Synthetic Fuels (https://www.agora-energiewende.de/en/publications/the-future-cost-of-electricity-based-synthetic-fuels-1/), table 8: “Reference scenario”.
68	Fischer-Tropsch	2020	lifetime	20.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Renewable Fuels (04/2022), Data sheet “Methanol to Power”.
69	Gasnetz	2020	FOM	2.5	%	WEGE ZU EINEM KLIMANEUTRALEN ENERGIESYSEM, Anhang zur Studie, Fraunhofer-Institut für Solare Energiesysteme ISE, Freiburg	Gasnetz
70	Gasnetz	2020	investment	28.0	EUR/kWGas	WEGE ZU EINEM KLIMANEUTRALEN ENERGIESYSEM, Anhang zur Studie, Fraunhofer-Institut für Solare Energiesysteme ISE, Freiburg	Gasnetz
71	Gasnetz	2020	lifetime	30.0	years	WEGE ZU EINEM KLIMANEUTRALEN ENERGIESYSEM, Anhang zur Studie, Fraunhofer-Institut für Solare Energiesysteme ISE, Freiburg	Gasnetz
72	General liquid hydrocarbon storage (crude)	2020	FOM	6.25	%/year	Stelter and Nishida 2013: https://webstore.iea.org/insights-series-2013-focus-on-energy-security , figure 7 and pg. 12 .
73	General liquid hydrocarbon storage (crude)	2020	investment	135.83	EUR/m^3	Stelter and Nishida 2013: https://webstore.iea.org/insights-series-2013-focus-on-energy-security , pg. 8F .
74	General liquid hydrocarbon storage (crude)	2020	lifetime	30.0	years	Stelter and Nishida 2013: https://webstore.iea.org/insights-series-2013-focus-on-energy-security , pg. 11.
75	General liquid hydrocarbon storage (product)	2020	FOM	6.25	%/year	Stelter and Nishida 2013: https://webstore.iea.org/insights-series-2013-focus-on-energy-security , figure 7 and pg. 12 .
76	General liquid hydrocarbon storage (product)	2020	investment	169.79	EUR/m^3	Stelter and Nishida 2013: https://webstore.iea.org/insights-series-2013-focus-on-energy-security , pg. 8F .
77	General liquid hydrocarbon storage (product)	2020	lifetime	30.0	years	Stelter and Nishida 2013: https://webstore.iea.org/insights-series-2013-focus-on-energy-security , pg. 11.
78	H2 (g) fill compressor station	2020	FOM	1.7	%/year	Guidehouse 2020: European Hydrogen Backbone report, https://guidehouse.com/-/media/www/site/downloads/energy/2020/gh_european-hydrogen-backbone_report.pdf (table 3, table 5)
79	H2 (g) fill compressor station	2020	investment	4478.0	EUR/MW_H2	Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (2021), pg. 164, Figure 14 (Fill compressor).
80	H2 (g) fill compressor station	2020	lifetime	20.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (2021), pg. 168, Figure 24 (Fill compressor).
81	H2 (g) pipeline	2020	FOM	4.0	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (2021), Excel datasheet: H2 140.
82	H2 (g) pipeline	2020	investment	226.47	EUR/MW/km	European Hydrogen Backbone Report (June 2021): https://gasforclimate2050.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/EHB_Analysing-the-future-demand-supply-and-transport-of-hydrogen_June-2021.pdf.
83	H2 (g) pipeline	2020	lifetime	50.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (2021), Excel datasheet: H2 140.
84	H2 (g) pipeline repurposed	2020	FOM	4.0	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (2021), Excel datasheet: H2 140.
85	H2 (g) pipeline repurposed	2020	investment	105.88	EUR/MW/km	European Hydrogen Backbone Report (June 2021): https://gasforclimate2050.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/EHB_Analysing-the-future-demand-supply-and-transport-of-hydrogen_June-2021.pdf.
86	H2 (g) pipeline repurposed	2020	lifetime	50.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (2021), Excel datasheet: H2 140.
87	H2 (g) submarine pipeline	2020	FOM	3.0	%/year	Assume same as for CH4 (g) submarine pipeline.
88	H2 (g) submarine pipeline	2020	investment	329.37	EUR/MW/km	Assume similar cost as for CH4 (g) submarine pipeline but with the same factor as between onland CH4 (g) pipeline and H2 (g) pipeline (2.86). This estimate is comparable to a 36in diameter pipeline calaculated based on d’Amore-Domenech et al (2021): 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116625 , supplementary material (=251 EUR/MW/km).
89	H2 (g) submarine pipeline	2020	lifetime	30.0	years	Assume same as for CH4 (g) submarine pipeline.
90	H2 (l) storage tank	2020	FOM	2.0	%/year	Reuß et al 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.050 , Table 6.
91	H2 (l) storage tank	2020	investment	750.08	EUR/MWh_H2	Reuß et al 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.050 , Table 6.
92	H2 (l) storage tank	2020	lifetime	20.0	years	Reuß et al 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.050 , Table 6.
93	H2 (l) transport ship	2020	FOM	4.0	%/year	Cihlar et al 2020: http://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/7e4afa7d-d077-11ea-adf7-01aa75ed71a1/language-en , Table 3-B, based on IEA 2019.
94	H2 (l) transport ship	2020	capacity	11000.0	t_H2	Cihlar et al 2020: http://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/7e4afa7d-d077-11ea-adf7-01aa75ed71a1/language-en , Table 3-B, based on IEA 2019.
95	H2 (l) transport ship	2020	investment	361223561.58	EUR	Cihlar et al 2020: http://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/7e4afa7d-d077-11ea-adf7-01aa75ed71a1/language-en , Table 3-B, based on IEA 2019.
96	H2 (l) transport ship	2020	lifetime	20.0	years	Cihlar et al 2020: http://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/7e4afa7d-d077-11ea-adf7-01aa75ed71a1/language-en , Table 3-B, based on IEA 2019.
97	H2 evaporation	2020	FOM	2.5	%/year	DNV GL (2020): Study on the Import of Liquid Renewable Energy: Technology Cost Assessment, https://www.gie.eu/wp-content/uploads/filr/2598/DNV-GL_Study-GLE-Technologies-and-costs-analysis-on-imports-of-liquid-renewable-energy.pdf .
98	H2 evaporation	2020	investment	143.64	EUR/kW_H2	IRENA (2022): Global Hydrogen Trade to Meet the 1.5° Climate Goal: Technology Review of Hydrogen Carriers, https://www.irena.org/publications/2022/Apr/Global-hydrogen-trade-Part-II , pg. 62f.
99	H2 evaporation	2020	lifetime	20.0	years	Guesstimate.
100	H2 liquefaction	2020	FOM	2.5	%/year	DNV GL (2020): Study on the Import of Liquid Renewable Energy: Technology Cost Assessment, https://www.gie.eu/wp-content/uploads/filr/2598/DNV-GL_Study-GLE-Technologies-and-costs-analysis-on-imports-of-liquid-renewable-energy.pdf .
101	H2 liquefaction	2020	investment	870.56	EUR/kW_H2	IRENA (2022): Global Hydrogen Trade to Meet the 1.5° Climate Goal: Technology Review of Hydrogen Carriers, https://www.irena.org/publications/2022/Apr/Global-hydrogen-trade-Part-II , pg. 62f.
102	H2 liquefaction	2020	lifetime	20.0	years	Reuß et al 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.050 , Table 9.
103	H2 pipeline	2020	FOM	3.0	%/year	TODO	from old pypsa cost assumptions
104	H2 pipeline	2020	investment	267.0	EUR/MW/km	Welder et al https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.05.059	from old pypsa cost assumptions
105	H2 pipeline	2020	lifetime	40.0	years	TODO	from old pypsa cost assumptions
106	HVAC overhead	2020	FOM	2.0	%/year	Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .
107	HVAC overhead	2020	investment	432.97	EUR/MW/km	Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .
108	HVAC overhead	2020	lifetime	40.0	years	Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .
109	HVDC inverter pair	2020	FOM	2.0	%/year	Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .
110	HVDC inverter pair	2020	investment	162364.82	EUR/MW	Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .
111	HVDC inverter pair	2020	lifetime	40.0	years	Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .
112	HVDC overhead	2020	FOM	2.0	%/year	Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .
113	HVDC overhead	2020	investment	432.97	EUR/MW/km	Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .
114	HVDC overhead	2020	lifetime	40.0	years	Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .
115	HVDC submarine	2020	FOM	0.35	%/year	Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .
116	HVDC submarine	2020	investment	471.16	EUR/MW/km	Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .
117	HVDC submarine	2020	lifetime	40.0	years	Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .
118	Haber-Bosch	2020	FOM	3.0	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	103 Hydrogen to Ammonia: Fixed O&M
119	Haber-Bosch	2020	VOM	0.02	EUR/MWh_NH3	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	103 Hydrogen to Ammonia: Variable O&M
120	Haber-Bosch	2020	investment	1586.29	EUR/kW_NH3	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	103 Hydrogen to Ammonia: Specific investment
121	Haber-Bosch	2020	lifetime	30.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	103 Hydrogen to Ammonia: Technical lifetime
122	LNG storage tank	2020	FOM	2.0	%/year	Guesstimate, based on H2 (l) storage tank with comparable requirements.
123	LNG storage tank	2020	investment	611.59	EUR/m^3	Hurskainen 2019, https://cris.vtt.fi/en/publications/liquid-organic-hydrogen-carriers-lohc-concept-evaluation-and-tech pg. 46 (59).
124	LNG storage tank	2020	lifetime	20.0	years	Guesstimate, based on H2 (l) storage tank with comparable requirements.
125	LOHC chemical	2020	investment	2264.33	EUR/t	Runge et al 2020, pg.7, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514
126	LOHC chemical	2020	lifetime	20.0	years	Runge et al 2020, pg.7, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514
127	LOHC dehydrogenation	2020	FOM	3.0	%/year	Reuß et al 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.050 , Table 9.
128	LOHC dehydrogenation	2020	investment	50728.03	EUR/MW_H2	Reuß et al 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.050 , Table 9.
129	LOHC dehydrogenation	2020	lifetime	20.0	years	Reuß et al 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.050 , Table 9.
130	LOHC dehydrogenation (small scale)	2020	FOM	3.0	%/year	Runge et al 2020, pg.8, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514
131	LOHC dehydrogenation (small scale)	2020	investment	759908.15	EUR/MW_H2	Runge et al 2020, pg.8, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514
132	LOHC dehydrogenation (small scale)	2020	lifetime	20.0	years	Runge et al 2020, pg.8, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514
133	LOHC hydrogenation	2020	FOM	3.0	%/year	Reuß et al 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.050 , Table 9.
134	LOHC hydrogenation	2020	investment	51259.54	EUR/MW_H2	Reuß et al 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.050 , Table 9.
135	LOHC hydrogenation	2020	lifetime	20.0	years	Reuß et al 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.050 , Table 9.
136	LOHC loaded DBT storage	2020	FOM	6.25	%/year
137	LOHC loaded DBT storage	2020	investment	149.27	EUR/t	Density via Wissenschaftliche Dienste des Deutschen Bundestages 2020, https://www.bundestag.de/resource/blob/816048/454e182d5956d45a664da9eb85486f76/WD-8-058-20-pdf-data.pdf , pg. 11.
138	LOHC loaded DBT storage	2020	lifetime	30.0	years
139	LOHC transport ship	2020	FOM	5.0	%/year	Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514
140	LOHC transport ship	2020	capacity	75000.0	t_LOHC	Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514
141	LOHC transport ship	2020	investment	31700578.34	EUR	Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514
142	LOHC transport ship	2020	lifetime	15.0	years	Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514
143	LOHC unloaded DBT storage	2020	FOM	6.25	%/year
144	LOHC unloaded DBT storage	2020	investment	132.26	EUR/t	Density via Wissenschaftliche Dienste des Deutschen Bundestages 2020, https://www.bundestag.de/resource/blob/816048/454e182d5956d45a664da9eb85486f76/WD-8-058-20-pdf-data.pdf , pg. 11.
145	LOHC unloaded DBT storage	2020	lifetime	30.0	years
146	MeOH transport ship	2020	FOM	5.0	%/year	Assume comparable tanker as for LOHC transport above, c.f. Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514 .
147	MeOH transport ship	2020	capacity	75000.0	t_MeOH	Assume comparable tanker as for LOHC transport above, c.f. Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514 .
148	MeOH transport ship	2020	investment	31700578.34	EUR	Assume comparable tanker as for LOHC transport above, c.f. Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514 .
149	MeOH transport ship	2020	lifetime	15.0	years	Assume comparable tanker as for LOHC transport above, c.f. Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514 .
150	Methanol steam reforming	2020	FOM	4.0	%/year	Niermann et al (2021): 10.1016/j.rser.2020.110171 , table 4.
151	Methanol steam reforming	2020	investment	16318.43	EUR/MW_H2	Niermann et al (2021): 10.1016/j.rser.2020.110171 , table 4.
152	Methanol steam reforming	2020	lifetime	20.0	years	Niermann et al (2021): 10.1016/j.rser.2020.110171 , table 4.
153	NH3 (l) storage tank incl. liquefaction	2020	FOM	2.0	%/year	Guesstimate, based on H2 (l) storage tank.
154	NH3 (l) storage tank incl. liquefaction	2020	investment	161.93	EUR/MWh_NH3	Calculated based on Morgan E. 2013: doi:10.7275/11KT-3F59 , Fig. 55, Fig 58.
155	NH3 (l) storage tank incl. liquefaction	2020	lifetime	20.0	years	Morgan E. 2013: doi:10.7275/11KT-3F59 , pg. 290
156	NH3 (l) transport ship	2020	FOM	4.0	%/year	Cihlar et al 2020 based on IEA 2019, Table 3-B
157	NH3 (l) transport ship	2020	capacity	53000.0	t_NH3	Cihlar et al 2020 based on IEA 2019, Table 3-B
158	NH3 (l) transport ship	2020	investment	74461941.34	EUR	Cihlar et al 2020 based on IEA 2019, Table 3-B
159	NH3 (l) transport ship	2020	lifetime	20.0	years	Guess estimated based on H2 (l) tanker, but more mature technology
160	OCGT	2020	FOM	1.78	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	52 OCGT - Natural gas: Fixed O&M
161	OCGT	2020	VOM	4.5	EUR/MWh	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	52 OCGT - Natural gas: Variable O&M
162	OCGT	2020	efficiency	0.4	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	52 OCGT - Natural gas: Electricity efficiency, annual average
163	OCGT	2020	investment	453.96	EUR/kW	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	52 OCGT - Natural gas: Specific investment
164	OCGT	2020	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	52 OCGT - Natural gas: Technical lifetime
165	PHS	2020	FOM	1.0	%/year	DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
166	PHS	2020	efficiency	0.75	per unit	DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
167	PHS	2020	investment	2208.16	EUR/kWel	DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
168	PHS	2020	lifetime	80.0	years	IEA2010	from old pypsa cost assumptions
169	SMR	2020	FOM	5.0	%/year	Danish Energy Agency	Technology data for renewable fuels, in pdf on table 3 p.311
170	SMR	2020	efficiency	0.76	per unit (in LHV)	IEA Global average levelised cost of hydrogen production by energy source and technology, 2019 and 2050 (2020), https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/global-average-levelised-cost-of-hydrogen-production-by-energy-source-and-technology-2019-and-2050
171	SMR	2020	investment	493470.4	EUR/MW_CH4	Danish Energy Agency	Technology data for renewable fuels, in pdf on table 3 p.311
172	SMR	2020	lifetime	30.0	years	IEA Global average levelised cost of hydrogen production by energy source and technology, 2019 and 2050 (2020), https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/global-average-levelised-cost-of-hydrogen-production-by-energy-source-and-technology-2019-and-2050
173	SMR CC	2020	FOM	5.0	%/year	Danish Energy Agency	Technology data for renewable fuels, in pdf on table 3 p.311
174	SMR CC	2020	capture_rate	0.9	EUR/MW_CH4	IEA Global average levelised cost of hydrogen production by energy source and technology, 2019 and 2050 (2020), https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/global-average-levelised-cost-of-hydrogen-production-by-energy-source-and-technology-2019-and-2050	wide range: capture rates betwen 54%-90%
175	SMR CC	2020	efficiency	0.69	per unit (in LHV)	IEA Global average levelised cost of hydrogen production by energy source and technology, 2019 and 2050 (2020), https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/global-average-levelised-cost-of-hydrogen-production-by-energy-source-and-technology-2019-and-2050
176	SMR CC	2020	investment	572425.66	EUR/MW_CH4	Danish Energy Agency	Technology data for renewable fuels, in pdf on table 3 p.311
177	SMR CC	2020	lifetime	30.0	years	IEA Global average levelised cost of hydrogen production by energy source and technology, 2019 and 2050 (2020), https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/global-average-levelised-cost-of-hydrogen-production-by-energy-source-and-technology-2019-and-2050
178	Steam methane reforming	2020	FOM	3.0	%/year	International Energy Agency (2015): Technology Roadmap Hydrogen and Fuel Cells , table 15.
