doc: Document supply and demand options in the different sectors
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@ -66,41 +66,6 @@ PyPSA-Eur-Sec is designed to be imported into the open toolbox `PyPSA <https://w
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This project is maintained by the `Energy System Modelling group <https://www.iai.kit.edu/english/2338.php>`_ at the `Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics <https://www.iai.kit.edu/english/index.php>`_ at the `Karlsruhe Institute of Technology <http://www.kit.edu/english/index.php>`_. The group is funded by the `Helmholtz Association <https://www.helmholtz.de/en/>`_ until 2024. Previous versions were developed by the `Renewable Energy Group <https://fias.uni-frankfurt.de/physics/schramm/renewable-energy-system-and-network-analysis/>`_ at `FIAS <https://fias.uni-frankfurt.de/>`_ to carry out simulations for the `CoNDyNet project <http://condynet.de/>`_, financed by the `German Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF) <https://www.bmbf.de/en/index.html>`_ as part of the `Stromnetze Research Initiative <http://forschung-stromnetze.info/projekte/grundlagen-und-konzepte-fuer-effiziente-dezentrale-stromnetze/>`_.
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Spatial resolution of sectors
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=============================
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Not all of the sectors are at the full nodal resolution, and some are
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distributed to nodes using heuristics that need to be corrected. Some
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networks are copper-plated to reduce computational times.
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For example:
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Electricity network: nodal.
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Electricity demand: nodal, distributed in each country based on
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population, GDP and location of industrial facilities.
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Building heating demand: nodal, distributed in each country based on
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population.
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Industry demand: nodal, distributed in each country based on
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locations of industry from `HotMaps database <https://gitlab.com/hotmaps/industrial_sites/industrial_sites_Industrial_Database>`_.
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Hydrogen network: nodal.
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Methane network: single node for Europe, since future demand is so
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low and no bottlenecks are expected.
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Solid biomass: single node for Europe, until transport costs can be
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incorporated.
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CO2: single node for Europe, but a transport and storage cost is added for
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sequestered CO2.
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Liquid hydrocarbons: single node for Europe, since transport costs are low.
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Documentation
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=============
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@ -115,6 +80,20 @@ Documentation
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installation
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**Implementation details**
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* :doc:`spatial_resolution`
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* :doc:`supply_demand`
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.. toctree::
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:hidden:
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:maxdepth: 1
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:caption: Implementation details
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spatial_resolution
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supply_demand
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**Foresight options**
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* :doc:`overnight`
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54
doc/spatial_resolution.rst
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54
doc/spatial_resolution.rst
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.. _spatial_resolution:
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##########################################
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Spatial resolution
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##########################################
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The default nodal resolution of the model follows the electricity
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generation and transmission model `PyPSA-Eur
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<https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur>`_, which clusters down the
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electricity transmission substations in each European country based on
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the k-means algorithm. This gives nodes which correspond to major load
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and generation centres (typically cities).
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The total number of nodes for Europe is set in the ``config.yaml`` file
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under ``clusters``. The number of nodes can vary between 37, the number
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of independent countries / synchronous areas, and several
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hundred. With 200-300 nodes the model needs 100-150 GB RAM to solve
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with a commerical solver like Gurobi.
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Not all of the sectors are at the full nodal resolution, and some
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demand for some sectors is distributed to nodes using heuristics that
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need to be corrected. Some networks are copper-plated to reduce
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computational times.
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For example:
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Electricity network: nodal.
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Electricity residential and commercial demand: nodal, distributed in
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each country based on population and GDP.
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Electricity demand in industry: based on the location of industrial
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facilities from `HotMaps database <https://gitlab.com/hotmaps/industrial_sites/industrial_sites_Industrial_Database>`_.
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Building heating demand: nodal, distributed in each country based on
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population.
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Industry demand: nodal, distributed in each country based on
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locations of industry from `HotMaps database <https://gitlab.com/hotmaps/industrial_sites/industrial_sites_Industrial_Database>`_.
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Hydrogen network: nodal.
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Methane network: single node for Europe, since future demand is so
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low and no bottlenecks are expected.
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Solid biomass: single node for Europe, until transport costs can be
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incorporated.
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CO2: single node for Europe, but a transport and storage cost is added for
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sequestered CO2.
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Liquid hydrocarbons: single node for Europe, since transport costs for
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liquids are low.
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180
doc/supply_demand.rst
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180
doc/supply_demand.rst
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.. _supply_demand:
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##########################################
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Supply and demand
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##########################################
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An initial orientation to the supply and demand options in the model
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PyPSA-Eur-Sec can be found in the description of the model
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PyPSA-Eur-Sec-30 in the paper `Synergies of sector coupling and
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transmission reinforcement in a cost-optimised, highly renewable
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European energy system <https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.05290>`_ (2018).
