585 lines
24 KiB
Python
Executable File
585 lines
24 KiB
Python
Executable File
# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2017-2020 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
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#
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# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
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# coding: utf-8
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"""
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Adds electrical generators and existing hydro storage units to a base network.
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Relevant Settings
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-----------------
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.. code:: yaml
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costs:
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year:
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USD2013_to_EUR2013:
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dicountrate:
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emission_prices:
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electricity:
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max_hours:
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marginal_cost:
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capital_cost:
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conventional_carriers:
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co2limit:
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extendable_carriers:
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include_renewable_capacities_from_OPSD:
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estimate_renewable_capacities_from_capacity_stats:
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load:
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scaling_factor:
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renewable:
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hydro:
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carriers:
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hydro_max_hours:
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hydro_capital_cost:
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lines:
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length_factor:
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.. seealso::
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Documentation of the configuration file ``config.yaml`` at :ref:`costs_cf`,
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:ref:`electricity_cf`, :ref:`load_cf`, :ref:`renewable_cf`, :ref:`lines_cf`
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Inputs
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------
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- ``data/costs.csv``: The database of cost assumptions for all included technologies for specific years from various sources; e.g. discount rate, lifetime, investment (CAPEX), fixed operation and maintenance (FOM), variable operation and maintenance (VOM), fuel costs, efficiency, carbon-dioxide intensity.
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- ``data/bundle/hydro_capacities.csv``: Hydropower plant store/discharge power capacities, energy storage capacity, and average hourly inflow by country.
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.. image:: ../img/hydrocapacities.png
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:scale: 34 %
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- ``data/geth2015_hydro_capacities.csv``: alternative to capacities above; not currently used!
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- ``resources/opsd_load.csv`` Hourly per-country load profiles.
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- ``resources/regions_onshore.geojson``: confer :ref:`busregions`
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- ``resources/nuts3_shapes.geojson``: confer :ref:`shapes`
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- ``resources/powerplants.csv``: confer :ref:`powerplants`
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- ``resources/profile_{}.nc``: all technologies in ``config["renewables"].keys()``, confer :ref:`renewableprofiles`.
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- ``networks/base.nc``: confer :ref:`base`
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Outputs
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-------
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- ``networks/elec.nc``:
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.. image:: ../img/elec.png
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:scale: 33 %
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Description
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-----------
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The rule :mod:`add_electricity` ties all the different data inputs from the preceding rules together into a detailed PyPSA network that is stored in ``networks/elec.nc``. It includes:
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- today's transmission topology and transfer capacities (optionally including lines which are under construction according to the config settings ``lines: under_construction`` and ``links: under_construction``),
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- today's thermal and hydro power generation capacities (for the technologies listed in the config setting ``electricity: conventional_carriers``), and
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- today's load time-series (upsampled in a top-down approach according to population and gross domestic product)
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It further adds extendable ``generators`` with **zero** capacity for
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- photovoltaic, onshore and AC- as well as DC-connected offshore wind installations with today's locational, hourly wind and solar capacity factors (but **no** current capacities),
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- additional open- and combined-cycle gas turbines (if ``OCGT`` and/or ``CCGT`` is listed in the config setting ``electricity: extendable_carriers``)
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"""
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import logging
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from _helpers import configure_logging, update_p_nom_max
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import pypsa
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import pandas as pd
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import numpy as np
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import xarray as xr
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import geopandas as gpd
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import powerplantmatching as pm
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from powerplantmatching.export import map_country_bus
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from vresutils.costdata import annuity
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from vresutils.load import timeseries_opsd
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from vresutils import transfer as vtransfer
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idx = pd.IndexSlice
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logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
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def normed(s): return s/s.sum()
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def _add_missing_carriers_from_costs(n, costs, carriers):
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missing_carriers = pd.Index(carriers).difference(n.carriers.index)
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if missing_carriers.empty: return
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emissions_cols = costs.columns.to_series()\
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.loc[lambda s: s.str.endswith('_emissions')].values
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suptechs = missing_carriers.str.split('-').str[0]
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emissions = costs.loc[suptechs, emissions_cols].fillna(0.)