179	Steam methane reforming	2020	investment	470085.47	EUR/MW_H2	International Energy Agency (2015): Technology Roadmap Hydrogen and Fuel Cells , table 15.
180	Steam methane reforming	2020	lifetime	30.0	years	International Energy Agency (2015): Technology Roadmap Hydrogen and Fuel Cells , table 15.
181	air separation unit	2020	FOM	3.0	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	103 Hydrogen to Ammonia: Fixed O&M
182	air separation unit	2020	investment	891679.11	EUR/t_N2/h	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	103 Hydrogen to Ammonia: Specific investment
183	air separation unit	2020	lifetime	30.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	103 Hydrogen to Ammonia: Technical lifetime
184	battery inverter	2020	FOM	0.2	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	: Fixed O&M
185	battery inverter	2020	efficiency	0.95	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	: Round trip efficiency DC
186	battery inverter	2020	investment	270.0	EUR/kW	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	: Output capacity expansion cost investment
187	battery inverter	2020	lifetime	10.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx, Note K.	: Technical lifetime
188	battery storage	2020	investment	232.0	EUR/kWh	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	: Energy storage expansion cost investment
189	battery storage	2020	lifetime	20.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	: Technical lifetime
190	biogas	2020	CO2 stored	0.09	tCO2/MWh_th	Stoichiometric calculation
191	biogas	2020	FOM	11.38	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	81 Biogas Plant, Basic conf.: Total O&M
192	biogas	2020	capture rate	0.98	per unit	Assumption based on doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.01.006
193	biogas	2020	efficiency	1.0	per unit	Assuming input biomass is already given in biogas output
194	biogas	2020	fuel	59.0	EUR/MWhth	JRC and Zappa	from old pypsa cost assumptions
195	biogas	2020	investment	1710.69	EUR/kW	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	81 Biogas Plant, Basic conf.: Specific investment
196	biogas	2020	lifetime	20.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	81 Biogas Plant, Basic conf.: Technical lifetime
197	biogas plus hydrogen	2020	FOM	4.0	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	99 SNG from methan. of biogas: Fixed O&M
198	biogas plus hydrogen	2020	investment	907.2	EUR/kW_CH4	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	99 SNG from methan. of biogas: Specific investment
199	biogas plus hydrogen	2020	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	99 SNG from methan. of biogas: Technical lifetime
200	biogas upgrading	2020	FOM	2.51	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	82 Biogas, upgrading: Fixed O&M
201	biogas upgrading	2020	VOM	3.69	EUR/MWh input	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	82 Biogas, upgrading: Variable O&M
202	biogas upgrading	2020	investment	423.0	EUR/kW input	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	82 Biogas, upgrading: investment (upgrading, methane redution and grid injection)
203	biogas upgrading	2020	lifetime	15.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	82 Biogas, upgrading: Technical lifetime
204	biomass	2020	FOM	4.53	%/year	DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
205	biomass	2020	efficiency	0.47	per unit	DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
206	biomass	2020	fuel	7.0	EUR/MWhth	IEA2011b	from old pypsa cost assumptions
207	biomass	2020	investment	2209.0	EUR/kWel	DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
208	biomass	2020	lifetime	30.0	years	ECF2010 in DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
209	biomass CHP	2020	FOM	3.61	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Fixed O&M
210	biomass CHP	2020	VOM	2.11	EUR/MWh_e	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Variable O&M
211	biomass CHP	2020	c_b	0.45	40°C/80°C	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Cb coefficient
212	biomass CHP	2020	c_v	1.0	40°C/80°C	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Cv coefficient
213	biomass CHP	2020	efficiency	0.3	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Electricity efficiency, net, annual average
214	biomass CHP	2020	efficiency-heat	0.71	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Heat efficiency, net, annual average
215	biomass CHP	2020	investment	3381.27	EUR/kW_e	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Nominal investment
216	biomass CHP	2020	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Technical lifetime
217	biomass CHP capture	2020	FOM	3.0	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	401.a Post comb - small CHP
218	biomass CHP capture	2020	capture_rate	0.9	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	401.a Post comb - small CHP
219	biomass CHP capture	2020	compression-electricity-input	0.1	MWh/tCO2	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	401.a Post comb - small CHP
220	biomass CHP capture	2020	compression-heat-output	0.16	MWh/tCO2	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	401.a Post comb - small CHP
221	biomass CHP capture	2020	electricity-input	0.03	MWh/tCO2	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	401.a Post comb - small CHP
222	biomass CHP capture	2020	heat-input	0.83	MWh/tCO2	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	401.a Post comb - small CHP
223	biomass CHP capture	2020	heat-output	0.83	MWh/tCO2	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	401.a Post comb - small CHP
224	biomass CHP capture	2020	investment	3300000.0	EUR/(tCO2/h)	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	401.a Post comb - small CHP
225	biomass CHP capture	2020	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	401.a Post comb - small CHP
226	biomass EOP	2020	FOM	3.61	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Fixed O&M
227	biomass EOP	2020	VOM	2.11	EUR/MWh_e	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Variable O&M
228	biomass EOP	2020	c_b	0.45	40°C/80°C	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Cb coefficient
229	biomass EOP	2020	c_v	1.0	40°C/80°C	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Cv coefficient
230	biomass EOP	2020	efficiency	0.3	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Electricity efficiency, net, annual average
231	biomass EOP	2020	efficiency-heat	0.71	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Heat efficiency, net, annual average
232	biomass EOP	2020	investment	3381.27	EUR/kW_e	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Nominal investment
233	biomass EOP	2020	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Technical lifetime
234	biomass HOP	2020	FOM	5.8	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09c Straw HOP: Fixed O&M, heat output
235	biomass HOP	2020	VOM	2.11	EUR/MWh	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09c Straw HOP: Variable O&M heat output
236	biomass HOP	2020	efficiency	1.03	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09c Straw HOP: Total efficiency , net, annual average
237	biomass HOP	2020	investment	875.42	EUR/kW_th - heat output	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09c Straw HOP: Nominal investment
238	biomass HOP	2020	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09c Straw HOP: Technical lifetime
239	biomass boiler	2020	FOM	7.39	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	204 Biomass boiler, automatic: Fixed O&M
240	biomass boiler	2020	efficiency	0.82	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	204 Biomass boiler, automatic: Heat efficiency, annual average, net
241	biomass boiler	2020	investment	682.67	EUR/kW_th	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	204 Biomass boiler, automatic: Specific investment
242	biomass boiler	2020	lifetime	20.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	204 Biomass boiler, automatic: Technical lifetime
243	cement capture	2020	FOM	3.0	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	401.c Post comb - Cement kiln
244	cement capture	2020	capture_rate	0.9	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	401.c Post comb - Cement kiln
245	cement capture	2020	compression-electricity-input	0.1	MWh/tCO2	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	401.c Post comb - Cement kiln
246	cement capture	2020	compression-heat-output	0.16	MWh/tCO2	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	401.c Post comb - Cement kiln
247	cement capture	2020	electricity-input	0.02	MWh/tCO2	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	401.c Post comb - Cement kiln
248	cement capture	2020	heat-input	0.83	MWh/tCO2	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	401.c Post comb - Cement kiln
249	cement capture	2020	heat-output	1.65	MWh/tCO2	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	401.c Post comb - Cement kiln
250	cement capture	2020	investment	3000000.0	EUR/(tCO2/h)	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	401.c Post comb - Cement kiln
251	cement capture	2020	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	401.c Post comb - Cement kiln
252	central air-sourced heat pump	2020	FOM	0.21	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	40 Comp. hp, airsource 3 MW: Fixed O&M
253	central air-sourced heat pump	2020	VOM	2.19	EUR/MWh_th	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	40 Comp. hp, airsource 3 MW: Variable O&M
254	central air-sourced heat pump	2020	efficiency	3.4	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	40 Comp. hp, airsource 3 MW: Total efficiency , net, annual average
255	central air-sourced heat pump	2020	investment	951.39	EUR/kW_th	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	40 Comp. hp, airsource 3 MW: Specific investment
256	central air-sourced heat pump	2020	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	40 Comp. hp, airsource 3 MW: Technical lifetime
257	central coal CHP	2020	FOM	1.63	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	01 Coal CHP: Fixed O&M
258	central coal CHP	2020	VOM	2.9	EUR/MWh	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	01 Coal CHP: Variable O&M
259	central coal CHP	2020	c_b	0.84	50oC/100oC	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	01 Coal CHP: Cb coefficient
260	central coal CHP	2020	c_v	0.15	50oC/100oC	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	01 Coal CHP: Cv coefficient
261	central coal CHP	2020	efficiency	0.48	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	01 Coal CHP: Electricity efficiency, condensation mode, net
262	central coal CHP	2020	investment	1900.0	EUR/kW	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	01 Coal CHP: Nominal investment
263	central coal CHP	2020	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	01 Coal CHP: Technical lifetime
264	central gas CHP	2020	FOM	3.31	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	04 Gas turb. simple cycle, L: Fixed O&M
265	central gas CHP	2020	VOM	4.4	EUR/MWh	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	04 Gas turb. simple cycle, L: Variable O&M
266	central gas CHP	2020	c_b	0.96	50oC/100oC	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	04 Gas turb. simple cycle, L: Cb coefficient
267	central gas CHP	2020	c_v	0.17	per unit	DEA (loss of fuel for additional heat)	from old pypsa cost assumptions
268	central gas CHP	2020	efficiency	0.4	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	04 Gas turb. simple cycle, L: Electricity efficiency, annual average
269	central gas CHP	2020	investment	590.0	EUR/kW	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	04 Gas turb. simple cycle, L: Nominal investment
270	central gas CHP	2020	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	04 Gas turb. simple cycle, L: Technical lifetime
271	central gas CHP	2020	p_nom_ratio	1.0	per unit		from old pypsa cost assumptions
272	central gas boiler	2020	FOM	3.25	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	44 Natural Gas DH Only: Fixed O&M
273	central gas boiler	2020	VOM	1.1	EUR/MWh_th	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	44 Natural Gas DH Only: Variable O&M
274	central gas boiler	2020	efficiency	1.03	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	44 Natural Gas DH Only: Total efficiency , net, annual average
275	central gas boiler	2020	investment	60.0	EUR/kW_th	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	44 Natural Gas DH Only: Nominal investment
276	central gas boiler	2020	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	44 Natural Gas DH Only: Technical lifetime
277	central ground-sourced heat pump	2020	FOM	0.35	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	40 Absorption heat pump, DH: Fixed O&M
278	central ground-sourced heat pump	2020	VOM	0.98	EUR/MWh_th	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	40 Absorption heat pump, DH: Variable O&M
279	central ground-sourced heat pump	2020	efficiency	1.71	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	40 Absorption heat pump, DH: Total efficiency , net, annual average
280	central ground-sourced heat pump	2020	investment	564.0	EUR/kW_th excluding drive energy	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	40 Absorption heat pump, DH: Nominal investment
281	central ground-sourced heat pump	2020	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	40 Absorption heat pump, DH: Technical lifetime
282	central resistive heater	2020	FOM	1.53	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	41 Electric Boilers: Fixed O&M
283	central resistive heater	2020	VOM	0.9	EUR/MWh_th	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	41 Electric Boilers: Variable O&M
284	central resistive heater	2020	efficiency	0.99	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	41 Electric Boilers: Total efficiency , net, annual average
285	central resistive heater	2020	investment	70.0	EUR/kW_th	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	41 Electric Boilers: Nominal investment; 10/15 kV; >10 MW
286	central resistive heater	2020	lifetime	20.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	41 Electric Boilers: Technical lifetime
287	central solar thermal	2020	FOM	1.4	%/year	HP	from old pypsa cost assumptions
288	central solar thermal	2020	investment	140000.0	EUR/1000m2	HP	from old pypsa cost assumptions
289	central solar thermal	2020	lifetime	20.0	years	HP	from old pypsa cost assumptions
290	central solid biomass CHP	2020	FOM	2.89	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09a Wood Chips, Large 50 degree: Fixed O&M
291	central solid biomass CHP	2020	VOM	4.6	EUR/MWh_e	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09a Wood Chips, Large 50 degree: Variable O&M
292	central solid biomass CHP	2020	c_b	0.35	50°C/100°C	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09a Wood Chips, Large 50 degree: Cb coefficient
293	central solid biomass CHP	2020	c_v	1.0	50°C/100°C	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09a Wood Chips, Large 50 degree: Cv coefficient
294	central solid biomass CHP	2020	efficiency	0.27	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09a Wood Chips, Large 50 degree: Electricity efficiency, net, annual average
295	central solid biomass CHP	2020	efficiency-heat	0.83	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09a Wood Chips, Large 50 degree: Heat efficiency, net, annual average
296	central solid biomass CHP	2020	investment	3534.65	EUR/kW_e	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09a Wood Chips, Large 50 degree: Nominal investment
297	central solid biomass CHP	2020	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09a Wood Chips, Large 50 degree: Technical lifetime
298	central solid biomass CHP	2020	p_nom_ratio	1.0	per unit		from old pypsa cost assumptions
299	central water tank storage	2020	FOM	0.52	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	140 PTES seasonal: Fixed O&M
300	central water tank storage	2020	investment	0.58	EUR/kWhCapacity	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	140 PTES seasonal: Specific investment
301	central water tank storage	2020	lifetime	20.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	140 PTES seasonal: Technical lifetime
302	clean water tank storage	2020	FOM	2.0	%/year	Caldera et al 2016: Local cost of seawater RO desalination based on solar PV and windenergy: A global estimate. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.004), Table 1.
303	clean water tank storage	2020	investment	67.63	EUR/m^3-H2O	Caldera et al 2016: Local cost of seawater RO desalination based on solar PV and windenergy: A global estimate. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.004), Table 1.
304	clean water tank storage	2020	lifetime	30.0	years	Caldera et al 2016: Local cost of seawater RO desalination based on solar PV and windenergy: A global estimate. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.004), Table 1.
305	coal	2020	CO2 intensity	0.34	tCO2/MWh_th	Entwicklung der spezifischen Kohlendioxid-Emissionen des deutschen Strommix in den Jahren 1990 - 2018
306	coal	2020	FOM	1.6	%/year	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
307	coal	2020	VOM	3.5	EUR/MWh_e	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
308	coal	2020	efficiency	0.33	per unit	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
309	coal	2020	fuel	8.15	EUR/MWh_th	BP 2019
310	coal	2020	investment	3845.51	EUR/kW_e	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
311	coal	2020	lifetime	40.0	years	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
312	csp-tower	2020	FOM	1.0	%/year	ATB CSP data (https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2021/concentrating_solar_power)
313	csp-tower	2020	investment	144.88	EUR/kW_th,dp	ATB CSP data (https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2021/concentrating_solar_power) and NREL SAM v2021.12.2 (https://sam.nrel.gov/).
314	csp-tower	2020	lifetime	30.0	years	ATB CSP data (https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2021/concentrating_solar_power)
315	csp-tower TES	2020	FOM	1.0	%/year	see solar-tower.
316	csp-tower TES	2020	investment	19.41	EUR/kWh_th	ATB CSP data (https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2021/concentrating_solar_power) and NREL SAM v2021.12.2 (https://sam.nrel.gov/).
317	csp-tower TES	2020	lifetime	30.0	years	see solar-tower.
318	csp-tower power block	2020	FOM	1.0	%/year	see solar-tower.
