Merge branch 'master' into configs-in-one-folder

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ repos:
 
   # Make docstrings PEP 257 compliant
 - repo: https://github.com/PyCQA/docformatter
-  rev: v1.6.0
+  rev: v1.6.1-rc1
   hooks:
   - id: docformatter
     args: ["--in-place", "--make-summary-multi-line", "--pre-summary-newline"]

configs/config.default.yaml

@@ -464,7 +464,7 @@ sector:
   solar_cf_correction: 0.788457  # =  >>> 1/1.2683
   marginal_cost_storage: 0. #1e-4
   methanation: true
-  helmeth: true
+  helmeth: false
   coal_cc: false
   dac: true
   co2_vent: false

doc/preparation.rst

@@ -86,13 +86,13 @@ Rule ``build_powerplants``
 .. automodule:: build_powerplants
 
 
-.. _load_data:
+.. _electricity_demand:
 
-Rule ``build_load_data``
+Rule ``build_electricity_demand``
 =============================
 
 
-.. automodule:: build_load_data
+.. automodule:: build_electricity_demand
 
 .. _ship:
 

doc/release_notes.rst

@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ Upcoming Release
 
 * Bugfix: Correct typo in the CPLEX solver configuration in ``config.default.yaml``.
 
+* Renamed script file from PyPSA-EUR ``build_load_data`` to ``build_electricity_demand``.
+
 PyPSA-Eur 0.8.0 (18th March 2023)
 =================================
 
@@ -558,7 +560,7 @@ More OPSD integration:
   This will overwrite the capacities calculated from the heuristic approach in :func:`estimate_renewable_capacities()`
   [`#212 <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur/pull/212>`_].
 
-* Electricity consumption data is now retrieved directly from the `OPSD website <https://data.open-power-system-data.org/time_series/2019-06-05>`_ using the rule :mod:`build_load_data`.
+* Electricity consumption data is now retrieved directly from the `OPSD website <https://data.open-power-system-data.org/time_series/2019-06-05>`_ using the rule :mod:`build_electricity_demand`.
   The user can decide whether to take the ENTSO-E power statistics data (default) or the ENTSO-E transparency data
   [`#211 <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur/pull/211>`_].
 

doc/tutorial.rst

@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ This triggers a workflow of multiple preceding jobs that depend on each rule's i
         19[label = "build_hydro_profile", color = "0.44 0.6 0.85", style="rounded"];
         20[label = "retrieve_cost_data", color = "0.30 0.6 0.85", style="rounded"];
         21[label = "build_powerplants", color = "0.16 0.6 0.85", style="rounded"];
-        22[label = "build_load_data", color = "0.00 0.6 0.85", style="rounded"];
+        22[label = "build_electricity_demand", color = "0.00 0.6 0.85", style="rounded"];
         23[label = "retrieve_load_data", color = "0.34 0.6 0.85", style="rounded,dashed"];
         1 -> 0
         2 -> 1
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ In the terminal, this will show up as a list of jobs to be run:
     base_network                    1              1              1
     build_bus_regions               1              1              1
     build_hydro_profile             1              1              1
-    build_load_data                 1              1              1
+    build_electricity_demand        1              1              1
     build_powerplants               1              1              1
     build_renewable_profiles        4              1              1
     build_shapes                    1              1              1

doc/tutorial_sector.rst

@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ successfully.
         18[label = "retrieve_ship_raster", color = "0.15 0.6 0.85", style="rounded"];
         19[label = "retrieve_cost_data", color = "0.50 0.6 0.85", style="rounded"];
         20[label = "build_powerplants", color = "0.49 0.6 0.85", style="rounded"];
-        21[label = "build_load_data", color = "0.39 0.6 0.85", style="rounded"];
+        21[label = "build_electricity_demand", color = "0.39 0.6 0.85", style="rounded"];
         22[label = "retrieve_load_data", color = "0.05 0.6 0.85", style="rounded"];
         23[label = "build_gas_input_locations", color = "0.45 0.6 0.85", style="rounded"];
         24[label = "prepare_network", color = "0.31 0.6 0.85", style="rounded"];
@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ implemented in the workflow:
         18[label = "retrieve_ship_raster", color = "0.09 0.6 0.85", style="rounded"];
         19[label = "retrieve_cost_data", color = "0.04 0.6 0.85", style="rounded"];
         20[label = "build_powerplants", color = "0.28 0.6 0.85", style="rounded"];
-        21[label = "build_load_data", color = "0.46 0.6 0.85", style="rounded"];
+        21[label = "build_electricity_demand", color = "0.46 0.6 0.85", style="rounded"];
         22[label = "retrieve_load_data", color = "0.44 0.6 0.85", style="rounded"];
         23[label = "build_energy_totals", color = "0.53 0.6 0.85", style="rounded"];
         24[label = "build_population_weighted_energy_totals", color = "0.03 0.6 0.85", style="rounded"];

