pypsa-eur/data/costs.csv

1	technology	parameter	value	unit	source	further description
2	CCGT	FOM	3.35	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	05 Gas turb. CC, steam extract.: Fixed O&M
3	CCGT	VOM	4.2	EUR/MWh	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	05 Gas turb. CC, steam extract.: Variable O&M
4	CCGT	c_b	2.0	50oC/100oC	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	05 Gas turb. CC, steam extract.: Cb coefficient
5	CCGT	c_v	0.15	50oC/100oC	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	05 Gas turb. CC, steam extract.: Cv coefficient
6	CCGT	efficiency	0.58	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	05 Gas turb. CC, steam extract.: Electricity efficiency, annual average
7	CCGT	investment	830.0	EUR/kW	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	05 Gas turb. CC, steam extract.: Nominal investment
8	CCGT	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	05 Gas turb. CC, steam extract.: Technical lifetime
9	DAC	FOM	4.0	%/year	Fasihi	from old pypsa cost assumptions
10	DAC	investment	383.0	EUR/(tCO2/a)	Fasihi
11	DAC	lifetime	30.0	years	Fasihi	from old pypsa cost assumptions
12	Fischer-Tropsch	FOM	3.0	%/year	doi:10.3390/su9020306	from old pypsa cost assumptions
13	Fischer-Tropsch	efficiency	0.8	per unit	TODO	from old pypsa cost assumptions
14	Fischer-Tropsch	investment	677.6	EUR/kWH2	Fasihi doi:10.3390/su9020306 (60 kEUR/bpd = 847 EUR/kWL (1b = 1.7 MWh) 847*0.8 = 677.6)	from old pypsa cost assumptions
15	Fischer-Tropsch	lifetime	30.0	years	doi:10.3390/su9020306	from old pypsa cost assumptions
16	Gasnetz	FOM	2.5	%	WEGE ZU EINEM KLIMANEUTRALEN ENERGIESYSEM, Anhang zur Studie, Fraunhofer-Institut für Solare Energiesysteme ISE, Freiburg	Gasnetz
17	Gasnetz	investment	28.0	EUR/kWGas	WEGE ZU EINEM KLIMANEUTRALEN ENERGIESYSEM, Anhang zur Studie, Fraunhofer-Institut für Solare Energiesysteme ISE, Freiburg	Gasnetz
18	Gasnetz	lifetime	30.0	years	WEGE ZU EINEM KLIMANEUTRALEN ENERGIESYSEM, Anhang zur Studie, Fraunhofer-Institut für Solare Energiesysteme ISE, Freiburg	Gasnetz
19	H2 pipeline	FOM	3.0	%/year	TODO	from old pypsa cost assumptions
20	H2 pipeline	investment	267.0	EUR/MW/km	Welder et al https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.12.156	from old pypsa cost assumptions
21	H2 pipeline	lifetime	40.0	years	TODO	from old pypsa cost assumptions
22	HVAC overhead	FOM	2.0	%/year	Hagspiel	from old pypsa cost assumptions
23	HVAC overhead	investment	400.0	EUR/MW/km	Hagspiel	from old pypsa cost assumptions
24	HVAC overhead	lifetime	40.0	years	Hagspiel	from old pypsa cost assumptions
25	HVDC inverter pair	FOM	2.0	%/year	Hagspiel	from old pypsa cost assumptions
26	HVDC inverter pair	investment	150000.0	EUR/MW	Hagspiel	from old pypsa cost assumptions
27	HVDC inverter pair	lifetime	40.0	years	Hagspiel	from old pypsa cost assumptions
28	HVDC overhead	FOM	2.0	%/year	Hagspiel	from old pypsa cost assumptions
29	HVDC overhead	investment	400.0	EUR/MW/km	Hagspiel	from old pypsa cost assumptions
30	HVDC overhead	lifetime	40.0	years	Hagspiel	from old pypsa cost assumptions
31	HVDC submarine	FOM	2.0	%/year	Hagspiel	from old pypsa cost assumptions
32	HVDC submarine	investment	2000.0	EUR/MW/km	Own analysis of European submarine HVDC projects since 2000	from old pypsa cost assumptions
33	HVDC submarine	lifetime	40.0	years	Hagspiel	from old pypsa cost assumptions
34	OCGT	FOM	1.78	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	52 OCGT - Natural gas: Fixed O&M
35	OCGT	VOM	4.5	EUR/MWh	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	52 OCGT - Natural gas: Variable O&M
36	OCGT	efficiency	0.41	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	52 OCGT - Natural gas: Electricity efficiency, annual average
37	OCGT	investment	435.24	EUR/kW	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	52 OCGT - Natural gas: Specific investment
38	OCGT	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	52 OCGT - Natural gas: Technical lifetime
39	PHS	FOM	1.0	%/year	DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
40	PHS	efficiency	0.75	per unit	DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
41	PHS	investment	2208.16	EUR/kWel	DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
42	PHS	lifetime	80.0	years	IEA2010	from old pypsa cost assumptions
43	SMR	FOM	5.4	%/year	https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/hydrogen-supply-chain-evidence-base; slide 42 assumption for 2030	from old pypsa cost assumptions
44	SMR	efficiency	0.74	per unit	https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/hydrogen-supply-chain-evidence-base; slide 42 assumption for 2030	from old pypsa cost assumptions