319	csp-tower power block	2020	investment	1014.93	EUR/kW_e	ATB CSP data (https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2021/concentrating_solar_power) and NREL SAM v2021.12.2 (https://sam.nrel.gov/).
320	csp-tower power block	2020	lifetime	30.0	years	see solar-tower.
321	decentral CHP	2020	FOM	3.0	%/year	HP	from old pypsa cost assumptions
322	decentral CHP	2020	discount rate	0.04	per unit	Palzer thesis	from old pypsa cost assumptions
323	decentral CHP	2020	investment	1400.0	EUR/kWel	HP	from old pypsa cost assumptions
324	decentral CHP	2020	lifetime	25.0	years	HP	from old pypsa cost assumptions
325	decentral air-sourced heat pump	2020	FOM	2.96	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	207.3 Air to water existing: Fixed O&M
326	decentral air-sourced heat pump	2020	discount rate	0.04	per unit	Palzer thesis	from old pypsa cost assumptions
327	decentral air-sourced heat pump	2020	efficiency	3.4	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	207.3 Air to water existing: Heat efficiency, annual average, net, radiators, existing one family house
328	decentral air-sourced heat pump	2020	investment	940.0	EUR/kW_th	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	207.3 Air to water existing: Specific investment
329	decentral air-sourced heat pump	2020	lifetime	18.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	207.3 Air to water existing: Technical lifetime
330	decentral gas boiler	2020	FOM	6.56	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	202 Natural gas boiler: Fixed O&M
331	decentral gas boiler	2020	discount rate	0.04	per unit	Palzer thesis	from old pypsa cost assumptions
332	decentral gas boiler	2020	efficiency	0.97	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	202 Natural gas boiler: Total efficiency, annual average, net
333	decentral gas boiler	2020	investment	312.08	EUR/kW_th	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	202 Natural gas boiler: Specific investment
334	decentral gas boiler	2020	lifetime	20.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	202 Natural gas boiler: Technical lifetime
335	decentral gas boiler connection	2020	investment	195.05	EUR/kW_th	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	: Possible additional specific investment
336	decentral gas boiler connection	2020	lifetime	50.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	: Technical lifetime
337	decentral ground-sourced heat pump	2020	FOM	1.85	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	207.7 Ground source existing: Fixed O&M
338	decentral ground-sourced heat pump	2020	discount rate	0.04	per unit	Palzer thesis	from old pypsa cost assumptions
339	decentral ground-sourced heat pump	2020	efficiency	3.8	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	207.7 Ground source existing: Heat efficiency, annual average, net, radiators, existing one family house
340	decentral ground-sourced heat pump	2020	investment	1500.0	EUR/kW_th	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	207.7 Ground source existing: Specific investment
341	decentral ground-sourced heat pump	2020	lifetime	20.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	207.7 Ground source existing: Technical lifetime
342	decentral oil boiler	2020	FOM	2.0	%/year	Palzer thesis (https://energiesysteme-zukunft.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Publikationen/PDFs/ESYS_Materialien_Optimierungsmodell_REMod-D.pdf)	from old pypsa cost assumptions
343	decentral oil boiler	2020	efficiency	0.9	per unit	Palzer thesis (https://energiesysteme-zukunft.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Publikationen/PDFs/ESYS_Materialien_Optimierungsmodell_REMod-D.pdf)	from old pypsa cost assumptions
344	decentral oil boiler	2020	investment	156.01	EUR/kWth	Palzer thesis (https://energiesysteme-zukunft.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Publikationen/PDFs/ESYS_Materialien_Optimierungsmodell_REMod-D.pdf) (+eigene Berechnung)	from old pypsa cost assumptions
345	decentral oil boiler	2020	lifetime	20.0	years	Palzer thesis (https://energiesysteme-zukunft.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Publikationen/PDFs/ESYS_Materialien_Optimierungsmodell_REMod-D.pdf)	from old pypsa cost assumptions
346	decentral resistive heater	2020	FOM	2.0	%/year	Schaber thesis	from old pypsa cost assumptions
347	decentral resistive heater	2020	discount rate	0.04	per unit	Palzer thesis	from old pypsa cost assumptions
348	decentral resistive heater	2020	efficiency	0.9	per unit	Schaber thesis	from old pypsa cost assumptions
349	decentral resistive heater	2020	investment	100.0	EUR/kWhth	Schaber thesis	from old pypsa cost assumptions
350	decentral resistive heater	2020	lifetime	20.0	years	Schaber thesis	from old pypsa cost assumptions
351	decentral solar thermal	2020	FOM	1.3	%/year	HP	from old pypsa cost assumptions
352	decentral solar thermal	2020	discount rate	0.04	per unit	Palzer thesis	from old pypsa cost assumptions
353	decentral solar thermal	2020	investment	270000.0	EUR/1000m2	HP	from old pypsa cost assumptions
354	decentral solar thermal	2020	lifetime	20.0	years	HP	from old pypsa cost assumptions
355	decentral water tank storage	2020	FOM	1.0	%/year	HP	from old pypsa cost assumptions
356	decentral water tank storage	2020	discount rate	0.04	per unit	Palzer thesis	from old pypsa cost assumptions
357	decentral water tank storage	2020	investment	18.38	EUR/kWh	IWES Interaktion	from old pypsa cost assumptions
358	decentral water tank storage	2020	lifetime	20.0	years	HP	from old pypsa cost assumptions
359	digestible biomass	2020	fuel	15.0	EUR/MWh_th	JRC ENSPRESO ca avg for MINBIOAGRW1, ENS_Ref for 2040
360	digestible biomass to hydrogen	2020	FOM	4.25	%/year	Zech et.al. DBFZ Report Nr. 19. Hy-NOW - Evaluierung der Verfahren und Technologien für die Bereitstellung von Wasserstoff auf Basis von Biomasse, DBFZ, 2014
361	digestible biomass to hydrogen	2020	capture rate	0.98	per unit	Assumption based on doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.01.006
362	digestible biomass to hydrogen	2020	efficiency	0.39	per unit	Zech et.al. DBFZ Report Nr. 19. Hy-NOW - Evaluierung der Verfahren und Technologien für die Bereitstellung von Wasserstoff auf Basis von Biomasse, DBFZ, 2014
363	digestible biomass to hydrogen	2020	investment	2500.0	EUR/kW_th	Zech et.al. DBFZ Report Nr. 19. Hy-NOW - Evaluierung der Verfahren und Technologien für die Bereitstellung von Wasserstoff auf Basis von Biomasse, DBFZ, 2014
364	direct air capture	2020	FOM	4.95	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	403.a Direct air capture
365	direct air capture	2020	compression-electricity-input	0.15	MWh/tCO2	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	403.a Direct air capture
366	direct air capture	2020	compression-heat-output	0.2	MWh/tCO2	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	403.a Direct air capture
367	direct air capture	2020	electricity-input	0.35	MWh/tCO2	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	403.a Direct air capture
368	direct air capture	2020	heat-input	2.5	MWh/tCO2	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	403.a Direct air capture
369	direct air capture	2020	heat-output	1.25	MWh/tCO2	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	403.a Direct air capture
370	direct air capture	2020	investment	7000000.0	EUR/(tCO2/h)	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	403.a Direct air capture
371	direct air capture	2020	lifetime	20.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	403.a Direct air capture
372	electric boiler steam	2020	FOM	1.34	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	310.1 Electric boiler steam : Fixed O&M
373	electric boiler steam	2020	VOM	0.86	EUR/MWh	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	310.1 Electric boiler steam : Variable O&M
374	electric boiler steam	2020	efficiency	0.99	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	310.1 Electric boiler steam : Total efficiency, net, annual average
375	electric boiler steam	2020	investment	80.0	EUR/kW	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	310.1 Electric boiler steam : Nominal investment
376	electric boiler steam	2020	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	310.1 Electric boiler steam : Technical lifetime
377	electricity distribution grid	2020	FOM	2.0	%/year	TODO	from old pypsa cost assumptions
378	electricity distribution grid	2020	investment	500.0	EUR/kW	TODO	from old pypsa cost assumptions
379	electricity distribution grid	2020	lifetime	40.0	years	TODO	from old pypsa cost assumptions
380	electricity grid connection	2020	FOM	2.0	%/year	TODO	from old pypsa cost assumptions
381	electricity grid connection	2020	investment	140.0	EUR/kW	DEA	from old pypsa cost assumptions
382	electricity grid connection	2020	lifetime	40.0	years	TODO	from old pypsa cost assumptions
383	electrolysis	2020	FOM	2.0	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	86 AEC 100MW: Fixed O&M
384	electrolysis	2020	efficiency	0.66	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	86 AEC 100MW: Hydrogen
385	electrolysis	2020	investment	650.0	EUR/kW_e	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	86 AEC 100MW: Specific investment
386	electrolysis	2020	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	86 AEC 100MW: Technical lifetime
387	fuel cell	2020	FOM	5.0	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	12 LT-PEMFC CHP: Fixed O&M
388	fuel cell	2020	c_b	1.25	50oC/100oC	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	12 LT-PEMFC CHP: Cb coefficient
389	fuel cell	2020	efficiency	0.5	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	12 LT-PEMFC CHP: Electricity efficiency, annual average
390	fuel cell	2020	investment	1300.0	EUR/kW_e	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	12 LT-PEMFC CHP: Nominal investment
391	fuel cell	2020	lifetime	10.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	12 LT-PEMFC CHP: Technical lifetime
392	gas	2020	CO2 intensity	0.2	tCO2/MWh_th	Stoichiometric calculation with 50 GJ/t CH4
393	gas	2020	fuel	20.1	EUR/MWh_th	BP 2019
394	gas boiler steam	2020	FOM	3.67	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	311.1c Steam boiler Gas: Fixed O&M
395	gas boiler steam	2020	VOM	1.1	EUR/MWh	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	311.1c Steam boiler Gas: Variable O&M
396	gas boiler steam	2020	efficiency	0.92	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	311.1c Steam boiler Gas: Total efficiency, net, annual average
397	gas boiler steam	2020	investment	54.55	EUR/kW	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	311.1c Steam boiler Gas: Nominal investment
398	gas boiler steam	2020	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	311.1c Steam boiler Gas: Technical lifetime
399	gas storage	2020	FOM	3.59	%	Danish Energy Agency	150 Underground Storage of Gas, Operation and Maintenace, salt cavern (units converted)
400	gas storage	2020	investment	0.03	EUR/kWh	Danish Energy Agency	150 Underground Storage of Gas, Establishment of one cavern (units converted)
401	gas storage	2020	lifetime	100.0	years	TODO no source	estimation: most underground storage are already build, they do have a long lifetime
402	gas storage charger	2020	investment	14.34	EUR/kW	Danish Energy Agency	150 Underground Storage of Gas, Process equipment (units converted)
403	gas storage discharger	2020	investment	4.78	EUR/kW	Danish Energy Agency	150 Underground Storage of Gas, Process equipment (units converted)
404	geothermal	2020	CO2 intensity	0.03	tCO2/MWhth	https://www.eia.gov/environment/emissions/co2_vol_mass.php	from old pypsa cost assumptions
405	geothermal	2020	FOM	2.36	%/year	DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
406	geothermal	2020	efficiency	0.24	per unit	DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
407	geothermal	2020	investment	3392.0	EUR/kWel	DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
408	geothermal	2020	lifetime	40.0	years	IEA2010	from old pypsa cost assumptions
409	helmeth	2020	FOM	3.0	%/year	no source	from old pypsa cost assumptions
410	helmeth	2020	efficiency	0.8	per unit	HELMETH press release	from old pypsa cost assumptions
411	helmeth	2020	investment	2000.0	EUR/kW	no source	from old pypsa cost assumptions
412	helmeth	2020	lifetime	25.0	years	no source	from old pypsa cost assumptions
413	home battery inverter	2020	FOM	0.2	%/year	Global Energy System based on 100% Renewable Energy, Energywatchgroup/LTU University, 2019, Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	: Fixed O&M
414	home battery inverter	2020	efficiency	0.95	per unit	Global Energy System based on 100% Renewable Energy, Energywatchgroup/LTU University, 2019, Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	: Round trip efficiency DC
415	home battery inverter	2020	investment	377.0	EUR/kW	Global Energy System based on 100% Renewable Energy, Energywatchgroup/LTU University, 2019, Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	: Output capacity expansion cost investment
416	home battery inverter	2020	lifetime	10.0	years	Global Energy System based on 100% Renewable Energy, Energywatchgroup/LTU University, 2019, Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx, Note K.	: Technical lifetime
417	home battery storage	2020	investment	323.53	EUR/kWh	Global Energy System based on 100% Renewable Energy, Energywatchgroup/LTU University, 2019, Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	: Energy storage expansion cost investment
418	home battery storage	2020	lifetime	20.0	years	Global Energy System based on 100% Renewable Energy, Energywatchgroup/LTU University, 2019, Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	: Technical lifetime
419	hydro	2020	FOM	1.0	%/year	DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
420	hydro	2020	efficiency	0.9	per unit	DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
421	hydro	2020	investment	2208.16	EUR/kWel	DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
422	hydro	2020	lifetime	80.0	years	IEA2010	from old pypsa cost assumptions
423	hydrogen storage tank	2020	investment	11.2	USD/kWh	budischak2013	from old pypsa cost assumptions
424	hydrogen storage tank	2020	lifetime	20.0	years	budischak2013	from old pypsa cost assumptions
425	hydrogen storage tank incl. compressor	2020	FOM	1.05	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	151a Hydrogen Storage - Tanks: Fixed O&M
426	hydrogen storage tank incl. compressor	2020	investment	57.0	EUR/kWh	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	151a Hydrogen Storage - Tanks: Specific investment
427	hydrogen storage tank incl. compressor	2020	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	151a Hydrogen Storage - Tanks: Technical lifetime
428	hydrogen storage underground	2020	FOM	0.0	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	151c Hydrogen Storage - Caverns: Fixed O&M
429	hydrogen storage underground	2020	VOM	0.0	EUR/MWh	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	151c Hydrogen Storage - Caverns: Variable O&M
430	hydrogen storage underground	2020	investment	3.0	EUR/kWh	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	151c Hydrogen Storage - Caverns: Specific investment
431	hydrogen storage underground	2020	lifetime	100.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	151c Hydrogen Storage - Caverns: Technical lifetime
432	industrial heat pump high temperature	2020	FOM	0.09	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	302.b High temp. hp Up to 150: Fixed O&M
433	industrial heat pump high temperature	2020	VOM	3.26	EUR/MWh	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	302.b High temp. hp Up to 150: Variable O&M
434	industrial heat pump high temperature	2020	efficiency	2.95	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	302.b High temp. hp Up to 150: Total efficiency, net, annual average
435	industrial heat pump high temperature	2020	investment	1045.44	EUR/kW	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	302.b High temp. hp Up to 150: Nominal investment
436	industrial heat pump high temperature	2020	lifetime	20.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	302.b High temp. hp Up to 150: Technical lifetime
437	industrial heat pump medium temperature	2020	FOM	0.11	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	302.a High temp. hp Up to 125 C: Fixed O&M
438	industrial heat pump medium temperature	2020	VOM	3.26	EUR/MWh	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	302.a High temp. hp Up to 125 C: Variable O&M
439	industrial heat pump medium temperature	2020	efficiency	2.55	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	302.a High temp. hp Up to 125 C: Total efficiency, net, annual average
440	industrial heat pump medium temperature	2020	investment	871.2	EUR/kW	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	302.a High temp. hp Up to 125 C: Nominal investment
441	industrial heat pump medium temperature	2020	lifetime	20.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	302.a High temp. hp Up to 125 C: Technical lifetime
442	lignite	2020	CO2 intensity	0.41	tCO2/MWh_th	Entwicklung der spezifischen Kohlendioxid-Emissionen des deutschen Strommix in den Jahren 1990 - 2018
443	lignite	2020	FOM	1.6	%/year	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
444	lignite	2020	VOM	3.5	EUR/MWh_e	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
445	lignite	2020	efficiency	0.33	per unit	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
446	lignite	2020	fuel	2.9	EUR/MWh_th	DIW
447	lignite	2020	investment	3845.51	EUR/kW_e	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
448	lignite	2020	lifetime	40.0	years	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
449	methanation	2020	FOM	3.0	%/year	Agora Energiewende (2018): The Future Cost of Electricity-Based Synthetic Fuels (https://www.agora-energiewende.de/en/publications/the-future-cost-of-electricity-based-synthetic-fuels-1/), section 6.2.3.1
450	methanation	2020	capture rate	0.98	per unit	Assumption based on doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.01.006
451	methanation	2020	efficiency	0.8	per unit	Agora Energiewende (2018): The Future Cost of Electricity-Based Synthetic Fuels (https://www.agora-energiewende.de/en/publications/the-future-cost-of-electricity-based-synthetic-fuels-1/), section 6.2.3.1
452	methanation	2020	investment	718.95	EUR/MW_CH4; and EUR/kW_CH4	Agora Energiewende (2018): The Future Cost of Electricity-Based Synthetic Fuels (https://www.agora-energiewende.de/en/publications/the-future-cost-of-electricity-based-synthetic-fuels-1/), table 6: “Reference scenario”.