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emissions.index = missing_carriers
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n.import_components_from_dataframe(emissions, 'Carrier')
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def load_costs(Nyears=1., tech_costs=None, config=None, elec_config=None):
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if tech_costs is None:
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tech_costs = snakemake.input.tech_costs
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if config is None:
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config = snakemake.config['costs']
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# set all asset costs and other parameters
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costs = pd.read_csv(tech_costs, index_col=list(range(3))).sort_index()
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# correct units to MW and EUR
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costs.loc[costs.unit.str.contains("/kW"),"value"] *= 1e3
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costs.loc[costs.unit.str.contains("USD"),"value"] *= config['USD2013_to_EUR2013']
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costs = (costs.loc[idx[:,config['year'],:], "value"]
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.unstack(level=2).groupby("technology").sum(min_count=1))
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costs = costs.fillna({"CO2 intensity" : 0,
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"FOM" : 0,
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"VOM" : 0,
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"discount rate" : config['discountrate'],
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"efficiency" : 1,
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"fuel" : 0,
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"investment" : 0,
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"lifetime" : 25})
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costs["capital_cost"] = ((annuity(costs["lifetime"], costs["discount rate"]) +
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costs["FOM"]/100.) *
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costs["investment"] * Nyears)
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costs.at['OCGT', 'fuel'] = costs.at['gas', 'fuel']
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costs.at['CCGT', 'fuel'] = costs.at['gas', 'fuel']
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costs['marginal_cost'] = costs['VOM'] + costs['fuel'] / costs['efficiency']
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costs = costs.rename(columns={"CO2 intensity": "co2_emissions"})
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costs.at['OCGT', 'co2_emissions'] = costs.at['gas', 'co2_emissions']
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costs.at['CCGT', 'co2_emissions'] = costs.at['gas', 'co2_emissions']
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costs.at['solar', 'capital_cost'] = 0.5*(costs.at['solar-rooftop', 'capital_cost'] +
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costs.at['solar-utility', 'capital_cost'])
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def costs_for_storage(store, link1, link2=None, max_hours=1.):
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capital_cost = link1['capital_cost'] + max_hours * store['capital_cost']
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if link2 is not None:
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capital_cost += link2['capital_cost']
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return pd.Series(dict(capital_cost=capital_cost,
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marginal_cost=0.,
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co2_emissions=0.))
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if elec_config is None:
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elec_config = snakemake.config['electricity']
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max_hours = elec_config['max_hours']
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costs.loc["battery"] = \
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costs_for_storage(costs.loc["battery storage"], costs.loc["battery inverter"],
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max_hours=max_hours['battery'])
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costs.loc["H2"] = \
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costs_for_storage(costs.loc["hydrogen storage"], costs.loc["fuel cell"],
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costs.loc["electrolysis"], max_hours=max_hours['H2'])
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for attr in ('marginal_cost', 'capital_cost'):
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overwrites = config.get(attr)
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if overwrites is not None:
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overwrites = pd.Series(overwrites)
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costs.loc[overwrites.index, attr] = overwrites
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return costs
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def load_powerplants(ppl_fn=None):
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if ppl_fn is None:
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ppl_fn = snakemake.input.powerplants
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carrier_dict = {'ocgt': 'OCGT', 'ccgt': 'CCGT', 'bioenergy': 'biomass',
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'ccgt, thermal': 'CCGT', 'hard coal': 'coal'}
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return (pd.read_csv(ppl_fn, index_col=0, dtype={'bus': 'str'})
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.powerplant.to_pypsa_names()
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.rename(columns=str.lower).drop(columns=['efficiency'])
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.replace({'carrier': carrier_dict}))
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def attach_load(n):
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substation_lv_i = n.buses.index[n.buses['substation_lv']]
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regions = (gpd.read_file(snakemake.input.regions).set_index('name')
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.reindex(substation_lv_i))
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opsd_load = (pd.read_csv(snakemake.input.load, index_col=0, parse_dates=True)
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.filter(items=snakemake.config['countries']))
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scaling = snakemake.config.get('load', {}).get('scaling_factor', 1.0)
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logger.info(f"Load data scaled with scalling factor {scaling}.")