envs/environment.fixed.yaml

@@ -287,11 +287,14 @@ dependencies:
 - qt-main=5.15.8
 - rasterio=1.3.4
 - readline=8.1.2
-- requests=2.28.2
+- requests=2.28.1
-- reretry=0.11.8
+- retry=0.9.2
-- rtree=1.0.1
+- rich=12.5.1
-- scikit-learn=1.2.1
+- rioxarray=0.13.3
-- scipy=1.10.0
+- rtree=1.0.0
+- s2n=1.0.10
+- scikit-learn=1.1.1
+- scipy=1.8.1
 - scotch=6.0.9
 - seaborn=0.12.2
 - seaborn-base=0.12.2

envs/environment.yaml

@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ dependencies:
 - pandas>=1.4
 - geopandas>=0.11.0
 - xarray
+- rioxarray
 - netcdf4
 - networkx
 - scipy

rules/build_electricity.smk

@@ -18,19 +18,19 @@ if config["enable"].get("prepare_links_p_nom", False):
             "../scripts/prepare_links_p_nom.py"
 
 
-rule build_load_data:
+rule build_electricity_demand:
     input:
         ancient("data/load_raw.csv"),
     output:
         RESOURCES + "load.csv",
     log:
-        LOGS + "build_load_data.log",
+        LOGS + "build_electricity_demand.log",
     resources:
         mem_mb=5000,
     conda:
         "../envs/environment.yaml"
     script:
-        "../scripts/build_load_data.py"
+        "../scripts/build_electricity_demand.py"
 
 
 rule build_powerplants:
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ rule build_ship_raster:
             ],
         ),
     output:
-        RESOURCES + "shipdensity_raster.nc",
+        RESOURCES + "shipdensity_raster.tif",
     log:
         LOGS + "build_ship_raster.log",
     resources:
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ rule build_renewable_profiles:
             )
         ),
         ship_density=lambda w: (
-            RESOURCES + "shipdensity_raster.nc"
+            RESOURCES + "shipdensity_raster.tif"
             if "ship_threshold" in config["renewable"][w.technology].keys()
             else []
         ),

scripts/add_brownfield.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2020-2023 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
 """
 Prepares brownfield data from previous planning horizon.
 """

scripts/add_existing_baseyear.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2020-2023 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
 """
 Adds existing power and heat generation capacities for initial planning
 horizon.

scripts/build_biomass_potentials.py

@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ def convert_nuts2_to_regions(bio_nuts2, regions):
     )
     overlay[adjust_cols] = overlay[adjust_cols].multiply(overlay["share"], axis=0)
 
-    bio_regions = overlay.groupby("name").sum()
+    bio_regions = overlay.dissolve("name", aggfunc="sum")
 
     bio_regions.drop(["area_nuts2", "share"], axis=1, inplace=True)
 

scripts/build_biomass_transport_costs.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2020-2023 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
 """
 Reads biomass transport costs for different countries of the JRC report.
 

scripts/build_bus_regions.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2017-2023 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
 """
 Creates Voronoi shapes for each bus representing both onshore and offshore
 regions.

scripts/build_clustered_population_layouts.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2020-2023 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
 """
 Build population layouts for all clustered model regions as total as well as
 split by urban and rural population.

scripts/build_cop_profiles.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2020-2023 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
 """
 Build coefficient of performance (COP) time series for air- or ground-sourced
 heat pumps.

scripts/build_cutout.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2017-2023 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
 """
 Create cutouts with `atlite <https://atlite.readthedocs.io/en/latest/>`_.
 

scripts/build_electricity_demand.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2020 @JanFrederickUnnewehr, The PyPSA-Eur Authors
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
 """
 This rule downloads the load data from `Open Power System Data Time series.
 