453	methanation	2020	lifetime	20.0	years	Guesstimate.
454	methane storage tank incl. compressor	2020	FOM	1.9	%/year	Guesstimate, based on hydrogen storage tank by DEA.
455	methane storage tank incl. compressor	2020	investment	8629.2	EUR/m^3	Storage costs per l: https://www.compositesworld.com/articles/pressure-vessels-for-alternative-fuels-2014-2023 (2021-02-10).
456	methane storage tank incl. compressor	2020	lifetime	30.0	years	Guesstimate, based on hydrogen storage tank by DEA.
457	methanolisation	2020	FOM	3.0	%/year	Agora Energiewende (2018): The Future Cost of Electricity-Based Synthetic Fuels (https://www.agora-energiewende.de/en/publications/the-future-cost-of-electricity-based-synthetic-fuels-1/), section 6.3.2.1.
458	methanolisation	2020	investment	757401.0	EUR/MW_MeOH	Agora Energiewende (2018): The Future Cost of Electricity-Based Synthetic Fuels (https://www.agora-energiewende.de/en/publications/the-future-cost-of-electricity-based-synthetic-fuels-1/), table 8: “Reference scenario”.
459	methanolisation	2020	lifetime	20.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Renewable Fuels (04/2022), Data sheet “Methanol to Power”.
460	micro CHP	2020	FOM	6.67	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	219 LT-PEMFC mCHP - natural gas: Fixed O&M
461	micro CHP	2020	efficiency	0.35	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	219 LT-PEMFC mCHP - natural gas: Electric efficiency, annual average, net
462	micro CHP	2020	efficiency-heat	0.6	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	219 LT-PEMFC mCHP - natural gas: Heat efficiency, annual average, net
463	micro CHP	2020	investment	10045.31	EUR/kW_th	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	219 LT-PEMFC mCHP - natural gas: Specific investment
464	micro CHP	2020	lifetime	20.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	219 LT-PEMFC mCHP - natural gas: Technical lifetime
465	nuclear	2020	FOM	1.4	%/year	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
466	nuclear	2020	VOM	3.5	EUR/MWh_e	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
467	nuclear	2020	efficiency	0.33	per unit	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
468	nuclear	2020	fuel	2.6	EUR/MWh_th	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
469	nuclear	2020	investment	7940.45	EUR/kW_e	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
470	nuclear	2020	lifetime	40.0	years	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
471	offwind	2020	FOM	2.51	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	21 Offshore turbines: Fixed O&M [EUR/MW_e/y, 2020]
472	offwind	2020	VOM	0.02	EUR/MWhel	RES costs made up to fix curtailment order	from old pypsa cost assumptions
473	offwind	2020	investment	1804.77	EUR/kW_e, 2020	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	21 Offshore turbines: Nominal investment [MEUR/MW_e, 2020] grid connection costs substracted from investment costs
474	offwind	2020	lifetime	27.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	21 Offshore turbines: Technical lifetime [years]
475	offwind-ac-connection-submarine	2020	investment	2685.0	EUR/MW/km	DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data	from old pypsa cost assumptions
476	offwind-ac-connection-underground	2020	investment	1342.0	EUR/MW/km	DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data	from old pypsa cost assumptions
477	offwind-ac-station	2020	investment	250.0	EUR/kWel	DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data	from old pypsa cost assumptions
478	offwind-dc-connection-submarine	2020	investment	2000.0	EUR/MW/km	DTU report based on Fig 34 of https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2014_nsog_report.pdf	from old pypsa cost assumptions
479	offwind-dc-connection-underground	2020	investment	1000.0	EUR/MW/km	Haertel 2017; average + 13% learning reduction	from old pypsa cost assumptions
480	offwind-dc-station	2020	investment	400.0	EUR/kWel	Haertel 2017; assuming one onshore and one offshore node + 13% learning reduction	from old pypsa cost assumptions
481	oil	2020	CO2 intensity	0.26	tCO2/MWh_th	Stoichiometric calculation with 44 GJ/t diesel and -CH2- approximation of diesel
482	oil	2020	FOM	2.57	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	50 Diesel engine farm: Fixed O&M
483	oil	2020	VOM	6.0	EUR/MWh	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	50 Diesel engine farm: Variable O&M
484	oil	2020	efficiency	0.35	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	50 Diesel engine farm: Electricity efficiency, annual average
485	oil	2020	fuel	50.0	EUR/MWhth	IEA WEM2017 97USD/boe = http://www.iea.org/media/weowebsite/2017/WEM_Documentation_WEO2017.pdf	from old pypsa cost assumptions
486	oil	2020	investment	343.0	EUR/kW	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	50 Diesel engine farm: Specific investment
487	oil	2020	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	50 Diesel engine farm: Technical lifetime
488	onwind	2020	FOM	1.25	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	20 Onshore turbines: Fixed O&M
489	onwind	2020	VOM	1.5	EUR/MWh	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	20 Onshore turbines: Variable O&M
490	onwind	2020	investment	1118.77	EUR/kW	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	20 Onshore turbines: Nominal investment
491	onwind	2020	lifetime	27.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	20 Onshore turbines: Technical lifetime
492	ror	2020	FOM	2.0	%/year	DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
493	ror	2020	efficiency	0.9	per unit	DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
494	ror	2020	investment	3312.24	EUR/kWel	DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
495	ror	2020	lifetime	80.0	years	IEA2010	from old pypsa cost assumptions
496	seawater desalination	2020	FOM	4.0	%/year	Caldera et al 2016: Local cost of seawater RO desalination based on solar PV and windenergy: A global estimate. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.004), Table 1.
497	seawater desalination	2020	electricity-input	3.03	kWh/m^3-H2O	Caldera et al 2016: Local cost of seawater RO desalination based on solar PV and windenergy: A global estimate. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.004), Fig. 4.
498	seawater desalination	2020	investment	40219.78	EUR/(m^3-H2O/h)	Caldera et al 2017: Learning Curve for Seawater Reverse Osmosis Desalination Plants: Capital Cost Trend of the Past, Present, and Future (https://doi.org/10.1002/2017WR021402), Table 4.
499	seawater desalination	2020	lifetime	30.0	years	Caldera et al 2016: Local cost of seawater RO desalination based on solar PV and windenergy: A global estimate. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.004), Table 1.
500	solar	2020	FOM	1.58	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	22 Rooftop PV residential: Fixed O&M [2020-EUR/MW_e/y]
501	solar	2020	VOM	0.01	EUR/MWhel	RES costs made up to fix curtailment order	from old pypsa cost assumptions
502	solar	2020	investment	733.47	EUR/kW_e	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	22 Rooftop PV residential: Nominal investment [2020-MEUR/MW_e]
503	solar	2020	lifetime	35.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	22 Rooftop PV residential: Technical lifetime [years]
504	solar-rooftop	2020	FOM	1.15	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	22 Rooftop PV residential: Fixed O&M [2020-EUR/MW_e/y]
505	solar-rooftop	2020	discount rate	0.04	per unit	standard for decentral	from old pypsa cost assumptions
506	solar-rooftop	2020	investment	957.47	EUR/kW_e	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	22 Rooftop PV residential: Nominal investment [2020-MEUR/MW_e]
507	solar-rooftop	2020	lifetime	35.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	22 Rooftop PV residential: Technical lifetime [years]
508	solar-rooftop commercial	2020	FOM	1.22	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	22 Rooftop PV commercial: Fixed O&M [2020-EUR/MW_e/y]
509	solar-rooftop commercial	2020	investment	790.08	EUR/kW_e	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	22 Rooftop PV commercial: Nominal investment [2020-MEUR/MW_e]
510	solar-rooftop commercial	2020	lifetime	35.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	22 Rooftop PV commercial: Technical lifetime [years]
511	solar-rooftop residential	2020	FOM	1.08	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	22 Rooftop PV residential: Fixed O&M [2020-EUR/MW_e/y]
512	solar-rooftop residential	2020	investment	1124.86	EUR/kW_e	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	22 Rooftop PV residential: Nominal investment [2020-MEUR/MW_e]
513	solar-rooftop residential	2020	lifetime	35.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	22 Rooftop PV residential: Technical lifetime [years]
514	solar-utility	2020	FOM	2.01	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	22 Utility-scale PV: Fixed O&M [2020-EUR/MW_e/y]
515	solar-utility	2020	investment	509.47	EUR/kW_e	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	22 Utility-scale PV: Nominal investment [2020-MEUR/MW_e]
516	solar-utility	2020	lifetime	35.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	22 Utility-scale PV: Technical lifetime [years]
517	solid biomass	2020	CO2 intensity	0.37	tCO2/MWh_th	Stoichiometric calculation with 18 GJ/t_DM LHV and 50% C-content for solid biomass
518	solid biomass	2020	fuel	12.0	EUR/MWh_th	JRC ENSPRESO ca avg for MINBIOWOOW1 (secondary forest residue wood chips), ENS_Ref for 2040
519	solid biomass boiler steam	2020	FOM	5.45	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	311.1e Steam boiler Wood: Fixed O&M
520	solid biomass boiler steam	2020	VOM	2.78	EUR/MWh	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	311.1e Steam boiler Wood: Variable O&M
521	solid biomass boiler steam	2020	efficiency	0.89	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	311.1e Steam boiler Wood: Total efficiency, net, annual average
522	solid biomass boiler steam	2020	investment	618.18	EUR/kW	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	311.1e Steam boiler Wood: Nominal investment
523	solid biomass boiler steam	2020	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	311.1e Steam boiler Wood: Technical lifetime
524	solid biomass to hydrogen	2020	FOM	4.25	%/year	Zech et.al. DBFZ Report Nr. 19. Hy-NOW - Evaluierung der Verfahren und Technologien für die Bereitstellung von Wasserstoff auf Basis von Biomasse, DBFZ, 2014
525	solid biomass to hydrogen	2020	capture rate	0.98	per unit	Assumption based on doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.01.006
526	solid biomass to hydrogen	2020	efficiency	0.56	per unit	Zech et.al. DBFZ Report Nr. 19. Hy-NOW - Evaluierung der Verfahren und Technologien für die Bereitstellung von Wasserstoff auf Basis von Biomasse, DBFZ, 2014
527	solid biomass to hydrogen	2020	investment	2500.0	EUR/kW_th	Zech et.al. DBFZ Report Nr. 19. Hy-NOW - Evaluierung der Verfahren und Technologien für die Bereitstellung von Wasserstoff auf Basis von Biomasse, DBFZ, 2014
528	uranium	2020	fuel	2.6	EUR/MWh_th	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
529	water tank charger	2020	efficiency	0.84	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	: efficiency from sqr(Round trip efficiency)
530	water tank discharger	2020	efficiency	0.84	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	: efficiency from sqr(Round trip efficiency)
531	Ammonia cracker	2030	FOM	4.3	%/year	Ishimoto et al. (2020): 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.09.017 , table 7.
532	Ammonia cracker	2030	investment	1062107.74	EUR/MW_H2	Ishimoto et al. (2020): 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.09.017 , table 6.
533	Ammonia cracker	2030	lifetime	25.0	years	Ishimoto et al. (2020): 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.09.017 , table 7.
534	BioSNG	2030	C in fuel	0.34	per unit	Stoichiometric calculation
535	BioSNG	2030	C stored	0.66	per unit	Stoichiometric calculation
536	BioSNG	2030	CO2 stored	0.24	tCO2/MWh_th	Stoichiometric calculation
537	BioSNG	2030	FOM	1.64	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	84 Gasif. CFB, Bio-SNG: Fixed O&M
538	BioSNG	2030	VOM	1.7	EUR/MWh_th	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	84 Gasif. CFB, Bio-SNG: Variable O&M
539	BioSNG	2030	capture rate	0.98	per unit	Assumption based on doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.01.006
540	BioSNG	2030	efficiency	0.63	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	84 Gasif. CFB, Bio-SNG: Bio SNG
541	BioSNG	2030	investment	1600.0	EUR/kW_th	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	84 Gasif. CFB, Bio-SNG: Specific investment
542	BioSNG	2030	lifetime	25.0	years	TODO	84 Gasif. CFB, Bio-SNG: Technical lifetime
543	BtL	2030	C in fuel	0.32	per unit	Stoichiometric calculation
544	BtL	2030	C stored	0.68	per unit	Stoichiometric calculation
545	BtL	2030	CO2 stored	0.25	tCO2/MWh_th	Stoichiometric calculation
546	BtL	2030	FOM	2.67	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	85 Gasif. Ent. Flow FT, liq fu : Fixed O&M
547	BtL	2030	VOM	1.06	EUR/MWh_FT	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	85 Gasif. Ent. Flow FT, liq fu : Variable O&M
548	BtL	2030	capture rate	0.98	per unit	Assumption based on doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.01.006
549	BtL	2030	efficiency	0.45	per unit	doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2017.05.013
550	BtL	2030	investment	2000.0	EUR/kW_th	doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2017.05.013	85 Gasif. Ent. Flow FT, liq fu : Specific investment
551	BtL	2030	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	85 Gasif. Ent. Flow FT, liq fu : Technical lifetime
552	CCGT	2030	FOM	3.35	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	05 Gas turb. CC, steam extract.: Fixed O&M
553	CCGT	2030	VOM	4.2	EUR/MWh	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	05 Gas turb. CC, steam extract.: Variable O&M
554	CCGT	2030	c_b	2.0	50oC/100oC	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	05 Gas turb. CC, steam extract.: Cb coefficient
555	CCGT	2030	c_v	0.15	50oC/100oC	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	05 Gas turb. CC, steam extract.: Cv coefficient
556	CCGT	2030	efficiency	0.58	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	05 Gas turb. CC, steam extract.: Electricity efficiency, annual average
557	CCGT	2030	investment	830.0	EUR/kW	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	05 Gas turb. CC, steam extract.: Nominal investment
558	CCGT	2030	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	05 Gas turb. CC, steam extract.: Technical lifetime
559	CH4 (g) fill compressor station	2030	FOM	1.7	%/year	Assume same as for H2 (g) fill compressor station.
560	CH4 (g) fill compressor station	2030	investment	1498.95	EUR/MW_CH4	Guesstimate, based on H2 (g) pipeline and fill compressor station cost.
561	CH4 (g) fill compressor station	2030	lifetime	20.0	years	Assume same as for H2 (g) fill compressor station.
562	CH4 (g) pipeline	2030	FOM	1.5	%/year	Assume same as for H2 (g) pipeline in 2050 (CH4 pipeline as mature technology).
563	CH4 (g) pipeline	2030	investment	79.0	EUR/MW/km	Guesstimate.
564	CH4 (g) pipeline	2030	lifetime	50.0	years	Assume same as for H2 (g) pipeline in 2050 (CH4 pipeline as mature technology).
565	CH4 (g) submarine pipeline	2030	FOM	3.0	%/year	d’Amore-Domenech et al (2021): 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116625 , supplementary material.
566	CH4 (g) submarine pipeline	2030	investment	114.89	EUR/MW/km	Kaiser (2017): 10.1016/j.marpol.2017.05.003 .
567	CH4 (g) submarine pipeline	2030	lifetime	30.0	years	d’Amore-Domenech et al (2021): 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116625 , supplementary material.