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opsd_load *= scaling
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nuts3 = gpd.read_file(snakemake.input.nuts3_shapes).set_index('index')
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def upsample(cntry, group):
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l = opsd_load[cntry]
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if len(group) == 1:
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return pd.DataFrame({group.index[0]: l})
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else:
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nuts3_cntry = nuts3.loc[nuts3.country == cntry]
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transfer = vtransfer.Shapes2Shapes(group, nuts3_cntry.geometry,
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normed=False).T.tocsr()
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gdp_n = pd.Series(transfer.dot(nuts3_cntry['gdp'].fillna(1.).values),
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index=group.index)
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pop_n = pd.Series(transfer.dot(nuts3_cntry['pop'].fillna(1.).values),
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index=group.index)
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# relative factors 0.6 and 0.4 have been determined from a linear
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# regression on the country to continent load data
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# (refer to vresutils.load._upsampling_weights)
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factors = normed(0.6 * normed(gdp_n) + 0.4 * normed(pop_n))
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return pd.DataFrame(factors.values * l.values[:,np.newaxis],
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index=l.index, columns=factors.index)
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load = pd.concat([upsample(cntry, group) for cntry, group
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in regions.geometry.groupby(regions.country)], axis=1)
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n.madd("Load", substation_lv_i, bus=substation_lv_i, p_set=load)
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def update_transmission_costs(n, costs, length_factor=1.0, simple_hvdc_costs=False):
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n.lines['capital_cost'] = (n.lines['length'] * length_factor *
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costs.at['HVAC overhead', 'capital_cost'])
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if n.links.empty: return
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dc_b = n.links.carrier == 'DC'
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# If there are no dc links, then the 'underwater_fraction' column
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# may be missing. Therefore we have to return here.
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if n.links.loc[dc_b].empty: return
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if simple_hvdc_costs:
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costs = (n.links.loc[dc_b, 'length'] * length_factor *
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costs.at['HVDC overhead', 'capital_cost'])
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else:
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costs = (n.links.loc[dc_b, 'length'] * length_factor *
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((1. - n.links.loc[dc_b, 'underwater_fraction']) *
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costs.at['HVDC overhead', 'capital_cost'] +
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n.links.loc[dc_b, 'underwater_fraction'] *
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costs.at['HVDC submarine', 'capital_cost']) +
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costs.at['HVDC inverter pair', 'capital_cost'])
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n.links.loc[dc_b, 'capital_cost'] = costs
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def attach_wind_and_solar(n, costs):
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for tech in snakemake.config['renewable']:
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if tech == 'hydro': continue
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n.add("Carrier", name=tech)
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with xr.open_dataset(getattr(snakemake.input, 'profile_' + tech)) as ds:
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if ds.indexes['bus'].empty: continue
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suptech = tech.split('-', 2)[0]
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if suptech == 'offwind':
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underwater_fraction = ds['underwater_fraction'].to_pandas()
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connection_cost = (snakemake.config['lines']['length_factor'] *
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ds['average_distance'].to_pandas() *
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(underwater_fraction *
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costs.at[tech + '-connection-submarine', 'capital_cost'] +
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(1. - underwater_fraction) *
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costs.at[tech + '-connection-underground', 'capital_cost']))
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capital_cost = (costs.at['offwind', 'capital_cost'] +
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costs.at[tech + '-station', 'capital_cost'] +
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connection_cost)
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logger.info("Added connection cost of {:0.0f}-{:0.0f} Eur/MW/a to {}"
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.format(connection_cost.min(), connection_cost.max(), tech))
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else:
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capital_cost = costs.at[tech, 'capital_cost']
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n.madd("Generator", ds.indexes['bus'], ' ' + tech,
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bus=ds.indexes['bus'],
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carrier=tech,
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p_nom_extendable=True,
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p_nom_max=ds['p_nom_max'].to_pandas(),
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weight=ds['weight'].to_pandas(),
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marginal_cost=costs.at[suptech, 'marginal_cost'],
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capital_cost=capital_cost,
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efficiency=costs.at[suptech, 'efficiency'],
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p_max_pu=ds['profile'].transpose('time', 'bus').to_pandas())
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def attach_conventional_generators(n, costs, ppl):
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carriers = snakemake.config['electricity']['conventional_carriers']
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_add_missing_carriers_from_costs(n, costs, carriers)
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ppl = (ppl.query('carrier in @carriers').join(costs, on='carrier')
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.rename(index=lambda s: 'C' + str(s)))
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logger.info('Adding {} generators with capacities [MW] \n{}'
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.format(len(ppl), ppl.groupby('carrier').p_nom.sum()))
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n.madd("Generator", ppl.index,
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carrier=ppl.carrier,
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bus=ppl.bus,
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p_nom=ppl.p_nom,
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efficiency=ppl.efficiency,
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marginal_cost=ppl.marginal_cost,
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capital_cost=0)
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logger.warning(f'Capital costs for conventional generators put to 0 EUR/MW.')