45	SMR	investment	540.56	EUR/kWCH4	https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/hydrogen-supply-chain-evidence-base; slide 42 assumption for 2030; GBP 466 exchange 1.16	from old pypsa cost assumptions
46	SMR	lifetime	25.0	years	TODO	from old pypsa cost assumptions
47	SMR CCS	FOM	5.4	%/year	https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/hydrogen-supply-chain-evidence-base; slide 42 assumption for 2030	from old pypsa cost assumptions
48	SMR CCS	efficiency	0.67	per unit	https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/hydrogen-supply-chain-evidence-base; slide 42 assumption for 2030; CCS uses 10% of gas	from old pypsa cost assumptions
49	SMR CCS	investment	1032.0	EUR/kWCH4	https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/hydrogen-supply-chain-evidence-base; slide 42 assumption for 2030; GBP 466 exchange 1.16; CCS costed at 300 EUR/tCO2/a	from old pypsa cost assumptions
50	SMR CCS	lifetime	25.0	years	TODO	from old pypsa cost assumptions
51	battery inverter	FOM	0.34	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	: Fixed O&M
52	battery inverter	efficiency	0.96	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	: Round trip efficiency DC
53	battery inverter	investment	160.0	EUR/kW	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	: Output capacity expansion cost investment
54	battery inverter	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	: Technical lifetime
55	battery storage	investment	142.0	EUR/kWh	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	: Energy storage expansion cost investment
56	battery storage	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	: Technical lifetime
57	biogas	fuel	59.0	EUR/MWhth	JRC and Zappa	from old pypsa cost assumptions
58	biogas upgrading	FOM	2.49	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels_-_0003.xlsx	82 Biogas, upgrading: Fixed O&M
59	biogas upgrading	VOM	3.18	EUR/MWh input	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels_-_0003.xlsx	82 Biogas, upgrading: Variable O&M
60	biogas upgrading	investment	381.0	EUR/kW input	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels_-_0003.xlsx	82 Biogas, upgrading: investment (upgrading, methane redution and grid injection)
61	biogas upgrading	lifetime	15.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels_-_0003.xlsx	82 Biogas, upgrading: Technical lifetime
62	biomass	FOM	4.53	%/year	DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
63	biomass	efficiency	0.47	per unit	DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
64	biomass	fuel	7.0	EUR/MWhth	IEA2011b	from old pypsa cost assumptions
65	biomass	investment	2209.0	EUR/kWel	DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
66	biomass	lifetime	30.0	years	ECF2010 in DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
67	biomass CHP	FOM	3.58	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Fixed O&M
68	biomass CHP	VOM	2.1	EUR/MWh_e	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Variable O&M
69	biomass CHP	c_b	0.46	40°C/80°C	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Cb coefficient
70	biomass CHP	c_v	1.0	40°C/80°C	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Cv coefficient
71	biomass CHP	efficiency	0.3	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Electricity efficiency, net, annual average
72	biomass CHP	efficiency-heat	0.71	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Heat efficiency, net, annual average
73	biomass CHP	investment	3210.28	EUR/kW_e	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Nominal investment
74	biomass CHP	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Technical lifetime
75	biomass EOP	FOM	3.58	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Fixed O&M
76	biomass EOP	VOM	2.1	EUR/MWh_e	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Variable O&M
77	biomass EOP	c_b	0.46	40°C/80°C	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Cb coefficient
78	biomass EOP	c_v	1.0	40°C/80°C	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Cv coefficient
79	biomass EOP	efficiency	0.3	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Electricity efficiency, net, annual average
80	biomass EOP	efficiency-heat	0.71	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Heat efficiency, net, annual average
81	biomass EOP	investment	3210.28	EUR/kW_e	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Nominal investment
82	biomass EOP	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Technical lifetime
83	biomass HOP	FOM	5.75	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	09c Straw HOP: Fixed O&M, heat output