568	CH4 (l) transport ship	2030	FOM	3.5	%/year	Fasihi et al 2017, table 1, https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/2/306
569	CH4 (l) transport ship	2030	capacity	58300.0	t_CH4	Calculated, based on Fasihi et al 2017, table 1, https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/2/306
570	CH4 (l) transport ship	2030	investment	151000000.0	EUR	Fasihi et al 2017, table 1, https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/2/306
571	CH4 (l) transport ship	2030	lifetime	25.0	years	Fasihi et al 2017, table 1, https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/2/306
572	CH4 evaporation	2030	FOM	3.5	%/year	Lochner and Bothe (2009): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.12.012 and Fasihi et al 2017, table 1, https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/2/306
573	CH4 evaporation	2030	investment	87.6	EUR/kW_CH4	Calculated, based on Lochner and Bothe (2009): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.12.012 and Fasihi et al 2017, table 1, https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/2/306
574	CH4 evaporation	2030	lifetime	30.0	years	Fasihi et al 2017, table 1, https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/2/306
575	CH4 liquefaction	2030	FOM	3.5	%/year	Fasihi et al 2017, table 1, https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/2/306
576	CH4 liquefaction	2030	investment	232.13	EUR/kW_CH4	Calculated, based on Lochner and Bothe (2009): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.12.012 and Fasihi et al 2017, table 1, https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/2/306
577	CH4 liquefaction	2030	lifetime	25.0	years	Fasihi et al 2017, table 1, https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/2/306
578	CO2 liquefaction	2030	FOM	5.0	%/year	Mitsubish Heavy Industries Ltd. and IEA (2004): https://ieaghg.org/docs/General_Docs/Reports/PH4-30%20Ship%20Transport.pdf .
579	CO2 liquefaction	2030	investment	16.03	EUR/t_CO2/h	Mitsubish Heavy Industries Ltd. and IEA (2004): https://ieaghg.org/docs/General_Docs/Reports/PH4-30%20Ship%20Transport.pdf .
580	CO2 liquefaction	2030	lifetime	25.0	years	Guesstimate, based on CH4 liquefaction.
581	CO2 pipeline	2030	FOM	0.9	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (March 2021), Excel datasheet: 121 co2 pipeline.
582	CO2 pipeline	2030	investment	2000.0	EUR/(tCO2/h)/km	Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (March 2021), Excel datasheet: 121 co2 pipeline.
583	CO2 pipeline	2030	lifetime	50.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (March 2021), Excel datasheet: 121 co2 pipeline.
584	CO2 storage tank	2030	FOM	1.0	%/year	Lauri et al. 2014: doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.297, pg. 2746 .
585	CO2 storage tank	2030	investment	2528.17	EUR/t_CO2	Lauri et al. 2014: doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.297, Table 3.
586	CO2 storage tank	2030	lifetime	25.0	years	Lauri et al. 2014: doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.297, pg. 2746 .
587	CO2 submarine pipeline	2030	FOM	0.5	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (March 2021), Excel datasheet: 121 co2 pipeline.
588	CO2 submarine pipeline	2030	investment	4000.0	EUR/(tCO2/h)/km	Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (March 2021), Excel datasheet: 121 co2 pipeline.
589	FT fuel transport ship	2030	FOM	5.0	%/year	Assume comparable tanker as for LOHC transport above, c.f. Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514 .
590	FT fuel transport ship	2030	capacity	75000.0	t_FTfuel	Assume comparable tanker as for LOHC transport above, c.f. Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514 .
591	FT fuel transport ship	2030	investment	31700578.34	EUR	Assume comparable tanker as for LOHC transport above, c.f. Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514 .
592	FT fuel transport ship	2030	lifetime	15.0	years	Assume comparable tanker as for LOHC transport above, c.f. Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514 .
593	Fischer-Tropsch	2030	FOM	3.0	%/year	Agora Energiewende (2018): The Future Cost of Electricity-Based Synthetic Fuels (https://www.agora-energiewende.de/en/publications/the-future-cost-of-electricity-based-synthetic-fuels-1/), section 6.3.2.1.
594	Fischer-Tropsch	2030	capture rate	0.98	per unit	Assumption based on doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.01.006
595	Fischer-Tropsch	2030	efficiency	0.8	per unit	Agora Energiewende (2018): The Future Cost of Electricity-Based Synthetic Fuels (https://www.agora-energiewende.de/en/publications/the-future-cost-of-electricity-based-synthetic-fuels-1/), section 6.3.2.2.
596	Fischer-Tropsch	2030	investment	650711.26	EUR/MW_FT	Agora Energiewende (2018): The Future Cost of Electricity-Based Synthetic Fuels (https://www.agora-energiewende.de/en/publications/the-future-cost-of-electricity-based-synthetic-fuels-1/), table 8: “Reference scenario”.
597	Fischer-Tropsch	2030	lifetime	20.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Renewable Fuels (04/2022), Data sheet “Methanol to Power”.
598	Gasnetz	2030	FOM	2.5	%	WEGE ZU EINEM KLIMANEUTRALEN ENERGIESYSEM, Anhang zur Studie, Fraunhofer-Institut für Solare Energiesysteme ISE, Freiburg	Gasnetz
599	Gasnetz	2030	investment	28.0	EUR/kWGas	WEGE ZU EINEM KLIMANEUTRALEN ENERGIESYSEM, Anhang zur Studie, Fraunhofer-Institut für Solare Energiesysteme ISE, Freiburg	Gasnetz
600	Gasnetz	2030	lifetime	30.0	years	WEGE ZU EINEM KLIMANEUTRALEN ENERGIESYSEM, Anhang zur Studie, Fraunhofer-Institut für Solare Energiesysteme ISE, Freiburg	Gasnetz
601	General liquid hydrocarbon storage (crude)	2030	FOM	6.25	%/year	Stelter and Nishida 2013: https://webstore.iea.org/insights-series-2013-focus-on-energy-security , figure 7 and pg. 12 .
602	General liquid hydrocarbon storage (crude)	2030	investment	135.83	EUR/m^3	Stelter and Nishida 2013: https://webstore.iea.org/insights-series-2013-focus-on-energy-security , pg. 8F .
603	General liquid hydrocarbon storage (crude)	2030	lifetime	30.0	years	Stelter and Nishida 2013: https://webstore.iea.org/insights-series-2013-focus-on-energy-security , pg. 11.
604	General liquid hydrocarbon storage (product)	2030	FOM	6.25	%/year	Stelter and Nishida 2013: https://webstore.iea.org/insights-series-2013-focus-on-energy-security , figure 7 and pg. 12 .
605	General liquid hydrocarbon storage (product)	2030	investment	169.79	EUR/m^3	Stelter and Nishida 2013: https://webstore.iea.org/insights-series-2013-focus-on-energy-security , pg. 8F .
606	General liquid hydrocarbon storage (product)	2030	lifetime	30.0	years	Stelter and Nishida 2013: https://webstore.iea.org/insights-series-2013-focus-on-energy-security , pg. 11.
607	H2 (g) fill compressor station	2030	FOM	1.7	%/year	Guidehouse 2020: European Hydrogen Backbone report, https://guidehouse.com/-/media/www/site/downloads/energy/2020/gh_european-hydrogen-backbone_report.pdf (table 3, table 5)
608	H2 (g) fill compressor station	2030	investment	4478.0	EUR/MW_H2	Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (2021), pg. 164, Figure 14 (Fill compressor).
609	H2 (g) fill compressor station	2030	lifetime	20.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (2021), pg. 168, Figure 24 (Fill compressor).
610	H2 (g) pipeline	2030	FOM	3.17	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (2021), Excel datasheet: H2 140.
611	H2 (g) pipeline	2030	investment	226.47	EUR/MW/km	European Hydrogen Backbone Report (June 2021): https://gasforclimate2050.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/EHB_Analysing-the-future-demand-supply-and-transport-of-hydrogen_June-2021.pdf.
612	H2 (g) pipeline	2030	lifetime	50.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (2021), Excel datasheet: H2 140.
613	H2 (g) pipeline repurposed	2030	FOM	3.17	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (2021), Excel datasheet: H2 140.
614	H2 (g) pipeline repurposed	2030	investment	105.88	EUR/MW/km	European Hydrogen Backbone Report (June 2021): https://gasforclimate2050.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/EHB_Analysing-the-future-demand-supply-and-transport-of-hydrogen_June-2021.pdf.
615	H2 (g) pipeline repurposed	2030	lifetime	50.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (2021), Excel datasheet: H2 140.
616	H2 (g) submarine pipeline	2030	FOM	3.0	%/year	Assume same as for CH4 (g) submarine pipeline.
617	H2 (g) submarine pipeline	2030	investment	329.37	EUR/MW/km	Assume similar cost as for CH4 (g) submarine pipeline but with the same factor as between onland CH4 (g) pipeline and H2 (g) pipeline (2.86). This estimate is comparable to a 36in diameter pipeline calaculated based on d’Amore-Domenech et al (2021): 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116625 , supplementary material (=251 EUR/MW/km).
618	H2 (g) submarine pipeline	2030	lifetime	30.0	years	Assume same as for CH4 (g) submarine pipeline.
619	H2 (l) storage tank	2030	FOM	2.0	%/year	Reuß et al 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.050 , Table 6.
620	H2 (l) storage tank	2030	investment	750.08	EUR/MWh_H2	Reuß et al 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.050 , Table 6.
621	H2 (l) storage tank	2030	lifetime	20.0	years	Reuß et al 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.050 , Table 6.
622	H2 (l) transport ship	2030	FOM	4.0	%/year	Cihlar et al 2020: http://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/7e4afa7d-d077-11ea-adf7-01aa75ed71a1/language-en , Table 3-B, based on IEA 2019.
623	H2 (l) transport ship	2030	capacity	11000.0	t_H2	Cihlar et al 2020: http://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/7e4afa7d-d077-11ea-adf7-01aa75ed71a1/language-en , Table 3-B, based on IEA 2019.
624	H2 (l) transport ship	2030	investment	361223561.58	EUR	Cihlar et al 2020: http://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/7e4afa7d-d077-11ea-adf7-01aa75ed71a1/language-en , Table 3-B, based on IEA 2019.
625	H2 (l) transport ship	2030	lifetime	20.0	years	Cihlar et al 2020: http://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/7e4afa7d-d077-11ea-adf7-01aa75ed71a1/language-en , Table 3-B, based on IEA 2019.
626	H2 evaporation	2030	FOM	2.5	%/year	DNV GL (2020): Study on the Import of Liquid Renewable Energy: Technology Cost Assessment, https://www.gie.eu/wp-content/uploads/filr/2598/DNV-GL_Study-GLE-Technologies-and-costs-analysis-on-imports-of-liquid-renewable-energy.pdf .
627	H2 evaporation	2030	investment	143.64	EUR/kW_H2	IRENA (2022): Global Hydrogen Trade to Meet the 1.5° Climate Goal: Technology Review of Hydrogen Carriers, https://www.irena.org/publications/2022/Apr/Global-hydrogen-trade-Part-II , pg. 62f.
628	H2 evaporation	2030	lifetime	20.0	years	Guesstimate.
629	H2 liquefaction	2030	FOM	2.5	%/year	DNV GL (2020): Study on the Import of Liquid Renewable Energy: Technology Cost Assessment, https://www.gie.eu/wp-content/uploads/filr/2598/DNV-GL_Study-GLE-Technologies-and-costs-analysis-on-imports-of-liquid-renewable-energy.pdf .
630	H2 liquefaction	2030	investment	870.56	EUR/kW_H2	IRENA (2022): Global Hydrogen Trade to Meet the 1.5° Climate Goal: Technology Review of Hydrogen Carriers, https://www.irena.org/publications/2022/Apr/Global-hydrogen-trade-Part-II , pg. 62f.
631	H2 liquefaction	2030	lifetime	20.0	years	Reuß et al 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.050 , Table 9.
632	H2 pipeline	2030	FOM	3.0	%/year	TODO	from old pypsa cost assumptions
633	H2 pipeline	2030	investment	267.0	EUR/MW/km	Welder et al https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.05.059	from old pypsa cost assumptions
634	H2 pipeline	2030	lifetime	40.0	years	TODO	from old pypsa cost assumptions
635	HVAC overhead	2030	FOM	2.0	%/year	Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .
636	HVAC overhead	2030	investment	432.97	EUR/MW/km	Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .
637	HVAC overhead	2030	lifetime	40.0	years	Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .
638	HVDC inverter pair	2030	FOM	2.0	%/year	Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .
639	HVDC inverter pair	2030	investment	162364.82	EUR/MW	Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .
640	HVDC inverter pair	2030	lifetime	40.0	years	Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .
641	HVDC overhead	2030	FOM	2.0	%/year	Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .
642	HVDC overhead	2030	investment	432.97	EUR/MW/km	Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .
643	HVDC overhead	2030	lifetime	40.0	years	Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .
644	HVDC submarine	2030	FOM	0.35	%/year	Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .
645	HVDC submarine	2030	investment	471.16	EUR/MW/km	Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .
646	HVDC submarine	2030	lifetime	40.0	years	Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .
647	Haber-Bosch	2030	FOM	3.0	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	103 Hydrogen to Ammonia: Fixed O&M
648	Haber-Bosch	2030	VOM	0.02	EUR/MWh_NH3	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	103 Hydrogen to Ammonia: Variable O&M
649	Haber-Bosch	2030	investment	1297.43	EUR/kW_NH3	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	103 Hydrogen to Ammonia: Specific investment
650	Haber-Bosch	2030	lifetime	30.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	103 Hydrogen to Ammonia: Technical lifetime
651	LNG storage tank	2030	FOM	2.0	%/year	Guesstimate, based on H2 (l) storage tank with comparable requirements.
652	LNG storage tank	2030	investment	611.59	EUR/m^3	Hurskainen 2019, https://cris.vtt.fi/en/publications/liquid-organic-hydrogen-carriers-lohc-concept-evaluation-and-tech pg. 46 (59).
653	LNG storage tank	2030	lifetime	20.0	years	Guesstimate, based on H2 (l) storage tank with comparable requirements.
654	LOHC chemical	2030	investment	2264.33	EUR/t	Runge et al 2020, pg.7, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514
655	LOHC chemical	2030	lifetime	20.0	years	Runge et al 2020, pg.7, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514
656	LOHC dehydrogenation	2030	FOM	3.0	%/year	Reuß et al 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.050 , Table 9.
657	LOHC dehydrogenation	2030	investment	50728.03	EUR/MW_H2	Reuß et al 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.050 , Table 9.
658	LOHC dehydrogenation	2030	lifetime	20.0	years	Reuß et al 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.050 , Table 9.
659	LOHC dehydrogenation (small scale)	2030	FOM	3.0	%/year	Runge et al 2020, pg.8, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514
660	LOHC dehydrogenation (small scale)	2030	investment	759908.15	EUR/MW_H2	Runge et al 2020, pg.8, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514
661	LOHC dehydrogenation (small scale)	2030	lifetime	20.0	years	Runge et al 2020, pg.8, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514
662	LOHC hydrogenation	2030	FOM	3.0	%/year	Reuß et al 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.050 , Table 9.
663	LOHC hydrogenation	2030	investment	51259.54	EUR/MW_H2	Reuß et al 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.050 , Table 9.
664	LOHC hydrogenation	2030	lifetime	20.0	years	Reuß et al 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.050 , Table 9.
665	LOHC loaded DBT storage	2030	FOM	6.25	%/year
666	LOHC loaded DBT storage	2030	investment	149.27	EUR/t	Density via Wissenschaftliche Dienste des Deutschen Bundestages 2020, https://www.bundestag.de/resource/blob/816048/454e182d5956d45a664da9eb85486f76/WD-8-058-20-pdf-data.pdf , pg. 11.
667	LOHC loaded DBT storage	2030	lifetime	30.0	years
668	LOHC transport ship	2030	FOM	5.0	%/year	Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514
669	LOHC transport ship	2030	capacity	75000.0	t_LOHC	Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514
670	LOHC transport ship	2030	investment	31700578.34	EUR	Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514
671	LOHC transport ship	2030	lifetime	15.0	years	Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514
672	LOHC unloaded DBT storage	2030	FOM	6.25	%/year
673	LOHC unloaded DBT storage	2030	investment	132.26	EUR/t	Density via Wissenschaftliche Dienste des Deutschen Bundestages 2020, https://www.bundestag.de/resource/blob/816048/454e182d5956d45a664da9eb85486f76/WD-8-058-20-pdf-data.pdf , pg. 11.