@@ -276,7 +275,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
     if "snakemake" not in globals():
         from _helpers import mock_snakemake
 
-        snakemake = mock_snakemake("build_load_data")
+        snakemake = mock_snakemake("build_electricity_demand")
 
     configure_logging(snakemake)
 

scripts/build_energy_totals.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2020-2023 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
 """
 Build total energy demands per country using JRC IDEES, eurostat, and EEA data.
 """

scripts/build_gas_input_locations.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2021-2023 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
 """
 Build import locations for fossil gas from entry-points, LNG terminals and
 production sites with data from SciGRID_gas and Global Energy Monitor.

scripts/build_gas_network.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2020-2023 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
 """
 Preprocess gas network based on data from bthe SciGRID_gas project
 (https://www.gas.scigrid.de/).

scripts/build_heat_demand.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2020-2023 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
 """
 Build heat demand time series using heating degree day (HDD) approximation.
 """

scripts/build_hydro_profile.py

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2017-2023 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
 """
 Build hydroelectric inflow time-series for each country.
 

scripts/build_industrial_distribution_key.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2020-2023 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
 """
 Build spatial distribution of industries from Hotmaps database.
 """

scripts/build_industrial_energy_demand_per_country_today.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2020-2023 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
 """
 Build industrial energy demand per country.
 """

scripts/build_industrial_energy_demand_per_node.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2020-2023 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
 """
 Build industrial energy demand per model region.
 """

scripts/build_industrial_energy_demand_per_node_today.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2020-2023 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
 """
 Build industrial energy demand per model region.
 """

scripts/build_industrial_production_per_country.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2020-2023 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
 """
 Build industrial production per country.
 """

scripts/build_industrial_production_per_country_tomorrow.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2020-2023 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
 """
 Build future industrial production per country.
 """

scripts/build_industrial_production_per_node.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2020-2023 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
 """
 Build industrial production per model region.
 """

scripts/build_industry_sector_ratios.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2020-2023 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
 """
 Build specific energy consumption by carrier and industries.
 """

scripts/build_natura_raster.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2017-2023 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
 """
 Rasters the vector data of the `Natura 2000.
 

scripts/build_population_layouts.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2020-2023 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
 """
 Build mapping between cutout grid cells and population (total, urban, rural).
 """

scripts/build_population_weighted_energy_totals.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2020-2023 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
 """
 Distribute country-level energy demands by population.
 """

scripts/build_renewable_profiles.py

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2017-2023 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
 """
 Calculates for each network node the (i) installable capacity (based on land-
 use), (ii) the available generation time series (based on weather data), and

scripts/build_retro_cost.py

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2020-2023 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
 """
 This script calculates the space heating savings through better insulation of
 the thermal envelope of a building and corresponding costs for different

scripts/build_salt_cavern_potentials.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2020-2023 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
 """
 Build salt cavern potentials for hydrogen storage.
 

scripts/build_sequestration_potentials.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2023 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
 """
 Build regionalised geological sequestration potential for carbon dioxide using
 data from `CO2Stop <https://setis.ec.europa.eu/european-co2-storage-

scripts/build_shapes.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2017-2023 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
 """
 Creates GIS shape files of the countries, exclusive economic zones and `NUTS3 <
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclature_of_Territorial_Units_for_Statistics>

scripts/build_ship_raster.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2022 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
 """
 Transforms the global ship density data from the `World Bank Data Catalogue.
 
@@ -46,7 +45,7 @@ import logging
 import os
 import zipfile
 
-import xarray as xr
+import rioxarray
 from _helpers import configure_logging
 from build_natura_raster import determine_cutout_xXyY
 
@@ -64,10 +63,10 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
 
     with zipfile.ZipFile(snakemake.input.ship_density) as zip_f:
         zip_f.extract("shipdensity_global.tif")
-        with xr.open_rasterio("shipdensity_global.tif") as ship_density:
+        with rioxarray.open_rasterio("shipdensity_global.tif") as ship_density:
             ship_density = ship_density.drop(["band"]).sel(
                 x=slice(min(xs), max(Xs)), y=slice(max(Ys), min(ys))
             )
-            ship_density.to_netcdf(snakemake.output[0])
+            ship_density.rio.to_raster(snakemake.output[0])
 
     os.remove("shipdensity_global.tif")

scripts/build_solar_thermal_profiles.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2020-2023 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
 """
 Build solar thermal collector time series.
 """

