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doc/supply_demand.rst
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@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ Hot water demand is assumed to be constant throughout the year.
For every country, heat demand is split between low and high population density areas. These country-level totals are then distributed to each region in proportion to their rural and urban populations respectively. Urban areas with dense heat demand can be supplied with large-scale district heating systems. The percent of urban heat demand that can be supplied by district heating networks as well as lump-sum losses in district heating systems is exogenously determined in the `config file <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/config.default.yaml#L153>`_.
*Cooling demand*
Cooling is electrified and is included in the electricity demand. Cooling demand is assumed to remain at current levels. An example of regional distribution of the total heat demand for network 181 regions is depicted below.
.. image:: ../graphics/demand-map-heat.png
@ -92,12 +93,12 @@ Different supply options are available depending on whether demand is met centra
**Urban central heat**
For large-scale district heating systems the following options are available: combined heat and power (CHP) plants consuming gas or biomass from waste and residues with and without carbon capture (CC), large- scale air-sourced heat pumps, gas and oil boilers, resistive heaters, and fuel cell CHPs. Additionally, waste heat from the `Fischer-Tropsch <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/config.default.yaml#L255>`_ and `Sabatier <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/config.default.yaml#L240>`_ processes for the production of synthetic hydrocarbons can supply district heating systems. For more setailed explanation of these processes, see :ref:`Oil-based products supply` and :ref:`Methane supply`
For large-scale district heating systems the following options are available: combined heat and power (CHP) plants consuming gas or biomass from waste and residues with and without carbon capture (CC), large-scale air-sourced heat pumps, gas and oil boilers, resistive heaters, and fuel cell CHPs. Additionally, waste heat from the `Fischer-Tropsch <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/config.default.yaml#L255>`_ and `Sabatier <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/config.default.yaml#L240>`_ processes for the production of synthetic hydrocarbons can supply district heating systems. For more detailed explanation of these processes, see :ref:`Oil-based products supply` and :ref:`Methane supply`
**Residential and Urban decentral heat**
Supply options in individual buildings include gas and oil boilers, air- and ground-sourced heat pumps, resistive heaters, and solar thermal collectors.
Ground-source heat pumps are only allowed in rural areas because of space constraints. Thus, only air- source heat pumps are allowed in urban areas. This is a conservative assumption, since there are many possible sources of low-temperature heat that could be tapped in cities (e.g. waste water, ground water, or natural bodies of water). Costs, lifetimes and efficiencies for these technologies are retrieved from the `Technology-data repository <https://github.com/PyPSA/technology-data>`_.
Ground-source heat pumps are only allowed in rural areas because of space constraints. Thus, only air- source heat pumps are allowed in urban areas. This is a conservative assumption, since there are many possible sources of low-temperature heat that could be tapped in cities (e.g. waste water, ground water, or natural bodies of water). Costs, lifetimes and efficiencies for these technologies are retrieved from the `technology-data repository <https://github.com/PyPSA/technology-data>`_.
Below are more detailed explanations for each heating supply component, all of which are modelled as `links <https://pypsa.readthedocs.io/en/latest/components.html?highlight=distribution#link>`_ in PyPSA-Eur-Sec.
@ -127,36 +128,36 @@ $$ &Delta; T = T_(sink) − T_(source) $$
For the sink water temperature Tsink we assume 55 °C [`Config <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/config.default.yaml#L207>`_ file] For the time- and location-dependent source temperatures Tsource, we rely on the `ERA5 <https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803>`_ reanalysis weather data. The temperature differences are converted into COP time series using results from a regression analysis performed in the study by `Stafell et al. <https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2012/EE/c2ee22653g>`_. For air-sourced heat pumps (ASHP), we use the function:
$$ COP (&Delta; T) = 6.81 + 0.121&Delta; T + 0.000630.&Delta; T^2; $$
$$ COP (&Delta; T) = 6.81 + 0.121&Delta; T + 0.000630&Delta; T^2; $$
for ground-sourced heat pumps (GSHP), we use the function:
$$ COP(&Delta; T) = 8.77 + 0.150&Delta; T + 0.000734&Delta; T^2 $$
*Resistive heaters*
**Resistive heaters**
Can be activated in Config from the `boilers <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/config.default.yaml#L232>`_ option
Can be activated in Config from the `boilers <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/config.default.yaml#L232>`_ option.
Resistive heaters produce heat with a fixed conversion efficiency (refer to `Technology-data repository <https://github.com/PyPSA/technology-data>`_ ).
*Gas, oil, and biomass boilers*
**Gas, oil, and biomass boilers**
Can be activated in Config from the `boilers <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/config.default.yaml#L232>`_ , `oil boilers <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/config.default.yaml#L233>`_ , and `biomass boiler <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/config.default.yaml#L234>`_ option.
Similar to resistive heaters, boilers have a fixed efficiency and produce heat using gas, oil or biomass.
*Solar thermal collectors*
**Solar thermal collectors**
Can be activated in the Config file from the `solar_thermal <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/config.default.yaml#L237>`_ option.
Solar thermal profiles are built based on weather data and also have the `options <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/config.default.yaml#L134>`_ for setting the sky model and the orientation of the panel in the Config file, which are then used by the atlite tool to calculate the solar resource time series.
*Waste heat from Fuel Cells, Methanation and Fischer-Tropsch plants*
**Waste heat from Fuel Cells, Methanation and Fischer-Tropsch plants**
Waste heat from `fuel cells <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/config.default.yaml#L256>`_ in addition to processes like `Fischer-Tropsch <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/config.default.yaml#L255>`_ , methanation, and Direct Air Capture (DAC) is dumped into district heating networks.
*Existing heating capacities and decommissioning*
**Existing heating capacities and decommissioning**
For the myopic transition paths, capacities already existing for technologies supplying heat are retrieved from `“Mapping and analyses of the current and future (2020 - 2030)” <https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/studies/mapping-and-analyses-current-and-future-2020-2030-heatingcooling-fuel-deployment>`_ . For the sake of simplicity, coal, oil and gas boiler capacities are assimilated to gas boilers. Besides that, existing capacities for heat resistors, air-sourced and ground-sourced heat pumps are included in the model. For heating capacities, 25% of existing capacities in 2015 are assumed to be decommissioned in every 5-year time step after 2020.
*Thermal Energy Storage*
**Thermal Energy Storage**
Activated in Config from the `tes <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/config.default.yaml#L228>`_ option.