674	LOHC unloaded DBT storage	2030	lifetime	30.0	years
675	MeOH transport ship	2030	FOM	5.0	%/year	Assume comparable tanker as for LOHC transport above, c.f. Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514 .
676	MeOH transport ship	2030	capacity	75000.0	t_MeOH	Assume comparable tanker as for LOHC transport above, c.f. Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514 .
677	MeOH transport ship	2030	investment	31700578.34	EUR	Assume comparable tanker as for LOHC transport above, c.f. Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514 .
678	MeOH transport ship	2030	lifetime	15.0	years	Assume comparable tanker as for LOHC transport above, c.f. Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514 .
679	Methanol steam reforming	2030	FOM	4.0	%/year	Niermann et al (2021): 10.1016/j.rser.2020.110171 , table 4.
680	Methanol steam reforming	2030	investment	16318.43	EUR/MW_H2	Niermann et al (2021): 10.1016/j.rser.2020.110171 , table 4.
681	Methanol steam reforming	2030	lifetime	20.0	years	Niermann et al (2021): 10.1016/j.rser.2020.110171 , table 4.
682	NH3 (l) storage tank incl. liquefaction	2030	FOM	2.0	%/year	Guesstimate, based on H2 (l) storage tank.
683	NH3 (l) storage tank incl. liquefaction	2030	investment	161.93	EUR/MWh_NH3	Calculated based on Morgan E. 2013: doi:10.7275/11KT-3F59 , Fig. 55, Fig 58.
684	NH3 (l) storage tank incl. liquefaction	2030	lifetime	20.0	years	Morgan E. 2013: doi:10.7275/11KT-3F59 , pg. 290
685	NH3 (l) transport ship	2030	FOM	4.0	%/year	Cihlar et al 2020 based on IEA 2019, Table 3-B
686	NH3 (l) transport ship	2030	capacity	53000.0	t_NH3	Cihlar et al 2020 based on IEA 2019, Table 3-B
687	NH3 (l) transport ship	2030	investment	74461941.34	EUR	Cihlar et al 2020 based on IEA 2019, Table 3-B
688	NH3 (l) transport ship	2030	lifetime	20.0	years	Guess estimated based on H2 (l) tanker, but more mature technology
689	OCGT	2030	FOM	1.78	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	52 OCGT - Natural gas: Fixed O&M
690	OCGT	2030	VOM	4.5	EUR/MWh	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	52 OCGT - Natural gas: Variable O&M
691	OCGT	2030	efficiency	0.41	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	52 OCGT - Natural gas: Electricity efficiency, annual average
692	OCGT	2030	investment	435.24	EUR/kW	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	52 OCGT - Natural gas: Specific investment
693	OCGT	2030	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	52 OCGT - Natural gas: Technical lifetime
694	PHS	2030	FOM	1.0	%/year	DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
695	PHS	2030	efficiency	0.75	per unit	DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
696	PHS	2030	investment	2208.16	EUR/kWel	DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
697	PHS	2030	lifetime	80.0	years	IEA2010	from old pypsa cost assumptions
698	SMR	2030	FOM	5.0	%/year	Danish Energy Agency	Technology data for renewable fuels, in pdf on table 3 p.311
699	SMR	2030	efficiency	0.76	per unit (in LHV)	IEA Global average levelised cost of hydrogen production by energy source and technology, 2019 and 2050 (2020), https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/global-average-levelised-cost-of-hydrogen-production-by-energy-source-and-technology-2019-and-2050
700	SMR	2030	investment	493470.4	EUR/MW_CH4	Danish Energy Agency	Technology data for renewable fuels, in pdf on table 3 p.311
701	SMR	2030	lifetime	30.0	years	IEA Global average levelised cost of hydrogen production by energy source and technology, 2019 and 2050 (2020), https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/global-average-levelised-cost-of-hydrogen-production-by-energy-source-and-technology-2019-and-2050
702	SMR CC	2030	FOM	5.0	%/year	Danish Energy Agency	Technology data for renewable fuels, in pdf on table 3 p.311
703	SMR CC	2030	capture_rate	0.9	EUR/MW_CH4	IEA Global average levelised cost of hydrogen production by energy source and technology, 2019 and 2050 (2020), https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/global-average-levelised-cost-of-hydrogen-production-by-energy-source-and-technology-2019-and-2050	wide range: capture rates betwen 54%-90%
704	SMR CC	2030	efficiency	0.69	per unit (in LHV)	IEA Global average levelised cost of hydrogen production by energy source and technology, 2019 and 2050 (2020), https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/global-average-levelised-cost-of-hydrogen-production-by-energy-source-and-technology-2019-and-2050
705	SMR CC	2030	investment	572425.66	EUR/MW_CH4	Danish Energy Agency	Technology data for renewable fuels, in pdf on table 3 p.311
706	SMR CC	2030	lifetime	30.0	years	IEA Global average levelised cost of hydrogen production by energy source and technology, 2019 and 2050 (2020), https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/global-average-levelised-cost-of-hydrogen-production-by-energy-source-and-technology-2019-and-2050
707	Steam methane reforming	2030	FOM	3.0	%/year	International Energy Agency (2015): Technology Roadmap Hydrogen and Fuel Cells , table 15.
708	Steam methane reforming	2030	investment	470085.47	EUR/MW_H2	International Energy Agency (2015): Technology Roadmap Hydrogen and Fuel Cells , table 15.
709	Steam methane reforming	2030	lifetime	30.0	years	International Energy Agency (2015): Technology Roadmap Hydrogen and Fuel Cells , table 15.
710	air separation unit	2030	FOM	3.0	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	103 Hydrogen to Ammonia: Fixed O&M
711	air separation unit	2030	investment	729306.18	EUR/t_N2/h	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	103 Hydrogen to Ammonia: Specific investment
712	air separation unit	2030	lifetime	30.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	103 Hydrogen to Ammonia: Technical lifetime
713	battery inverter	2030	FOM	0.34	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	: Fixed O&M
714	battery inverter	2030	efficiency	0.96	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	: Round trip efficiency DC
715	battery inverter	2030	investment	160.0	EUR/kW	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	: Output capacity expansion cost investment
716	battery inverter	2030	lifetime	10.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx, Note K.	: Technical lifetime
717	battery storage	2030	investment	142.0	EUR/kWh	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	: Energy storage expansion cost investment
718	battery storage	2030	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	: Technical lifetime
719	biogas	2030	CO2 stored	0.09	tCO2/MWh_th	Stoichiometric calculation
720	biogas	2030	FOM	12.84	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	81 Biogas Plant, Basic conf.: Total O&M
721	biogas	2030	capture rate	0.98	per unit	Assumption based on doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.01.006
722	biogas	2030	efficiency	1.0	per unit	Assuming input biomass is already given in biogas output
723	biogas	2030	fuel	59.0	EUR/MWhth	JRC and Zappa	from old pypsa cost assumptions
724	biogas	2030	investment	1539.62	EUR/kW	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	81 Biogas Plant, Basic conf.: Specific investment
725	biogas	2030	lifetime	20.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	81 Biogas Plant, Basic conf.: Technical lifetime
726	biogas plus hydrogen	2030	FOM	4.0	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	99 SNG from methan. of biogas: Fixed O&M
727	biogas plus hydrogen	2030	investment	756.0	EUR/kW_CH4	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	99 SNG from methan. of biogas: Specific investment
728	biogas plus hydrogen	2030	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	99 SNG from methan. of biogas: Technical lifetime
729	biogas upgrading	2030	FOM	2.49	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	82 Biogas, upgrading: Fixed O&M
730	biogas upgrading	2030	VOM	3.18	EUR/MWh input	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	82 Biogas, upgrading: Variable O&M
731	biogas upgrading	2030	investment	381.0	EUR/kW input	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	82 Biogas, upgrading: investment (upgrading, methane redution and grid injection)
732	biogas upgrading	2030	lifetime	15.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	82 Biogas, upgrading: Technical lifetime
733	biomass	2030	FOM	4.53	%/year	DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
734	biomass	2030	efficiency	0.47	per unit	DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
735	biomass	2030	fuel	7.0	EUR/MWhth	IEA2011b	from old pypsa cost assumptions
736	biomass	2030	investment	2209.0	EUR/kWel	DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
737	biomass	2030	lifetime	30.0	years	ECF2010 in DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
738	biomass CHP	2030	FOM	3.58	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Fixed O&M
739	biomass CHP	2030	VOM	2.1	EUR/MWh_e	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Variable O&M
740	biomass CHP	2030	c_b	0.46	40°C/80°C	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Cb coefficient
741	biomass CHP	2030	c_v	1.0	40°C/80°C	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Cv coefficient
742	biomass CHP	2030	efficiency	0.3	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Electricity efficiency, net, annual average
743	biomass CHP	2030	efficiency-heat	0.71	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Heat efficiency, net, annual average
744	biomass CHP	2030	investment	3210.28	EUR/kW_e	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Nominal investment
745	biomass CHP	2030	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Technical lifetime
746	biomass CHP capture	2030	FOM	3.0	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	401.a Post comb - small CHP
747	biomass CHP capture	2030	capture_rate	0.9	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	401.a Post comb - small CHP
748	biomass CHP capture	2030	compression-electricity-input	0.08	MWh/tCO2	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	401.a Post comb - small CHP
749	biomass CHP capture	2030	compression-heat-output	0.14	MWh/tCO2	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	401.a Post comb - small CHP
750	biomass CHP capture	2030	electricity-input	0.02	MWh/tCO2	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	401.a Post comb - small CHP
751	biomass CHP capture	2030	heat-input	0.72	MWh/tCO2	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	401.a Post comb - small CHP
752	biomass CHP capture	2030	heat-output	0.72	MWh/tCO2	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	401.a Post comb - small CHP
753	biomass CHP capture	2030	investment	2700000.0	EUR/(tCO2/h)	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	401.a Post comb - small CHP
754	biomass CHP capture	2030	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	401.a Post comb - small CHP
755	biomass EOP	2030	FOM	3.58	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Fixed O&M
756	biomass EOP	2030	VOM	2.1	EUR/MWh_e	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Variable O&M
757	biomass EOP	2030	c_b	0.46	40°C/80°C	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Cb coefficient
758	biomass EOP	2030	c_v	1.0	40°C/80°C	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Cv coefficient
759	biomass EOP	2030	efficiency	0.3	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Electricity efficiency, net, annual average
760	biomass EOP	2030	efficiency-heat	0.71	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Heat efficiency, net, annual average
761	biomass EOP	2030	investment	3210.28	EUR/kW_e	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Nominal investment
762	biomass EOP	2030	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Technical lifetime
763	biomass HOP	2030	FOM	5.75	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09c Straw HOP: Fixed O&M, heat output
764	biomass HOP	2030	VOM	2.78	EUR/MWh	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09c Straw HOP: Variable O&M heat output
765	biomass HOP	2030	efficiency	1.03	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09c Straw HOP: Total efficiency , net, annual average
766	biomass HOP	2030	investment	832.63	EUR/kW_th - heat output	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09c Straw HOP: Nominal investment
767	biomass HOP	2030	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09c Straw HOP: Technical lifetime
768	biomass boiler	2030	FOM	7.49	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	204 Biomass boiler, automatic: Fixed O&M
769	biomass boiler	2030	efficiency	0.86	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	204 Biomass boiler, automatic: Heat efficiency, annual average, net
770	biomass boiler	2030	investment	649.3	EUR/kW_th	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	204 Biomass boiler, automatic: Specific investment
771	biomass boiler	2030	lifetime	20.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	204 Biomass boiler, automatic: Technical lifetime
772	cement capture	2030	FOM	3.0	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	401.c Post comb - Cement kiln
773	cement capture	2030	capture_rate	0.9	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	401.c Post comb - Cement kiln
774	cement capture	2030	compression-electricity-input	0.08	MWh/tCO2	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	401.c Post comb - Cement kiln
775	cement capture	2030	compression-heat-output	0.14	MWh/tCO2	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	401.c Post comb - Cement kiln
776	cement capture	2030	electricity-input	0.02	MWh/tCO2	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	401.c Post comb - Cement kiln
777	cement capture	2030	heat-input	0.72	MWh/tCO2	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	401.c Post comb - Cement kiln
778	cement capture	2030	heat-output	1.54	MWh/tCO2	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	401.c Post comb - Cement kiln
779	cement capture	2030	investment	2600000.0	EUR/(tCO2/h)	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	401.c Post comb - Cement kiln
780	cement capture	2030	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	401.c Post comb - Cement kiln
781	central air-sourced heat pump	2030	FOM	0.23	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	40 Comp. hp, airsource 3 MW: Fixed O&M
782	central air-sourced heat pump	2030	VOM	2.51	EUR/MWh_th	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	40 Comp. hp, airsource 3 MW: Variable O&M
783	central air-sourced heat pump	2030	efficiency	3.6	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	40 Comp. hp, airsource 3 MW: Total efficiency , net, annual average
784	central air-sourced heat pump	2030	investment	856.25	EUR/kW_th	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	40 Comp. hp, airsource 3 MW: Specific investment
785	central air-sourced heat pump	2030	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	40 Comp. hp, airsource 3 MW: Technical lifetime
786	central coal CHP	2030	FOM	1.63	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	01 Coal CHP: Fixed O&M
787	central coal CHP	2030	VOM	2.84	EUR/MWh	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	01 Coal CHP: Variable O&M
788	central coal CHP	2030	c_b	1.01	50oC/100oC	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	01 Coal CHP: Cb coefficient
789	central coal CHP	2030	c_v	0.15	50oC/100oC	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	01 Coal CHP: Cv coefficient
790	central coal CHP	2030	efficiency	0.52	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	01 Coal CHP: Electricity efficiency, condensation mode, net
791	central coal CHP	2030	investment	1860.47	EUR/kW	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	01 Coal CHP: Nominal investment
792	central coal CHP	2030	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	01 Coal CHP: Technical lifetime
793	central gas CHP	2030	FOM	3.32	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	04 Gas turb. simple cycle, L: Fixed O&M
794	central gas CHP	2030	VOM	4.2	EUR/MWh	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	04 Gas turb. simple cycle, L: Variable O&M
795	central gas CHP	2030	c_b	1.0	50oC/100oC	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	04 Gas turb. simple cycle, L: Cb coefficient
796	central gas CHP	2030	c_v	0.17	per unit	DEA (loss of fuel for additional heat)	from old pypsa cost assumptions
797	central gas CHP	2030	efficiency	0.41	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	04 Gas turb. simple cycle, L: Electricity efficiency, annual average
798	central gas CHP	2030	investment	560.0	EUR/kW	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	04 Gas turb. simple cycle, L: Nominal investment
799	central gas CHP	2030	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	04 Gas turb. simple cycle, L: Technical lifetime
800	central gas CHP	2030	p_nom_ratio	1.0	per unit		from old pypsa cost assumptions
801	central gas boiler	2030	FOM	3.8	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	44 Natural Gas DH Only: Fixed O&M
802	central gas boiler	2030	VOM	1.0	EUR/MWh_th	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	44 Natural Gas DH Only: Variable O&M
803	central gas boiler	2030	efficiency	1.04	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	44 Natural Gas DH Only: Total efficiency , net, annual average
804	central gas boiler	2030	investment	50.0	EUR/kW_th	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	44 Natural Gas DH Only: Nominal investment
805	central gas boiler	2030	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	44 Natural Gas DH Only: Technical lifetime
806	central ground-sourced heat pump	2030	FOM	0.39	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	40 Absorption heat pump, DH: Fixed O&M
807	central ground-sourced heat pump	2030	VOM	1.25	EUR/MWh_th	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	40 Absorption heat pump, DH: Variable O&M
808	central ground-sourced heat pump	2030	efficiency	1.73	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	40 Absorption heat pump, DH: Total efficiency , net, annual average
809	central ground-sourced heat pump	2030	investment	507.6	EUR/kW_th excluding drive energy	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	40 Absorption heat pump, DH: Nominal investment
810	central ground-sourced heat pump	2030	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	40 Absorption heat pump, DH: Technical lifetime
811	central resistive heater	2030	FOM	1.7	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	41 Electric Boilers: Fixed O&M
812	central resistive heater	2030	VOM	1.0	EUR/MWh_th	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	41 Electric Boilers: Variable O&M
813	central resistive heater	2030	efficiency	0.99	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	41 Electric Boilers: Total efficiency , net, annual average
814	central resistive heater	2030	investment	60.0	EUR/kW_th	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	41 Electric Boilers: Nominal investment; 10/15 kV; >10 MW
815	central resistive heater	2030	lifetime	20.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	41 Electric Boilers: Technical lifetime
816	central solar thermal	2030	FOM	1.4	%/year	HP	from old pypsa cost assumptions
817	central solar thermal	2030	investment	140000.0	EUR/1000m2	HP	from old pypsa cost assumptions
818	central solar thermal	2030	lifetime	20.0	years	HP	from old pypsa cost assumptions
819	central solid biomass CHP	2030	FOM	2.87	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09a Wood Chips, Large 50 degree: Fixed O&M
820	central solid biomass CHP	2030	VOM	4.58	EUR/MWh_e	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09a Wood Chips, Large 50 degree: Variable O&M
821	central solid biomass CHP	2030	c_b	0.35	50°C/100°C	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09a Wood Chips, Large 50 degree: Cb coefficient
822	central solid biomass CHP	2030	c_v	1.0	50°C/100°C	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09a Wood Chips, Large 50 degree: Cv coefficient
823	central solid biomass CHP	2030	efficiency	0.27	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09a Wood Chips, Large 50 degree: Electricity efficiency, net, annual average
824	central solid biomass CHP	2030	efficiency-heat	0.82	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09a Wood Chips, Large 50 degree: Heat efficiency, net, annual average
825	central solid biomass CHP	2030	investment	3349.49	EUR/kW_e	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09a Wood Chips, Large 50 degree: Nominal investment
826	central solid biomass CHP	2030	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	09a Wood Chips, Large 50 degree: Technical lifetime
827	central solid biomass CHP	2030	p_nom_ratio	1.0	per unit		from old pypsa cost assumptions
828	central water tank storage	2030	FOM	0.55	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	140 PTES seasonal: Fixed O&M
829	central water tank storage	2030	investment	0.54	EUR/kWhCapacity	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	140 PTES seasonal: Specific investment
830	central water tank storage	2030	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	140 PTES seasonal: Technical lifetime
831	clean water tank storage	2030	FOM	2.0	%/year	Caldera et al 2016: Local cost of seawater RO desalination based on solar PV and windenergy: A global estimate. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.004), Table 1.