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def attach_hydro(n, costs, ppl):
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if 'hydro' not in snakemake.config['renewable']: return
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c = snakemake.config['renewable']['hydro']
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carriers = c.get('carriers', ['ror', 'PHS', 'hydro'])
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_add_missing_carriers_from_costs(n, costs, carriers)
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ppl = ppl.query('carrier == "hydro"').reset_index(drop=True)\
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.rename(index=lambda s: str(s) + ' hydro')
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ror = ppl.query('technology == "Run-Of-River"')
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phs = ppl.query('technology == "Pumped Storage"')
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hydro = ppl.query('technology == "Reservoir"')
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country = ppl['bus'].map(n.buses.country).rename("country")
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inflow_idx = ror.index.union(hydro.index)
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if not inflow_idx.empty:
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dist_key = ppl.loc[inflow_idx, 'p_nom'].groupby(country).transform(normed)
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with xr.open_dataarray(snakemake.input.profile_hydro) as inflow:
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inflow_countries = pd.Index(country[inflow_idx])
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missing_c = (inflow_countries.unique()
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.difference(inflow.indexes['countries']))
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assert missing_c.empty, (f"'{snakemake.input.profile_hydro}' is missing "
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f"inflow time-series for at least one country: {', '.join(missing_c)}")
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inflow_t = (inflow.sel(countries=inflow_countries)
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.rename({'countries': 'name'})
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.assign_coords(name=inflow_idx)
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.transpose('time', 'name')
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.to_pandas()
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.multiply(dist_key, axis=1))
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if 'ror' in carriers and not ror.empty:
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n.madd("Generator", ror.index,
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carrier='ror',
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bus=ror['bus'],
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p_nom=ror['p_nom'],
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efficiency=costs.at['ror', 'efficiency'],
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capital_cost=costs.at['ror', 'capital_cost'],
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weight=ror['p_nom'],
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p_max_pu=(inflow_t[ror.index]
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.divide(ror['p_nom'], axis=1)
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.where(lambda df: df<=1., other=1.)))
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if 'PHS' in carriers and not phs.empty:
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# fill missing max hours to config value and
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# assume no natural inflow due to lack of data
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phs = phs.replace({'max_hours': {0: c['PHS_max_hours']}})
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n.madd('StorageUnit', phs.index,
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carrier='PHS',
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bus=phs['bus'],
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p_nom=phs['p_nom'],
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capital_cost=costs.at['PHS', 'capital_cost'],
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max_hours=phs['max_hours'],
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efficiency_store=np.sqrt(costs.at['PHS','efficiency']),
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efficiency_dispatch=np.sqrt(costs.at['PHS','efficiency']),
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cyclic_state_of_charge=True)
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if 'hydro' in carriers and not hydro.empty:
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hydro_max_hours = c.get('hydro_max_hours')
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hydro_stats = pd.read_csv(snakemake.input.hydro_capacities,
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comment="#", na_values='-', index_col=0)
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e_target = hydro_stats["E_store[TWh]"].clip(lower=0.2) * 1e6
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e_installed = hydro.eval('p_nom * max_hours').groupby(hydro.country).sum()
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e_missing = e_target - e_installed
