diff --git a/doc/supply_demand.rst b/doc/supply_demand.rst index 9b3e82b9..a861dbbe 100644 --- a/doc/supply_demand.rst +++ b/doc/supply_demand.rst @@ -344,16 +344,26 @@ Inside each country the industrial demand is then distributed using the `Hotmaps .. image:: ../graphics/hotmaps.png -Industry supply -================ +*Iron and Steel* -Process switching (e.g. from blast furnaces to direct reduction and electric arc furnaces for steel) is defined exogenously. +*Chemicals Industry* -Fuel switching for process heat is mostly also done exogenously. +The chemicals industry includes a wide range of diverse industries, including the production of basic organic compounds (olefins, alcohols, aromatics), basic inorganic compounds (ammonia, chlorine), polymers (plastics), and end-user products (cosmetics, pharmaceutics). -Solid biomass is used for up to 500 Celsius, mostly in paper and pulp and food and beverages. +The chemicals industry includes a wide range of diverse industries, including the production of basic organic compounds (olefins, alcohols, aromatics), basic inorganic compounds (ammonia, chlorine), polymers (plastics), and end-user products (cosmetics, pharmaceutics). + +The chemicals industry consumes large amounts of fossil-fuel based feedstocks (see `Levi et. al `_), which can also be produced from renewables as outlined for hydrogen (LINK TO HYDROGEN SUPPLY), for methane (LINK TO METHANE SUPPLY), and for oil-based products (LINK TO OIL-BASED PRODUCTS SUPPLY). The ratio between synthetic and fossil-based fuels used in the industry is an endogenous result of the opti- misation. + +The basic chemicals consumption data from the `JRC IDEES `_ database comprises high- value chemicals (ethylene, propylene and BTX), chlorine, methanol and ammonia. However, it is necessary to separate out these chemicals because their current and future production routes are different. + +Statistics for the production of ammonia, which is commonly used as a fertilizer, are taken from the `USGS `_ for every country. Ammonia can be made from hydrogen and nitrogen using the Haber-Bosch process. + +$$ +N_2 + 3H_2 → 2NH_3 +$$ -Higher temperatures are met with methane. + +The Haber-Bosch process is not explicitly represented in the model, such that demand for ammonia enters the model as a demand for hydrogen ($6.5 MWh_{H_2}$/$t_{NH_3}$) and electricity (1.17 MWhel/tNH3) (see `Wang et. al `_. Today, natural gas dominates in Europe as the source for the hydrogen used in the Haber-Bosch process, but the model can choose among the various hydrogen supply options described in the hydrogen section (LINK TO HYDROGEN SUPPLY) Transportation =========================