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Industry sector--chemicals

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doc/supply_demand.rst
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@ -344,16 +344,26 @@ Inside each country the industrial demand is then distributed using the `Hotmaps
.. image:: ../graphics/hotmaps.png
Industry supply
================
*Iron and Steel*
Process switching (e.g. from blast furnaces to direct reduction and electric arc furnaces for steel) is defined exogenously.
*Chemicals Industry*
Fuel switching for process heat is mostly also done exogenously.
The chemicals industry includes a wide range of diverse industries, including the production of basic organic compounds (olefins, alcohols, aromatics), basic inorganic compounds (ammonia, chlorine), polymers (plastics), and end-user products (cosmetics, pharmaceutics).
Solid biomass is used for up to 500 Celsius, mostly in paper and pulp and food and beverages.
The chemicals industry includes a wide range of diverse industries, including the production of basic organic compounds (olefins, alcohols, aromatics), basic inorganic compounds (ammonia, chlorine), polymers (plastics), and end-user products (cosmetics, pharmaceutics).
The chemicals industry consumes large amounts of fossil-fuel based feedstocks (see `Levi et. al <https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.7b04573>`_), which can also be produced from renewables as outlined for hydrogen (LINK TO HYDROGEN SUPPLY), for methane (LINK TO METHANE SUPPLY), and for oil-based products (LINK TO OIL-BASED PRODUCTS SUPPLY). The ratio between synthetic and fossil-based fuels used in the industry is an endogenous result of the opti- misation.
The basic chemicals consumption data from the `JRC IDEES <https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/989282db-ad65-11e7-837e-01aa75ed71a1/language-en>`_ database comprises high- value chemicals (ethylene, propylene and BTX), chlorine, methanol and ammonia. However, it is necessary to separate out these chemicals because their current and future production routes are different.
Statistics for the production of ammonia, which is commonly used as a fertilizer, are taken from the `USGS <https://www.usgs.gov/media/files/nitrogen-2017-xlsx>`_ for every country. Ammonia can be made from hydrogen and nitrogen using the Haber-Bosch process.
$$
N_2 + 3H_2 → 2NH_3
$$
Higher temperatures are met with methane.
The Haber-Bosch process is not explicitly represented in the model, such that demand for ammonia enters the model as a demand for hydrogen ($6.5 MWh_{H_2}$/$t_{NH_3}$) and electricity (1.17 MWhel/tNH3) (see `Wang et. al <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2018.04.017>`_. Today, natural gas dominates in Europe as the source for the hydrogen used in the Haber-Bosch process, but the model can choose among the various hydrogen supply options described in the hydrogen section (LINK TO HYDROGEN SUPPLY)
Transportation
=========================