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The latest version of PyPSA-Eur-Sec differs by including biomass,
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industry, industrial feedstocks, aviation, shipping, better carbon
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management, carbon capture and usage/sequestration, and gas networks.
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The basic supply (left column) and demand (right column) options in the model are described in this figure:
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.. image:: ../graphics/multisector_figure.png
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Electricity supply and demand
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=============================
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Electricity supply and demand follows the electricity generation and
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transmission model `PyPSA-Eur <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur>`_,
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except that hydrogen storage is integrated into the hydrogen supply,
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demand and network, and PyPSA-Eur-Sec includes CHPs.
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Heat demand
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=============================
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Heat demand is split into:
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* ``urban central``: large-scale district heating networks in urban areas with dense heat demand
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* ``residential/services urban decentral``: heating for individual buildings in urban areas
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* ``residential/services rural``: heating for individual buildings in rural areas
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Heat supply
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=======================
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Oil and gas boilers
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--------------------
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Heat pumps
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-------------
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Either air-to-water or ground-to-water heat pumps are implemented.
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They have coefficient of performance (COP) based on either the
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external air or the soil hourly temperature.
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Ground-source heat pumps are only allowed in rural areas because of
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space constraints.
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Only air-source heat pumps are allowed in urban areas. This is a
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conservative assumption, since there are many possible sources of
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low-temperature heat that could be tapped in cities (waste water,
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rivers, lakes, seas, etc.).
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Resistive heaters
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--------------------
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Large Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plants
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--------------------------------------------
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A good summary of CHP options that can be implemented in PyPSA can be found in the paper `Cost sensitivity of optimal sector-coupled district heating production systems <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.10.044>`_.
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PyPSA-Eur-Sec includes CHP plants fuelled by methane, hydrogen and solid biomass from waste and residues.
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Hydrogen CHPs are fuel cells.
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Methane and biomass CHPs are based on back pressure plants operating with a fixed ratio of electricity to heat output. The methane CHP is modelled on the Danish Energy Agency (DEA) "Gas turbine simple cycle (large)" while the solid biomass CHP is based on the DEA's "09b Wood Pellets Medium".
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The efficiencies of each are given on the back pressure line, where the back pressure coefficient ``c_b`` is the electricity output divided by the heat output. The plants are not allowed to deviate from the back pressure line and are implement as ``Link`` objects with a fixed ratio of heat to electricity output.
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NB: The old PyPSA-Eur-Sec-30 model assumed an extraction plant (like the DEA coal CHP) for gas which has flexible production of heat and electricity within the feasibility diagram of Figure 4 in the `Synergies paper <https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.05290>`_. We have switched to the DEA back pressure plants since these are more common for smaller plants for biomass, and because the extraction plants were on the back pressure line for 99.5% of the time anyway. The plants were all changed to back pressure in PyPSA-Eur-Sec v0.4.0.
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Micro-CHP for individual buildings
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-----------------------------------
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Optional.
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Waste heat from Fuel Cells, Methanation and Fischer-Tropsch plants
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-------------------------------------------------------------------
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Solar thermal collectors
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-------------------------
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Thermal energy storage using hot water tanks
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---------------------------------------------
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Small for decentral applications.
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Big pit storage for district heating.
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Hydrogen demand
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==================
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Stationary fuel cell CHP.
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Transport applications.
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Industry (ammonia, precursor to hydrocarbons for chemicals and iron/steel).
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Hydrogen supply
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=================
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SMR, SMR+CCS, electrolysers.
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Methane demand
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==================
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Can be used in boilers, in CHPs, in industry for high temperature heat, in OCGT.
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Not used in transport because of engine slippage.
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Methane supply
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=================
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Fossil, biogas, Sabatier (hydrogen to methane), HELMETH (directly power to methane with efficient heat integration).
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Solid biomass demand
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=====================
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Solid biomass provides process heat up to 500 Celsius in industry, as well as feeding CHP plants in district heating networks.
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Solid biomass supply
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=====================
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Only wastes and residues from the JRC biomass dataset.
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Oil product demand
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=====================
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Transport fuels and naphtha as a feedstock for the chemicals industry.
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Oil product supply
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======================
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Fossil or Fischer-Tropsch.
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Industry demand
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================
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Based on materials demand from JRC-IDEES and other sources.
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Industry supply
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================
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Process switching (e.g. from blast furnaces to direct reduction and electric arc furnaces for steel) is defined exogenously.
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Fuel switching for process heat is mostly also done exogenously.
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Solid biomass is used for up to 500 Celsius, mostly in paper and pulp and food and beverages.
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Higher temperatures are met with methane.
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Carbon dioxide capture, usage and sequestration (CCU/S)
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=========================================================
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Carbon dioxide can be captured from industry process emissions,
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emissions related to industry process heat, combined heat and power
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plants, and directly from the air (DAC).
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Carbon dioxide can be used as an input for methanation and
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Fischer-Tropsch fuels, or it can be sequestered underground.
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