84	biomass HOP	VOM	2.78	EUR/MWh	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	09c Straw HOP: Variable O&M heat output
85	biomass HOP	efficiency	1.03	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	09c Straw HOP: Total efficiency , net, annual average
86	biomass HOP	investment	832.63	EUR/kW_th - heat output	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	09c Straw HOP: Nominal investment
87	biomass HOP	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	09c Straw HOP: Technical lifetime
88	central air-sourced heat pump	FOM	0.23	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	40 Comp. hp, airsource 3 MW: Fixed O&M
89	central air-sourced heat pump	VOM	2.51	EUR/MWh_th	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	40 Comp. hp, airsource 3 MW: Variable O&M
90	central air-sourced heat pump	efficiency	3.6	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	40 Comp. hp, airsource 3 MW: Total efficiency , net, annual average
91	central air-sourced heat pump	investment	856.25	EUR/kW_th	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	40 Comp. hp, airsource 3 MW: Specific investment
92	central air-sourced heat pump	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	40 Comp. hp, airsource 3 MW: Technical lifetime
93	central coal CHP	FOM	1.63	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	01 Coal CHP: Fixed O&M
94	central coal CHP	VOM	2.84	EUR/MWh	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	01 Coal CHP: Variable O&M
95	central coal CHP	c_b	1.01	50oC/100oC	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	01 Coal CHP: Cb coefficient
96	central coal CHP	c_v	0.15	50oC/100oC	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	01 Coal CHP: Cv coefficient
97	central coal CHP	efficiency	0.52	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	01 Coal CHP: Electricity efficiency, condensation mode, net
98	central coal CHP	investment	1860.47	EUR/kW	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	01 Coal CHP: Nominal investment
99	central coal CHP	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	01 Coal CHP: Technical lifetime
100	central gas CHP	FOM	3.32	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	04 Gas turb. simple cycle, L: Fixed O&M
101	central gas CHP	VOM	4.2	EUR/MWh	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	04 Gas turb. simple cycle, L: Variable O&M
102	central gas CHP	c_b	0.7	per unit	DEA (backpressure ratio)	from old pypsa cost assumptions
103	central gas CHP	c_v	0.17	per unit	DEA (loss of fuel for additional heat)	from old pypsa cost assumptions
104	central gas CHP	efficiency	0.41	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	04 Gas turb. simple cycle, L: Electricity efficiency, annual average
105	central gas CHP	investment	560.0	EUR/kW	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	04 Gas turb. simple cycle, L: Nominal investment
106	central gas CHP	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	04 Gas turb. simple cycle, L: Technical lifetime
107	central gas CHP	p_nom_ratio	1.0	per unit		from old pypsa cost assumptions
108	central gas CHP CCS	FOM	3.32	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	04 Gas turb. simple cycle, L: Fixed O&M
109	central gas CHP CCS	VOM	4.2	EUR/MWh	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	04 Gas turb. simple cycle, L: Variable O&M
110	central gas CHP CCS	c_b	0.7	per unit	DEA (backpressure ratio)	from old pypsa cost assumptions
111	central gas CHP CCS	c_v	0.17	per unit	DEA (loss of fuel for additional heat)	from old pypsa cost assumptions
112	central gas CHP CCS	efficiency	0.37	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	04 Gas turb. simple cycle, L: Electricity efficiency, annual average
113	central gas CHP CCS	investment	1160.0	EUR/kW	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx , DIW (CCS)	04 Gas turb. simple cycle, L: Nominal investment
114	central gas CHP CCS	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	04 Gas turb. simple cycle, L: Technical lifetime
115	central gas CHP CCS	p_nom_ratio	1.0	per unit		from old pypsa cost assumptions
116	central gas boiler	FOM	3.8	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	44 Natural Gas DH Only: Fixed O&M
117	central gas boiler	VOM	1.0	EUR/MWh_th	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	44 Natural Gas DH Only: Variable O&M
118	central gas boiler	efficiency	1.04	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	44 Natural Gas DH Only: Total efficiency , net, annual average
119	central gas boiler	investment	50.0	EUR/kW_th	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	44 Natural Gas DH Only: Nominal investment