832	clean water tank storage	2030	investment	67.63	EUR/m^3-H2O	Caldera et al 2016: Local cost of seawater RO desalination based on solar PV and windenergy: A global estimate. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.004), Table 1.
833	clean water tank storage	2030	lifetime	30.0	years	Caldera et al 2016: Local cost of seawater RO desalination based on solar PV and windenergy: A global estimate. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.004), Table 1.
834	coal	2030	CO2 intensity	0.34	tCO2/MWh_th	Entwicklung der spezifischen Kohlendioxid-Emissionen des deutschen Strommix in den Jahren 1990 - 2018
835	coal	2030	FOM	1.6	%/year	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
836	coal	2030	VOM	3.5	EUR/MWh_e	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
837	coal	2030	efficiency	0.33	per unit	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
838	coal	2030	fuel	8.15	EUR/MWh_th	BP 2019
839	coal	2030	investment	3845.51	EUR/kW_e	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
840	coal	2030	lifetime	40.0	years	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
841	csp-tower	2030	FOM	1.1	%/year	ATB CSP data (https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2021/concentrating_solar_power)
842	csp-tower	2030	investment	98.15	EUR/kW_th,dp	ATB CSP data (https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2021/concentrating_solar_power) and NREL SAM v2021.12.2 (https://sam.nrel.gov/).
843	csp-tower	2030	lifetime	30.0	years	ATB CSP data (https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2021/concentrating_solar_power)
844	csp-tower TES	2030	FOM	1.1	%/year	see solar-tower.
845	csp-tower TES	2030	investment	13.15	EUR/kWh_th	ATB CSP data (https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2021/concentrating_solar_power) and NREL SAM v2021.12.2 (https://sam.nrel.gov/).
846	csp-tower TES	2030	lifetime	30.0	years	see solar-tower.
847	csp-tower power block	2030	FOM	1.1	%/year	see solar-tower.
848	csp-tower power block	2030	investment	687.6	EUR/kW_e	ATB CSP data (https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2021/concentrating_solar_power) and NREL SAM v2021.12.2 (https://sam.nrel.gov/).
849	csp-tower power block	2030	lifetime	30.0	years	see solar-tower.
850	decentral CHP	2030	FOM	3.0	%/year	HP	from old pypsa cost assumptions
851	decentral CHP	2030	discount rate	0.04	per unit	Palzer thesis	from old pypsa cost assumptions
852	decentral CHP	2030	investment	1400.0	EUR/kWel	HP	from old pypsa cost assumptions
853	decentral CHP	2030	lifetime	25.0	years	HP	from old pypsa cost assumptions
854	decentral air-sourced heat pump	2030	FOM	3.0	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	207.3 Air to water existing: Fixed O&M
855	decentral air-sourced heat pump	2030	discount rate	0.04	per unit	Palzer thesis	from old pypsa cost assumptions
856	decentral air-sourced heat pump	2030	efficiency	3.6	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	207.3 Air to water existing: Heat efficiency, annual average, net, radiators, existing one family house
857	decentral air-sourced heat pump	2030	investment	850.0	EUR/kW_th	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	207.3 Air to water existing: Specific investment
858	decentral air-sourced heat pump	2030	lifetime	18.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	207.3 Air to water existing: Technical lifetime
859	decentral gas boiler	2030	FOM	6.69	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	202 Natural gas boiler: Fixed O&M
860	decentral gas boiler	2030	discount rate	0.04	per unit	Palzer thesis	from old pypsa cost assumptions
861	decentral gas boiler	2030	efficiency	0.98	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	202 Natural gas boiler: Total efficiency, annual average, net
862	decentral gas boiler	2030	investment	296.82	EUR/kW_th	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	202 Natural gas boiler: Specific investment
863	decentral gas boiler	2030	lifetime	20.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	202 Natural gas boiler: Technical lifetime
864	decentral gas boiler connection	2030	investment	185.51	EUR/kW_th	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	: Possible additional specific investment
865	decentral gas boiler connection	2030	lifetime	50.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	: Technical lifetime
866	decentral ground-sourced heat pump	2030	FOM	1.82	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	207.7 Ground source existing: Fixed O&M
867	decentral ground-sourced heat pump	2030	discount rate	0.04	per unit	Palzer thesis	from old pypsa cost assumptions
868	decentral ground-sourced heat pump	2030	efficiency	3.9	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	207.7 Ground source existing: Heat efficiency, annual average, net, radiators, existing one family house
869	decentral ground-sourced heat pump	2030	investment	1400.0	EUR/kW_th	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	207.7 Ground source existing: Specific investment
870	decentral ground-sourced heat pump	2030	lifetime	20.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	207.7 Ground source existing: Technical lifetime
871	decentral oil boiler	2030	FOM	2.0	%/year	Palzer thesis (https://energiesysteme-zukunft.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Publikationen/PDFs/ESYS_Materialien_Optimierungsmodell_REMod-D.pdf)	from old pypsa cost assumptions
872	decentral oil boiler	2030	efficiency	0.9	per unit	Palzer thesis (https://energiesysteme-zukunft.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Publikationen/PDFs/ESYS_Materialien_Optimierungsmodell_REMod-D.pdf)	from old pypsa cost assumptions
873	decentral oil boiler	2030	investment	156.01	EUR/kWth	Palzer thesis (https://energiesysteme-zukunft.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Publikationen/PDFs/ESYS_Materialien_Optimierungsmodell_REMod-D.pdf) (+eigene Berechnung)	from old pypsa cost assumptions
874	decentral oil boiler	2030	lifetime	20.0	years	Palzer thesis (https://energiesysteme-zukunft.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Publikationen/PDFs/ESYS_Materialien_Optimierungsmodell_REMod-D.pdf)	from old pypsa cost assumptions
875	decentral resistive heater	2030	FOM	2.0	%/year	Schaber thesis	from old pypsa cost assumptions
876	decentral resistive heater	2030	discount rate	0.04	per unit	Palzer thesis	from old pypsa cost assumptions
877	decentral resistive heater	2030	efficiency	0.9	per unit	Schaber thesis	from old pypsa cost assumptions
878	decentral resistive heater	2030	investment	100.0	EUR/kWhth	Schaber thesis	from old pypsa cost assumptions
879	decentral resistive heater	2030	lifetime	20.0	years	Schaber thesis	from old pypsa cost assumptions
880	decentral solar thermal	2030	FOM	1.3	%/year	HP	from old pypsa cost assumptions
881	decentral solar thermal	2030	discount rate	0.04	per unit	Palzer thesis	from old pypsa cost assumptions
882	decentral solar thermal	2030	investment	270000.0	EUR/1000m2	HP	from old pypsa cost assumptions
883	decentral solar thermal	2030	lifetime	20.0	years	HP	from old pypsa cost assumptions
884	decentral water tank storage	2030	FOM	1.0	%/year	HP	from old pypsa cost assumptions
885	decentral water tank storage	2030	discount rate	0.04	per unit	Palzer thesis	from old pypsa cost assumptions
886	decentral water tank storage	2030	investment	18.38	EUR/kWh	IWES Interaktion	from old pypsa cost assumptions
887	decentral water tank storage	2030	lifetime	20.0	years	HP	from old pypsa cost assumptions
888	digestible biomass	2030	fuel	15.0	EUR/MWh_th	JRC ENSPRESO ca avg for MINBIOAGRW1, ENS_Ref for 2040
889	digestible biomass to hydrogen	2030	FOM	4.25	%/year	Zech et.al. DBFZ Report Nr. 19. Hy-NOW - Evaluierung der Verfahren und Technologien für die Bereitstellung von Wasserstoff auf Basis von Biomasse, DBFZ, 2014
890	digestible biomass to hydrogen	2030	capture rate	0.98	per unit	Assumption based on doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.01.006
891	digestible biomass to hydrogen	2030	efficiency	0.39	per unit	Zech et.al. DBFZ Report Nr. 19. Hy-NOW - Evaluierung der Verfahren und Technologien für die Bereitstellung von Wasserstoff auf Basis von Biomasse, DBFZ, 2014
892	digestible biomass to hydrogen	2030	investment	2500.0	EUR/kW_th	Zech et.al. DBFZ Report Nr. 19. Hy-NOW - Evaluierung der Verfahren und Technologien für die Bereitstellung von Wasserstoff auf Basis von Biomasse, DBFZ, 2014
893	direct air capture	2030	FOM	4.95	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	403.a Direct air capture
894	direct air capture	2030	compression-electricity-input	0.15	MWh/tCO2	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	403.a Direct air capture
895	direct air capture	2030	compression-heat-output	0.2	MWh/tCO2	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	403.a Direct air capture
896	direct air capture	2030	electricity-input	0.32	MWh/tCO2	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	403.a Direct air capture
897	direct air capture	2030	heat-input	2.0	MWh/tCO2	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	403.a Direct air capture
898	direct air capture	2030	heat-output	1.0	MWh/tCO2	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	403.a Direct air capture
899	direct air capture	2030	investment	6000000.0	EUR/(tCO2/h)	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	403.a Direct air capture
900	direct air capture	2030	lifetime	20.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx	403.a Direct air capture
901	electric boiler steam	2030	FOM	1.46	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	310.1 Electric boiler steam : Fixed O&M
902	electric boiler steam	2030	VOM	0.88	EUR/MWh	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	310.1 Electric boiler steam : Variable O&M
903	electric boiler steam	2030	efficiency	0.99	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	310.1 Electric boiler steam : Total efficiency, net, annual average
904	electric boiler steam	2030	investment	70.0	EUR/kW	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	310.1 Electric boiler steam : Nominal investment
905	electric boiler steam	2030	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	310.1 Electric boiler steam : Technical lifetime
906	electricity distribution grid	2030	FOM	2.0	%/year	TODO	from old pypsa cost assumptions
907	electricity distribution grid	2030	investment	500.0	EUR/kW	TODO	from old pypsa cost assumptions
908	electricity distribution grid	2030	lifetime	40.0	years	TODO	from old pypsa cost assumptions
909	electricity grid connection	2030	FOM	2.0	%/year	TODO	from old pypsa cost assumptions
910	electricity grid connection	2030	investment	140.0	EUR/kW	DEA	from old pypsa cost assumptions
911	electricity grid connection	2030	lifetime	40.0	years	TODO	from old pypsa cost assumptions
912	electrolysis	2030	FOM	2.0	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	86 AEC 100MW: Fixed O&M
913	electrolysis	2030	efficiency	0.68	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	86 AEC 100MW: Hydrogen
914	electrolysis	2030	investment	450.0	EUR/kW_e	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	86 AEC 100MW: Specific investment
915	electrolysis	2030	lifetime	30.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx	86 AEC 100MW: Technical lifetime
916	fuel cell	2030	FOM	5.0	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	12 LT-PEMFC CHP: Fixed O&M
917	fuel cell	2030	c_b	1.25	50oC/100oC	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	12 LT-PEMFC CHP: Cb coefficient
918	fuel cell	2030	efficiency	0.5	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	12 LT-PEMFC CHP: Electricity efficiency, annual average
919	fuel cell	2030	investment	1100.0	EUR/kW_e	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	12 LT-PEMFC CHP: Nominal investment
920	fuel cell	2030	lifetime	10.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	12 LT-PEMFC CHP: Technical lifetime
921	gas	2030	CO2 intensity	0.2	tCO2/MWh_th	Stoichiometric calculation with 50 GJ/t CH4
922	gas	2030	fuel	20.1	EUR/MWh_th	BP 2019
923	gas boiler steam	2030	FOM	4.18	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	311.1c Steam boiler Gas: Fixed O&M
924	gas boiler steam	2030	VOM	1.0	EUR/MWh	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	311.1c Steam boiler Gas: Variable O&M
925	gas boiler steam	2030	efficiency	0.93	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	311.1c Steam boiler Gas: Total efficiency, net, annual average
926	gas boiler steam	2030	investment	45.45	EUR/kW	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	311.1c Steam boiler Gas: Nominal investment
927	gas boiler steam	2030	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	311.1c Steam boiler Gas: Technical lifetime
928	gas storage	2030	FOM	3.59	%	Danish Energy Agency	150 Underground Storage of Gas, Operation and Maintenace, salt cavern (units converted)
929	gas storage	2030	investment	0.03	EUR/kWh	Danish Energy Agency	150 Underground Storage of Gas, Establishment of one cavern (units converted)
930	gas storage	2030	lifetime	100.0	years	TODO no source	estimation: most underground storage are already build, they do have a long lifetime
931	gas storage charger	2030	investment	14.34	EUR/kW	Danish Energy Agency	150 Underground Storage of Gas, Process equipment (units converted)
932	gas storage discharger	2030	investment	4.78	EUR/kW	Danish Energy Agency	150 Underground Storage of Gas, Process equipment (units converted)
933	geothermal	2030	CO2 intensity	0.03	tCO2/MWhth	https://www.eia.gov/environment/emissions/co2_vol_mass.php	from old pypsa cost assumptions
934	geothermal	2030	FOM	2.36	%/year	DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
935	geothermal	2030	efficiency	0.24	per unit	DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
936	geothermal	2030	investment	3392.0	EUR/kWel	DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
937	geothermal	2030	lifetime	40.0	years	IEA2010	from old pypsa cost assumptions
938	helmeth	2030	FOM	3.0	%/year	no source	from old pypsa cost assumptions
939	helmeth	2030	efficiency	0.8	per unit	HELMETH press release	from old pypsa cost assumptions
940	helmeth	2030	investment	2000.0	EUR/kW	no source	from old pypsa cost assumptions
941	helmeth	2030	lifetime	25.0	years	no source	from old pypsa cost assumptions
942	home battery inverter	2030	FOM	0.34	%/year	Global Energy System based on 100% Renewable Energy, Energywatchgroup/LTU University, 2019, Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	: Fixed O&M
943	home battery inverter	2030	efficiency	0.96	per unit	Global Energy System based on 100% Renewable Energy, Energywatchgroup/LTU University, 2019, Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	: Round trip efficiency DC
944	home battery inverter	2030	investment	228.06	EUR/kW	Global Energy System based on 100% Renewable Energy, Energywatchgroup/LTU University, 2019, Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	: Output capacity expansion cost investment
945	home battery inverter	2030	lifetime	10.0	years	Global Energy System based on 100% Renewable Energy, Energywatchgroup/LTU University, 2019, Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx, Note K.	: Technical lifetime
946	home battery storage	2030	investment	202.9	EUR/kWh	Global Energy System based on 100% Renewable Energy, Energywatchgroup/LTU University, 2019, Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	: Energy storage expansion cost investment
947	home battery storage	2030	lifetime	25.0	years	Global Energy System based on 100% Renewable Energy, Energywatchgroup/LTU University, 2019, Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	: Technical lifetime
948	hydro	2030	FOM	1.0	%/year	DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
949	hydro	2030	efficiency	0.9	per unit	DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
950	hydro	2030	investment	2208.16	EUR/kWel	DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
951	hydro	2030	lifetime	80.0	years	IEA2010	from old pypsa cost assumptions