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missing_mh_i = hydro.query('max_hours == 0').index
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if hydro_max_hours == 'energy_capacity_totals_by_country':
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# watch out some p_nom values like IE's are totally underrepresented
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max_hours_country = e_missing / \
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hydro.loc[missing_mh_i].groupby('country').p_nom.sum()
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elif hydro_max_hours == 'estimate_by_large_installations':
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max_hours_country = hydro_stats['E_store[TWh]'] * 1e3 / \
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hydro_stats['p_nom_discharge[GW]']
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missing_countries = (pd.Index(hydro['country'].unique())
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.difference(max_hours_country.dropna().index))
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if not missing_countries.empty:
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logger.warning("Assuming max_hours=6 for hydro reservoirs in the countries: {}"
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.format(", ".join(missing_countries)))
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hydro_max_hours = hydro.max_hours.where(hydro.max_hours > 0,
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hydro.country.map(max_hours_country)).fillna(6)
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n.madd('StorageUnit', hydro.index, carrier='hydro',
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bus=hydro['bus'],
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p_nom=hydro['p_nom'],
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max_hours=hydro_max_hours,
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capital_cost=(costs.at['hydro', 'capital_cost']
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if c.get('hydro_capital_cost') else 0.),
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marginal_cost=costs.at['hydro', 'marginal_cost'],
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p_max_pu=1., # dispatch
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p_min_pu=0., # store
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efficiency_dispatch=costs.at['hydro', 'efficiency'],
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efficiency_store=0.,
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cyclic_state_of_charge=True,
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inflow=inflow_t.loc[:, hydro.index])
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def attach_extendable_generators(n, costs, ppl):
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elec_opts = snakemake.config['electricity']
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carriers = pd.Index(elec_opts['extendable_carriers']['Generator'])
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_add_missing_carriers_from_costs(n, costs, carriers)
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for tech in carriers:
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if tech.startswith('OCGT'):
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ocgt = ppl.query("carrier in ['OCGT', 'CCGT']").groupby('bus', as_index=False).first()
|
|
n.madd('Generator', ocgt.index,
|
|
suffix=' OCGT',
|
|
bus=ocgt['bus'],
|
|
carrier=tech,
|
|
p_nom_extendable=True,
|
|
p_nom=0.,
|
|
capital_cost=costs.at['OCGT', 'capital_cost'],
|
|
marginal_cost=costs.at['OCGT', 'marginal_cost'],
|
|
efficiency=costs.at['OCGT', 'efficiency'])
|
|
|
|
elif tech.startswith('CCGT'):
|
|
ccgt = ppl.query("carrier in ['OCGT', 'CCGT']").groupby('bus', as_index=False).first()
|
|
n.madd('Generator', ccgt.index,
|
|
suffix=' CCGT',
|
|
bus=ccgt['bus'],
|
|
carrier=tech,
|
|
p_nom_extendable=True,
|
|
p_nom=0.,
|
|
capital_cost=costs.at['CCGT', 'capital_cost'],
|
|
marginal_cost=costs.at['CCGT', 'marginal_cost'],
|
|
efficiency=costs.at['CCGT', 'efficiency'])
|
|
|
|
elif tech.startswith('nuclear'):
|
|
nuclear = ppl.query("carrier == 'nuclear'").groupby('bus', as_index=False).first()
|
|
n.madd('Generator', nuclear.index,
|
|
suffix=' nuclear',
|
|
bus=nuclear['bus'],
|
|
carrier=tech,
|
|
p_nom_extendable=True,
|
|
p_nom=0.,
|
|
capital_cost=costs.at['nuclear', 'capital_cost'],
|
|
marginal_cost=costs.at['nuclear', 'marginal_cost'],
|
|
efficiency=costs.at['nuclear', 'efficiency'])
|
|
|
|
else:
|
|
raise NotImplementedError(f"Adding extendable generators for carrier "
|
|
"'{tech}' is not implemented, yet. "
|
|
"Only OCGT, CCGT and nuclear are allowed at the moment.")
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def attach_OPSD_renewables(n):
|
|
|
|
available = ['DE', 'FR', 'PL', 'CH', 'DK', 'CZ', 'SE', 'GB']
|
|
tech_map = {'Onshore': 'onwind', 'Offshore': 'offwind', 'Solar': 'solar'}
|
|
countries = set(available) & set(n.buses.country)
|
|
techs = snakemake.config['electricity'].get('renewable_capacities_from_OPSD', [])
|
|
tech_map = {k: v for k, v in tech_map.items() if v in techs}
|
|
|
|
if not tech_map:
|
|
return
|
|
|
|
logger.info(f'Using OPSD renewable capacities in {", ".join(countries)} '
|
|
f'for technologies {", ".join(tech_map.values())}.')