120	central gas boiler	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	44 Natural Gas DH Only: Technical lifetime
121	central ground-sourced heat pump	FOM	0.39	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	40 Absorption heat pump, DH: Fixed O&M
122	central ground-sourced heat pump	VOM	1.25	EUR/MWh_th	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	40 Absorption heat pump, DH: Variable O&M
123	central ground-sourced heat pump	efficiency	1.73	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	40 Absorption heat pump, DH: Total efficiency , net, annual average
124	central ground-sourced heat pump	investment	507.6	EUR/kW_th excluding drive energy	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	40 Absorption heat pump, DH: Nominal investment
125	central ground-sourced heat pump	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	40 Absorption heat pump, DH: Technical lifetime
126	central resistive heater	FOM	1.7	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	41 Electric Boilers: Fixed O&M
127	central resistive heater	VOM	1.0	EUR/MWh_th	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	41 Electric Boilers: Variable O&M
128	central resistive heater	efficiency	0.99	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	41 Electric Boilers: Total efficiency , net, annual average
129	central resistive heater	investment	60.0	EUR/kW_th	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	41 Electric Boilers: Nominal investment; 10/15 kV; >10 MW
130	central resistive heater	lifetime	20.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	41 Electric Boilers: Technical lifetime
131	central solar thermal	FOM	1.4	%/year	HP	from old pypsa cost assumptions
132	central solar thermal	investment	140000.0	EUR/1000m2	HP	from old pypsa cost assumptions
133	central solar thermal	lifetime	20.0	years	HP	from old pypsa cost assumptions
134	central solid biomass CHP	FOM	4.1	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	09b Wood Pellets, Medium: Fixed O&M
135	central solid biomass CHP	VOM	1.85	EUR/MWh_e	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	09b Wood Pellets, Medium: Variable O&M
136	central solid biomass CHP	c_b	1.01	per unit	DEA for wood pellets CHP (backpressure ratio)	from old pypsa cost assumptions
137	central solid biomass CHP	c_v	0.15	per unit	DEA for wood pellets CHP (loss of fuel for additional heat)	from old pypsa cost assumptions
138	central solid biomass CHP	efficiency	0.29	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	09b Wood Pellets, Medium: Electricity efficiency, net, annual average
139	central solid biomass CHP	efficiency-heat	0.69	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	09b Wood Pellets, Medium: Heat efficiency, net, annual average
140	central solid biomass CHP	investment	2851.41	EUR/kW_e	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	09b Wood Pellets, Medium: Nominal investment
141	central solid biomass CHP	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	09b Wood Pellets, Medium: Technical lifetime
142	central solid biomass CHP	p_nom_ratio	1.0	per unit		from old pypsa cost assumptions
143	central solid biomass CHP CCS	FOM	4.1	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	09b Wood Pellets, Medium: Fixed O&M
144	central solid biomass CHP CCS	VOM	1.85	EUR/MWh_e	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	09b Wood Pellets, Medium: Variable O&M
145	central solid biomass CHP CCS	c_b	1.01	per unit	DEA for wood pellets CHP (backpressure ratio)	from old pypsa cost assumptions
146	central solid biomass CHP CCS	c_v	0.15	per unit	DEA for wood pellets CHP (loss of fuel for additional heat)	from old pypsa cost assumptions
147	central solid biomass CHP CCS	efficiency	0.26	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	09b Wood Pellets, Medium: Electricity efficiency, net, annual average
148	central solid biomass CHP CCS	efficiency-heat	0.69	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	09b Wood Pellets, Medium: Heat efficiency, net, annual average
149	central solid biomass CHP CCS	investment	3451.41	EUR/kW_e	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx , DIW (CCS)	09b Wood Pellets, Medium: Nominal investment
150	central solid biomass CHP CCS	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	09b Wood Pellets, Medium: Technical lifetime
151	central solid biomass CHP CCS	p_nom_ratio	1.0	per unit		from old pypsa cost assumptions
152	central water tank storage	FOM	0.55	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	140 PTES seasonal: Fixed O&M
153	central water tank storage	investment	0.54	EUR/kWhCapacity	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	140 PTES seasonal: Specific investment