952	hydrogen storage tank	2030	investment	11.2	USD/kWh	budischak2013	from old pypsa cost assumptions
953	hydrogen storage tank	2030	lifetime	20.0	years	budischak2013	from old pypsa cost assumptions
954	hydrogen storage tank incl. compressor	2030	FOM	1.11	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	151a Hydrogen Storage - Tanks: Fixed O&M
955	hydrogen storage tank incl. compressor	2030	investment	44.91	EUR/kWh	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	151a Hydrogen Storage - Tanks: Specific investment
956	hydrogen storage tank incl. compressor	2030	lifetime	30.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	151a Hydrogen Storage - Tanks: Technical lifetime
957	hydrogen storage underground	2030	FOM	0.0	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	151c Hydrogen Storage - Caverns: Fixed O&M
958	hydrogen storage underground	2030	VOM	0.0	EUR/MWh	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	151c Hydrogen Storage - Caverns: Variable O&M
959	hydrogen storage underground	2030	investment	2.0	EUR/kWh	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	151c Hydrogen Storage - Caverns: Specific investment
960	hydrogen storage underground	2030	lifetime	100.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	151c Hydrogen Storage - Caverns: Technical lifetime
961	industrial heat pump high temperature	2030	FOM	0.09	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	302.b High temp. hp Up to 150: Fixed O&M
962	industrial heat pump high temperature	2030	VOM	3.2	EUR/MWh	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	302.b High temp. hp Up to 150: Variable O&M
963	industrial heat pump high temperature	2030	efficiency	3.05	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	302.b High temp. hp Up to 150: Total efficiency, net, annual average
964	industrial heat pump high temperature	2030	investment	934.56	EUR/kW	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	302.b High temp. hp Up to 150: Nominal investment
965	industrial heat pump high temperature	2030	lifetime	20.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	302.b High temp. hp Up to 150: Technical lifetime
966	industrial heat pump medium temperature	2030	FOM	0.11	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	302.a High temp. hp Up to 125 C: Fixed O&M
967	industrial heat pump medium temperature	2030	VOM	3.2	EUR/MWh	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	302.a High temp. hp Up to 125 C: Variable O&M
968	industrial heat pump medium temperature	2030	efficiency	2.7	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	302.a High temp. hp Up to 125 C: Total efficiency, net, annual average
969	industrial heat pump medium temperature	2030	investment	778.8	EUR/kW	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	302.a High temp. hp Up to 125 C: Nominal investment
970	industrial heat pump medium temperature	2030	lifetime	20.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	302.a High temp. hp Up to 125 C: Technical lifetime
971	lignite	2030	CO2 intensity	0.41	tCO2/MWh_th	Entwicklung der spezifischen Kohlendioxid-Emissionen des deutschen Strommix in den Jahren 1990 - 2018
972	lignite	2030	FOM	1.6	%/year	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
973	lignite	2030	VOM	3.5	EUR/MWh_e	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
974	lignite	2030	efficiency	0.33	per unit	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
975	lignite	2030	fuel	2.9	EUR/MWh_th	DIW
976	lignite	2030	investment	3845.51	EUR/kW_e	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
977	lignite	2030	lifetime	40.0	years	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
978	methanation	2030	FOM	3.0	%/year	Agora Energiewende (2018): The Future Cost of Electricity-Based Synthetic Fuels (https://www.agora-energiewende.de/en/publications/the-future-cost-of-electricity-based-synthetic-fuels-1/), section 6.2.3.1
979	methanation	2030	capture rate	0.98	per unit	Assumption based on doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.01.006
980	methanation	2030	efficiency	0.8	per unit	Agora Energiewende (2018): The Future Cost of Electricity-Based Synthetic Fuels (https://www.agora-energiewende.de/en/publications/the-future-cost-of-electricity-based-synthetic-fuels-1/), section 6.2.3.1
981	methanation	2030	investment	628.6	EUR/MW_CH4; and EUR/kW_CH4	Agora Energiewende (2018): The Future Cost of Electricity-Based Synthetic Fuels (https://www.agora-energiewende.de/en/publications/the-future-cost-of-electricity-based-synthetic-fuels-1/), table 6: “Reference scenario”.
982	methanation	2030	lifetime	20.0	years	Guesstimate.
983	methane storage tank incl. compressor	2030	FOM	1.9	%/year	Guesstimate, based on hydrogen storage tank by DEA.
984	methane storage tank incl. compressor	2030	investment	8629.2	EUR/m^3	Storage costs per l: https://www.compositesworld.com/articles/pressure-vessels-for-alternative-fuels-2014-2023 (2021-02-10).
985	methane storage tank incl. compressor	2030	lifetime	30.0	years	Guesstimate, based on hydrogen storage tank by DEA.
986	methanolisation	2030	FOM	3.0	%/year	Agora Energiewende (2018): The Future Cost of Electricity-Based Synthetic Fuels (https://www.agora-energiewende.de/en/publications/the-future-cost-of-electricity-based-synthetic-fuels-1/), section 6.3.2.1.
987	methanolisation	2030	investment	650711.26	EUR/MW_MeOH	Agora Energiewende (2018): The Future Cost of Electricity-Based Synthetic Fuels (https://www.agora-energiewende.de/en/publications/the-future-cost-of-electricity-based-synthetic-fuels-1/), table 8: “Reference scenario”.
988	methanolisation	2030	lifetime	20.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Renewable Fuels (04/2022), Data sheet “Methanol to Power”.
989	micro CHP	2030	FOM	6.11	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	219 LT-PEMFC mCHP - natural gas: Fixed O&M
990	micro CHP	2030	efficiency	0.35	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	219 LT-PEMFC mCHP - natural gas: Electric efficiency, annual average, net
991	micro CHP	2030	efficiency-heat	0.61	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	219 LT-PEMFC mCHP - natural gas: Heat efficiency, annual average, net
992	micro CHP	2030	investment	7410.27	EUR/kW_th	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	219 LT-PEMFC mCHP - natural gas: Specific investment
993	micro CHP	2030	lifetime	20.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	219 LT-PEMFC mCHP - natural gas: Technical lifetime
994	nuclear	2030	FOM	1.4	%/year	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
995	nuclear	2030	VOM	3.5	EUR/MWh_e	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
996	nuclear	2030	efficiency	0.33	per unit	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
997	nuclear	2030	fuel	2.6	EUR/MWh_th	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
998	nuclear	2030	investment	7940.45	EUR/kW_e	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
999	nuclear	2030	lifetime	40.0	years	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
1000	offwind	2030	FOM	2.32	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	21 Offshore turbines: Fixed O&M [EUR/MW_e/y, 2020]
1001	offwind	2030	VOM	0.02	EUR/MWhel	RES costs made up to fix curtailment order	from old pypsa cost assumptions
1002	offwind	2030	investment	1523.55	EUR/kW_e, 2020	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	21 Offshore turbines: Nominal investment [MEUR/MW_e, 2020] grid connection costs substracted from investment costs
1003	offwind	2030	lifetime	30.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	21 Offshore turbines: Technical lifetime [years]
1004	offwind-ac-connection-submarine	2030	investment	2685.0	EUR/MW/km	DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data	from old pypsa cost assumptions
1005	offwind-ac-connection-underground	2030	investment	1342.0	EUR/MW/km	DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data	from old pypsa cost assumptions
1006	offwind-ac-station	2030	investment	250.0	EUR/kWel	DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data	from old pypsa cost assumptions
1007	offwind-dc-connection-submarine	2030	investment	2000.0	EUR/MW/km	DTU report based on Fig 34 of https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2014_nsog_report.pdf	from old pypsa cost assumptions
1008	offwind-dc-connection-underground	2030	investment	1000.0	EUR/MW/km	Haertel 2017; average + 13% learning reduction	from old pypsa cost assumptions
1009	offwind-dc-station	2030	investment	400.0	EUR/kWel	Haertel 2017; assuming one onshore and one offshore node + 13% learning reduction	from old pypsa cost assumptions
1010	oil	2030	CO2 intensity	0.26	tCO2/MWh_th	Stoichiometric calculation with 44 GJ/t diesel and -CH2- approximation of diesel
1011	oil	2030	FOM	2.46	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	50 Diesel engine farm: Fixed O&M
1012	oil	2030	VOM	6.0	EUR/MWh	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	50 Diesel engine farm: Variable O&M
1013	oil	2030	efficiency	0.35	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	50 Diesel engine farm: Electricity efficiency, annual average
1014	oil	2030	fuel	50.0	EUR/MWhth	IEA WEM2017 97USD/boe = http://www.iea.org/media/weowebsite/2017/WEM_Documentation_WEO2017.pdf	from old pypsa cost assumptions
1015	oil	2030	investment	343.0	EUR/kW	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	50 Diesel engine farm: Specific investment
1016	oil	2030	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	50 Diesel engine farm: Technical lifetime
1017	onwind	2030	FOM	1.22	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	20 Onshore turbines: Fixed O&M
1018	onwind	2030	VOM	1.35	EUR/MWh	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	20 Onshore turbines: Variable O&M
1019	onwind	2030	investment	1035.56	EUR/kW	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	20 Onshore turbines: Nominal investment
1020	onwind	2030	lifetime	30.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	20 Onshore turbines: Technical lifetime
1021	ror	2030	FOM	2.0	%/year	DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
1022	ror	2030	efficiency	0.9	per unit	DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
1023	ror	2030	investment	3312.24	EUR/kWel	DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
1024	ror	2030	lifetime	80.0	years	IEA2010	from old pypsa cost assumptions
1025	seawater desalination	2030	FOM	4.0	%/year	Caldera et al 2016: Local cost of seawater RO desalination based on solar PV and windenergy: A global estimate. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.004), Table 1.
1026	seawater desalination	2030	electricity-input	3.03	kWh/m^3-H2O	Caldera et al 2016: Local cost of seawater RO desalination based on solar PV and windenergy: A global estimate. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.004), Fig. 4.
1027	seawater desalination	2030	investment	32882.05	EUR/(m^3-H2O/h)	Caldera et al 2017: Learning Curve for Seawater Reverse Osmosis Desalination Plants: Capital Cost Trend of the Past, Present, and Future (https://doi.org/10.1002/2017WR021402), Table 4.
1028	seawater desalination	2030	lifetime	30.0	years	Caldera et al 2016: Local cost of seawater RO desalination based on solar PV and windenergy: A global estimate. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.004), Table 1.
1029	solar	2030	FOM	1.95	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	22 Rooftop PV residential: Fixed O&M [2020-EUR/MW_e/y]
1030	solar	2030	VOM	0.01	EUR/MWhel	RES costs made up to fix curtailment order	from old pypsa cost assumptions
1031	solar	2030	investment	492.11	EUR/kW_e	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	22 Rooftop PV residential: Nominal investment [2020-MEUR/MW_e]
1032	solar	2030	lifetime	40.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	22 Rooftop PV residential: Technical lifetime [years]
1033	solar-rooftop	2030	FOM	1.42	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	22 Rooftop PV residential: Fixed O&M [2020-EUR/MW_e/y]
1034	solar-rooftop	2030	discount rate	0.04	per unit	standard for decentral	from old pypsa cost assumptions
1035	solar-rooftop	2030	investment	636.66	EUR/kW_e	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	22 Rooftop PV residential: Nominal investment [2020-MEUR/MW_e]
1036	solar-rooftop	2030	lifetime	40.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	22 Rooftop PV residential: Technical lifetime [years]
1037	solar-rooftop commercial	2030	FOM	1.57	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	22 Rooftop PV commercial: Fixed O&M [2020-EUR/MW_e/y]
1038	solar-rooftop commercial	2030	investment	512.47	EUR/kW_e	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	22 Rooftop PV commercial: Nominal investment [2020-MEUR/MW_e]
1039	solar-rooftop commercial	2030	lifetime	40.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	22 Rooftop PV commercial: Technical lifetime [years]
1040	solar-rooftop residential	2030	FOM	1.27	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	22 Rooftop PV residential: Fixed O&M [2020-EUR/MW_e/y]
1041	solar-rooftop residential	2030	investment	760.86	EUR/kW_e	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	22 Rooftop PV residential: Nominal investment [2020-MEUR/MW_e]
1042	solar-rooftop residential	2030	lifetime	40.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	22 Rooftop PV residential: Technical lifetime [years]
1043	solar-utility	2030	FOM	2.48	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	22 Utility-scale PV: Fixed O&M [2020-EUR/MW_e/y]
1044	solar-utility	2030	investment	347.56	EUR/kW_e	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	22 Utility-scale PV: Nominal investment [2020-MEUR/MW_e]
1045	solar-utility	2030	lifetime	40.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx	22 Utility-scale PV: Technical lifetime [years]
1046	solid biomass	2030	CO2 intensity	0.37	tCO2/MWh_th	Stoichiometric calculation with 18 GJ/t_DM LHV and 50% C-content for solid biomass
1047	solid biomass	2030	fuel	12.0	EUR/MWh_th	JRC ENSPRESO ca avg for MINBIOWOOW1 (secondary forest residue wood chips), ENS_Ref for 2040
1048	solid biomass boiler steam	2030	FOM	6.08	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	311.1e Steam boiler Wood: Fixed O&M
1049	solid biomass boiler steam	2030	VOM	2.82	EUR/MWh	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	311.1e Steam boiler Wood: Variable O&M
1050	solid biomass boiler steam	2030	efficiency	0.89	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	311.1e Steam boiler Wood: Total efficiency, net, annual average
1051	solid biomass boiler steam	2030	investment	590.91	EUR/kW	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	311.1e Steam boiler Wood: Nominal investment
1052	solid biomass boiler steam	2030	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx	311.1e Steam boiler Wood: Technical lifetime
1053	solid biomass to hydrogen	2030	FOM	4.25	%/year	Zech et.al. DBFZ Report Nr. 19. Hy-NOW - Evaluierung der Verfahren und Technologien für die Bereitstellung von Wasserstoff auf Basis von Biomasse, DBFZ, 2014
1054	solid biomass to hydrogen	2030	capture rate	0.98	per unit	Assumption based on doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.01.006
1055	solid biomass to hydrogen	2030	efficiency	0.56	per unit	Zech et.al. DBFZ Report Nr. 19. Hy-NOW - Evaluierung der Verfahren und Technologien für die Bereitstellung von Wasserstoff auf Basis von Biomasse, DBFZ, 2014
1056	solid biomass to hydrogen	2030	investment	2500.0	EUR/kW_th	Zech et.al. DBFZ Report Nr. 19. Hy-NOW - Evaluierung der Verfahren und Technologien für die Bereitstellung von Wasserstoff auf Basis von Biomasse, DBFZ, 2014
1057	uranium	2030	fuel	2.6	EUR/MWh_th	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
1058	water tank charger	2030	efficiency	0.84	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	: efficiency from sqr(Round trip efficiency)
1059	water tank discharger	2030	efficiency	0.84	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	: efficiency from sqr(Round trip efficiency)