|
|
|
|
df = pd.concat([pm.data.OPSD_VRE_country(c) for c in countries])
|
|
technology_b = ~df.Technology.isin(['Onshore', 'Offshore'])
|
|
df['Fueltype'] = df.Fueltype.where(technology_b, df.Technology)
|
|
df = df.query('Fueltype in @tech_map').powerplant.convert_country_to_alpha2()
|
|
|
|
for fueltype, carrier_like in tech_map.items():
|
|
gens = n.generators[lambda df: df.carrier.str.contains(carrier_like)]
|
|
buses = n.buses.loc[gens.bus.unique()]
|
|
gens_per_bus = gens.groupby('bus').p_nom.count()
|
|
|
|
caps = map_country_bus(df.query('Fueltype == @fueltype'), buses)
|
|
caps = caps.groupby(['bus']).Capacity.sum()
|
|
caps = caps / gens_per_bus.reindex(caps.index, fill_value=1)
|
|
|
|
n.generators.p_nom.update(gens.bus.map(caps).dropna())
|
|
n.generators.p_nom_min.update(gens.bus.map(caps).dropna())
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def estimate_renewable_capacities(n, tech_map=None):
|
|
if tech_map is None:
|
|
tech_map = (snakemake.config['electricity']
|
|
.get('estimate_renewable_capacities_from_capacity_stats', {}))
|
|
|
|
if len(tech_map) == 0: return
|
|
|
|
capacities = (pm.data.Capacity_stats().powerplant.convert_country_to_alpha2()
|
|
[lambda df: df.Energy_Source_Level_2]
|
|
.set_index(['Fueltype', 'Country']).sort_index())
|
|
|
|
countries = n.buses.country.unique()
|
|
|
|
if len(countries) == 0: return
|
|
|
|
logger.info('heuristics applied to distribute renewable capacities [MW] \n{}'
|
|
.format(capacities.query('Fueltype in @tech_map.keys() and Capacity >= 0.1')
|
|
.groupby('Country').agg({'Capacity': 'sum'})))
|
|
|
|
for ppm_fueltype, techs in tech_map.items():
|
|
tech_capacities = capacities.loc[ppm_fueltype, 'Capacity']\
|
|
.reindex(countries, fill_value=0.)
|
|
#tech_i = n.generators.query('carrier in @techs').index
|
|
tech_i = (n.generators.query('carrier in @techs')
|
|
[n.generators.query('carrier in @techs')
|
|
.bus.map(n.buses.country).isin(countries)].index)
|
|
n.generators.loc[tech_i, 'p_nom'] = (
|
|
(n.generators_t.p_max_pu[tech_i].mean() *
|
|
n.generators.loc[tech_i, 'p_nom_max']) # maximal yearly generation
|
|
.groupby(n.generators.bus.map(n.buses.country))
|
|
.transform(lambda s: normed(s) * tech_capacities.at[s.name])
|
|
.where(lambda s: s>0.1, 0.)) # only capacities above 100kW
|
|
n.generators.loc[tech_i, 'p_nom_min'] = n.generators.loc[tech_i, 'p_nom']
|
|
|
|
|
|
def add_nice_carrier_names(n, config=None):
|
|
if config is None: config = snakemake.config
|
|
carrier_i = n.carriers.index
|
|
nice_names = (pd.Series(config['plotting']['nice_names'])
|
|
.reindex(carrier_i).fillna(carrier_i.to_series().str.title()))
|
|
n.carriers['nice_name'] = nice_names
|
|
colors = pd.Series(config['plotting']['tech_colors']).reindex(carrier_i)
|
|
if colors.isna().any():
|
|
missing_i = list(colors.index[colors.isna()])
|
|
logger.warning(f'tech_colors for carriers {missing_i} not defined '
|
|
'in config.')
|
|
n.carriers['color'] = colors
|
|
|
|
|
|
if __name__ == "__main__":
|
|
if 'snakemake' not in globals():
|
|
from _helpers import mock_snakemake
|
|
snakemake = mock_snakemake('add_electricity')
|
|
configure_logging(snakemake)
|
|
|
|
n = pypsa.Network(snakemake.input.base_network)
|
|
Nyears = n.snapshot_weightings.sum() / 8760.
|
|
|
|
costs = load_costs(Nyears)
|
|
ppl = load_powerplants()
|
|
|
|
attach_load(n)
|
|
|
|
update_transmission_costs(n, costs)
|
|
|
|
attach_conventional_generators(n, costs, ppl)
|
|
attach_wind_and_solar(n, costs)
|
|
attach_hydro(n, costs, ppl)
|
|
attach_extendable_generators(n, costs, ppl)
|
|
|
|
estimate_renewable_capacities(n)
|
|
attach_OPSD_renewables(n)
|
|
update_p_nom_max(n)
|
|
|
|
add_nice_carrier_names(n)
|
|
|
|
n.export_to_netcdf(snakemake.output[0])
|