154	central water tank storage	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	140 PTES seasonal: Technical lifetime
155	coal	CO2 intensity	0.34	tCO2/MWh_th	Entwicklung der spezifischen Kohlendioxid-Emissionen des deutschen Strommix in den Jahren 1990 - 2018
156	coal	FOM	1.6	%/year	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
157	coal	VOM	3.5	EUR/MWh_e	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
158	coal	efficiency	0.33	per unit	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
159	coal	fuel	8.15	EUR/MWh_th	BP 2019
160	coal	investment	3845.51	EUR/kW_e	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
161	coal	lifetime	40.0	years	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
162	decentral CHP	FOM	3.0	%/year	HP	from old pypsa cost assumptions
163	decentral CHP	discount rate	0.04	per unit	Palzer thesis	from old pypsa cost assumptions
164	decentral CHP	investment	1400.0	EUR/kWel	HP	from old pypsa cost assumptions
165	decentral CHP	lifetime	25.0	years	HP	from old pypsa cost assumptions
166	decentral air-sourced heat pump	FOM	3.0	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	207.3 Air to water existing: Fixed O&M
167	decentral air-sourced heat pump	discount rate	0.04	per unit	Palzer thesis	from old pypsa cost assumptions
168	decentral air-sourced heat pump	efficiency	3.6	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	207.3 Air to water existing: Heat efficiency, annual average, net, radiators, existing one family house
169	decentral air-sourced heat pump	investment	850.0	EUR/kW_th	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	207.3 Air to water existing: Specific investment
170	decentral air-sourced heat pump	lifetime	18.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	207.3 Air to water existing: Technical lifetime
171	decentral gas boiler	FOM	6.69	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	202 Natural gas boiler: Fixed O&M
172	decentral gas boiler	discount rate	0.04	per unit	Palzer thesis	from old pypsa cost assumptions
173	decentral gas boiler	efficiency	0.98	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	202 Natural gas boiler: Total efficiency, annual average, net
174	decentral gas boiler	investment	296.82	EUR/kW_th	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	202 Natural gas boiler: Specific investment
175	decentral gas boiler	lifetime	20.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	202 Natural gas boiler: Technical lifetime
176	decentral gas boiler connection	investment	185.51	EUR/kW_th	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	: Possible additional specific investment
177	decentral gas boiler connection	lifetime	50.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	: Technical lifetime
178	decentral ground-sourced heat pump	FOM	1.82	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	207.7 Ground source existing: Fixed O&M
179	decentral ground-sourced heat pump	discount rate	0.04	per unit	Palzer thesis	from old pypsa cost assumptions
180	decentral ground-sourced heat pump	efficiency	3.9	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	207.7 Ground source existing: Heat efficiency, annual average, net, radiators, existing one family house
181	decentral ground-sourced heat pump	investment	1400.0	EUR/kW_th	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	207.7 Ground source existing: Specific investment
182	decentral ground-sourced heat pump	lifetime	20.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	207.7 Ground source existing: Technical lifetime
183	decentral oil boiler	FOM	2.0	%/year	Palzer thesis (https://energiesysteme-zukunft.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Publikationen/PDFs/ESYS_Materialien_Optimierungsmodell_REMod-D.pdf)	from old pypsa cost assumptions
184	decentral oil boiler	efficiency	0.9	per unit	Palzer thesis (https://energiesysteme-zukunft.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Publikationen/PDFs/ESYS_Materialien_Optimierungsmodell_REMod-D.pdf)	from old pypsa cost assumptions
185	decentral oil boiler	investment	156.01	EUR/kWth	Palzer thesis (https://energiesysteme-zukunft.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Publikationen/PDFs/ESYS_Materialien_Optimierungsmodell_REMod-D.pdf) (+eigene Berechnung)	from old pypsa cost assumptions
186	decentral oil boiler	lifetime	20.0	years	Palzer thesis (https://energiesysteme-zukunft.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Publikationen/PDFs/ESYS_Materialien_Optimierungsmodell_REMod-D.pdf)	from old pypsa cost assumptions
187	decentral resistive heater	FOM	2.0	%/year	Schaber thesis	from old pypsa cost assumptions
188	decentral resistive heater	discount rate	0.04	per unit	Palzer thesis	from old pypsa cost assumptions
189	decentral resistive heater	efficiency	0.9	per unit	Schaber thesis	from old pypsa cost assumptions
190	decentral resistive heater	investment	100.0	EUR/kWhth	Schaber thesis	from old pypsa cost assumptions
191	decentral resistive heater	lifetime	20.0	years	Schaber thesis	from old pypsa cost assumptions
192	decentral solar thermal	FOM	1.3	%/year	HP	from old pypsa cost assumptions
193	decentral solar thermal	discount rate	0.04	per unit	Palzer thesis	from old pypsa cost assumptions
194	decentral solar thermal	investment	270000.0	EUR/1000m2	HP	from old pypsa cost assumptions
195	decentral solar thermal	lifetime	20.0	years	HP	from old pypsa cost assumptions
196	decentral water tank storage	FOM	1.0	%/year	HP	from old pypsa cost assumptions
197	decentral water tank storage	discount rate	0.04	per unit	Palzer thesis	from old pypsa cost assumptions
198	decentral water tank storage	investment	18.38	EUR/kWh	IWES Interaktion	from old pypsa cost assumptions
199	decentral water tank storage	lifetime	20.0	years	HP	from old pypsa cost assumptions
200	electricity distribution grid	FOM	2.0	%/year	TODO	from old pypsa cost assumptions
201	electricity distribution grid	investment	500.0	EUR/kW	TODO	from old pypsa cost assumptions
202	electricity distribution grid	lifetime	40.0	years	TODO	from old pypsa cost assumptions
203	electricity grid connection	FOM	2.0	%/year	TODO	from old pypsa cost assumptions
204	electricity grid connection	investment	140.0	EUR/kW	DEA	from old pypsa cost assumptions
205	electricity grid connection	lifetime	40.0	years	TODO	from old pypsa cost assumptions
206	electrolysis	FOM	5.0	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels_-_0003.xlsx	88 Alkaline Electrolyser: Fixed O&M
207	electrolysis	efficiency	0.66	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels_-_0003.xlsx	88 Alkaline Electrolyser: A) Hydrogen output, at LHV
208	electrolysis	investment	550.0	EUR/kW_e	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels_-_0003.xlsx	88 Alkaline Electrolyser: Specific investment
209	electrolysis	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels_-_0003.xlsx	88 Alkaline Electrolyser: Technical lifetime
210	fuel cell	FOM	5.0	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	12 LT-PEMFC CHP: Fixed O&M
211	fuel cell	c_b	1.25	50oC/100oC	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	12 LT-PEMFC CHP: Cb coefficient
212	fuel cell	efficiency	0.5	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	12 LT-PEMFC CHP: Electricity efficiency, annual average
213	fuel cell	investment	1100.0	EUR/kW_e	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	12 LT-PEMFC CHP: Nominal investment
214	fuel cell	lifetime	10.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	12 LT-PEMFC CHP: Technical lifetime
215	gas	CO2 intensity	0.2	tCO2/MWh_th	Entwicklung der spezifischen Kohlendioxid-Emissionen des deutschen Strommix in den Jahren 1990 - 2018
216	gas	fuel	20.1	EUR/MWh_th	BP 2019
217	gas storage	FOM	3.59	%	Danish Energy Agency	150 Underground Storage of Gas, Operation and Maintenace, salt cavern (units converted)
218	gas storage	investment	0.03	EUR/kWh	Danish Energy Agency	150 Underground Storage of Gas, Establishment of one cavern (units converted)
219	gas storage	lifetime	100.0	years	TODO no source	estimation: most underground storage are already build, they do have a long lifetime
220	gas storage charger	investment	14.34	EUR/kW	Danish Energy Agency	150 Underground Storage of Gas, Process equipment (units converted)
221	gas storage discharger	investment	4.78	EUR/kW	Danish Energy Agency	150 Underground Storage of Gas, Process equipment (units converted)
222	geothermal	CO2 intensity	0.03	tCO2/MWhth	https://www.eia.gov/environment/emissions/co2_vol_mass.php	from old pypsa cost assumptions
223	geothermal	FOM	2.36	%/year	DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
224	geothermal	efficiency	0.24	per unit	DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
225	geothermal	investment	3392.0	EUR/kWel	DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
226	geothermal	lifetime	40.0	years	IEA2010	from old pypsa cost assumptions
227	helmeth	FOM	3.0	%/year	no source	from old pypsa cost assumptions
228	helmeth	efficiency	0.8	per unit	HELMETH press release	from old pypsa cost assumptions
229	helmeth	investment	2000.0	EUR/kW	no source	from old pypsa cost assumptions
230	helmeth	lifetime	25.0	years	no source	from old pypsa cost assumptions
231	hydro	FOM	1.0	%/year	DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
232	hydro	efficiency	0.9	per unit	DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
233	hydro	investment	2208.16	EUR/kWel	DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
234	hydro	lifetime	80.0	years	IEA2010	from old pypsa cost assumptions
235	hydrogen storage tank	FOM	1.11	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	151a Hydrogen Storage - Tanks: Fixed O&M
236	hydrogen storage tank	investment	44.91	EUR/kWh	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	151a Hydrogen Storage - Tanks: Specific investment
237	hydrogen storage tank	lifetime	30.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	151a Hydrogen Storage - Tanks: Technical lifetime
238	hydrogen storage underground	FOM	0.0	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	151c Hydrogen Storage - Caverns: Fixed O&M
239	hydrogen storage underground	VOM	0.0	EUR/MWh	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	151c Hydrogen Storage - Caverns: Variable O&M
240	hydrogen storage underground	investment	2.0	EUR/kWh	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	151c Hydrogen Storage - Caverns: Specific investment
241	hydrogen storage underground	lifetime	100.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	151c Hydrogen Storage - Caverns: Technical lifetime
242	industry CCS	FOM	2.0	%/year	Saygin et al 2013 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2013.05.032	from old pypsa cost assumptions
243	industry CCS	efficiency	0.9	per unit	Saygin et al 2013 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2013.05.032	from old pypsa cost assumptions
244	industry CCS	investment	300.0	EUR/tCO2/a	Saygin et al 2013 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2013.05.032	from old pypsa cost assumptions
245	industry CCS	lifetime	25.0	years	Saygin et al 2013 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2013.05.032	from old pypsa cost assumptions
246	lignite	CO2 intensity	0.41	tCO2/MWh_th	Entwicklung der spezifischen Kohlendioxid-Emissionen des deutschen Strommix in den Jahren 1990 - 2018
247	lignite	FOM	1.6	%/year	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
248	lignite	VOM	3.5	EUR/MWh_e	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
249	lignite	efficiency	0.33	per unit	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
250	lignite	fuel	2.9	EUR/MWh_th	DIW
251	lignite	investment	3845.51	EUR/kW_e	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
252	lignite	lifetime	40.0	years	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
253	methanation	FOM	3.0	%/year	Schaber thesis	from old pypsa cost assumptions
254	methanation	efficiency	0.8	per unit	Palzer and Schaber thesis	from old pypsa cost assumptions
255	methanation	investment	1000.0	EUR/kWH2	Schaber thesis	from old pypsa cost assumptions
256	methanation	lifetime	25.0	years	Schaber thesis	from old pypsa cost assumptions
257	micro CHP	FOM	6.11	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	219 LT-PEMFC mCHP - natural gas: Fixed O&M
258	micro CHP	efficiency	0.35	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	219 LT-PEMFC mCHP - natural gas: Electric efficiency, annual average, net
259	micro CHP	efficiency-heat	0.61	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	219 LT-PEMFC mCHP - natural gas: Heat efficiency, annual average, net
260	micro CHP	investment	7410.27	EUR/kW_th	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	219 LT-PEMFC mCHP - natural gas: Specific investment
261	micro CHP	lifetime	20.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx	219 LT-PEMFC mCHP - natural gas: Technical lifetime
262	nuclear	FOM	1.4	%/year	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
263	nuclear	VOM	3.5	EUR/MWh_e	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
264	nuclear	efficiency	0.33	per unit	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
265	nuclear	fuel	2.6	EUR/MWh_th	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
266	nuclear	investment	7940.45	EUR/kW_e	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
267	nuclear	lifetime	40.0	years	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
268	offwind	FOM	2.29	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	21 Offshore turbines: Fixed O&M
269	offwind	VOM	2.67	EUR/MWh	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	21 Offshore turbines: Variable O&M
270	offwind	investment	1573.21	EUR/kW	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	21 Offshore turbines: Nominal investment grid connection costs substracted from investment costs
271	offwind	lifetime	30.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	21 Offshore turbines: Technical lifetime
272	offwind-ac-connection-submarine	investment	2685.0	EUR/MW/km	DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data	from old pypsa cost assumptions
273	offwind-ac-connection-underground	investment	1342.0	EUR/MW/km	DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data	from old pypsa cost assumptions
274	offwind-ac-station	investment	250.0	EUR/kWel	DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data	from old pypsa cost assumptions
275	offwind-dc-connection-submarine	investment	2000.0	EUR/MW/km	DTU report based on Fig 34 of https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2014_nsog_report.pdf	from old pypsa cost assumptions
276	offwind-dc-connection-underground	investment	1000.0	EUR/MW/km	Haertel 2017; average + 13% learning reduction	from old pypsa cost assumptions
277	offwind-dc-station	investment	400.0	EUR/kWel	Haertel 2017; assuming one onshore and one offshore node + 13% learning reduction	from old pypsa cost assumptions
278	oil	CO2 intensity	0.27	tCO2/MWh_th	Entwicklung der spezifischen Kohlendioxid-Emissionen des deutschen Strommix in den Jahren 1990 - 2018
279	oil	FOM	2.46	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	50 Diesel engine farm: Fixed O&M
280	oil	VOM	6.0	EUR/MWh	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	50 Diesel engine farm: Variable O&M
281	oil	efficiency	0.35	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	50 Diesel engine farm: Electricity efficiency, annual average
282	oil	fuel	50.0	EUR/MWhth	IEA WEM2017 97USD/boe = http://www.iea.org/media/weowebsite/2017/WEM_Documentation_WEO2017.pdf	from old pypsa cost assumptions
283	oil	investment	343.0	EUR/kW	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	50 Diesel engine farm: Specific investment
284	oil	lifetime	25.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	50 Diesel engine farm: Technical lifetime
285	onwind	FOM	1.22	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	20 Onshore turbines: Fixed O&M
286	onwind	VOM	1.35	EUR/MWh	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	20 Onshore turbines: Variable O&M
287	onwind	investment	1035.56	EUR/kW	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	20 Onshore turbines: Nominal investment
288	onwind	lifetime	30.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	20 Onshore turbines: Technical lifetime
289	ror	FOM	2.0	%/year	DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
290	ror	efficiency	0.9	per unit	DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
291	ror	investment	3312.24	EUR/kWel	DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348	from old pypsa cost assumptions
292	ror	lifetime	80.0	years	IEA2010	from old pypsa cost assumptions
293	solar	FOM	1.46	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	22 Photovoltaics Medium: Fixed O&M
294	solar	VOM	0.01	EUR/MWhel	RES costs made up to fix curtailment order	from old pypsa cost assumptions
295	solar	investment	631.69	EUR/kW	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	22 Photovoltaics Medium: Specific investment, total system
296	solar	lifetime	35.0	years	Assuming 50% rooftop, 50% utility	22 Photovoltaics Medium: Technical lifetime of total system
297	solar-rooftop	FOM	1.24	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	22 Photovoltaics Small: Fixed O&M
298	solar-rooftop	discount rate	0.04	per unit	standard for decentral	from old pypsa cost assumptions
299	solar-rooftop	investment	784.31	EUR/kW	European PV Technology and Innovation Platform	22 Photovoltaics Small: Specific investment, total system
300	solar-rooftop	lifetime	30.0	years	European PV Technology and Innovation Platform	22 Photovoltaics Small: Technical lifetime of total system
301	solar-utility	FOM	1.93	%/year	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	22 Photovoltaics Large: Fixed O&M
302	solar-utility	investment	376.29	EUR/kW	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	22 Photovoltaics Large: Nominal investment
303	solar-utility	lifetime	40.0	years	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh_-_0009.xlsx	22 Photovoltaics Large: Technical lifetime
304	solid biomass	CO2 intensity	0.3	tCO2/MWh_th	TODO
305	solid biomass	fuel	25.2	EUR/MWh_th	Is a 100% renewable European power system feasible by 2050?
306	uranium	fuel	2.6	EUR/MWh_th	Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0
307	water tank charger	efficiency	0.84	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	: efficiency from sqr(Round trip efficiency)
308	water tank discharger	efficiency	0.84	per unit	Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx	: efficiency from sqr(Round trip efficiency)