scripts/build_temperature_profiles.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2020-2023 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
 """
 Build time series for air and soil temperatures per clustered model region.
 """

scripts/build_transport_demand.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2020-2023 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
 """
 Build land transport demand per clustered model region including efficiency
 improvements due to drivetrain changes, time series for electric vehicle

scripts/cluster_gas_network.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2020-2023 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
 """
 Cluster gas transmission network to clustered model regions.
 """

scripts/copy_config.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2020-2023 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
 """
 Copy used configuration files and important scripts for archiving.
 """

scripts/make_summary.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2020-2023 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
 """
 Create summary CSV files for all scenario runs including costs, capacities,
 capacity factors, curtailment, energy balances, prices and other metrics.

scripts/plot_network.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2020-2023 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
 """
 Creates plots for optimised network topologies, including electricity, gas and
 hydrogen networks, and regional generation, storage and conversion capacities

scripts/plot_summary.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2020-2023 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
 """
 Creates plots from summary CSV files.
 """

scripts/prepare_links_p_nom.py

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2017-2023 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
 """
 Extracts capacities of HVDC links from `Wikipedia.
 

scripts/prepare_sector_network.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2020-2023 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
 """
 Adds all sector-coupling components to the network, including demand and supply
 technologies for the buildings, transport and industry sectors.

scripts/retrieve_databundle.py

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2017-2023 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
 """
 .. image:: https://zenodo.org/badge/DOI/10.5281/zenodo.3517935.svg
    :target: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3517935

scripts/solve_network.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2017-2023 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
 """
 Solves optimal operation and capacity for a network with the option to
 iteratively optimize while updating line reactances.
@@ -43,6 +42,7 @@ from vresutils.benchmark import memory_logger
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 pypsa.pf.logger.setLevel(logging.WARNING)
+from pypsa.descriptors import get_switchable_as_dense as get_as_dense
 
 
 def add_land_use_constraint(n, config):
@@ -414,7 +414,7 @@ def add_operational_reserve_margin(n, sns, config):
         0, np.inf, coords=[sns, n.generators.index], name="Generator-r"
     )
     reserve = n.model["Generator-r"]
-    lhs = reserve.sum("Generator")
+    summed_reserve = reserve.sum("Generator")
 
     # Share of extendable renewable capacities
     ext_i = n.generators.query("p_nom_extendable").index
@@ -426,10 +426,12 @@ def add_operational_reserve_margin(n, sns, config):
             .loc[vres_i.intersection(ext_i)]
             .rename({"Generator-ext": "Generator"})
         )
-        lhs = lhs + (p_nom_vres * (-EPSILON_VRES * capacity_factor)).sum()
+        lhs = summed_reserve + (p_nom_vres * (-EPSILON_VRES * capacity_factor)).sum(
+            "Generator"
+        )
 
     # Total demand per t
-    demand = n.loads_t.p_set.sum(axis=1)
+    demand = get_as_dense(n, "Load", "p_set").sum(axis=1)
 
     # VRES potential of non extendable generators
     capacity_factor = n.generators_t.p_max_pu[vres_i.difference(ext_i)]
@@ -441,17 +443,26 @@ def add_operational_reserve_margin(n, sns, config):
 
     n.model.add_constraints(lhs >= rhs, name="reserve_margin")
 
+    # additional constraint that capacity is not exceeded
+    gen_i = n.generators.index
+    ext_i = n.generators.query("p_nom_extendable").index
+    fix_i = n.generators.query("not p_nom_extendable").index
+
+    dispatch = n.model["Generator-p"]
     reserve = n.model["Generator-r"]
 
-    lhs = n.model.constraints["Generator-fix-p-upper"].lhs
+    capacity_variable = n.model["Generator-p_nom"].rename(
-    lhs = lhs + reserve.loc[:, lhs.coords["Generator-fix"]].drop("Generator")
+        {"Generator-ext": "Generator"}
-    rhs = n.model.constraints["Generator-fix-p-upper"].rhs
+    )
-    n.model.add_constraints(lhs <= rhs, name="Generator-fix-p-upper-reserve")
+    capacity_fixed = n.generators.p_nom[fix_i]
 
-    lhs = n.model.constraints["Generator-ext-p-upper"].lhs
+    p_max_pu = get_as_dense(n, "Generator", "p_max_pu")
-    lhs = lhs + reserve.loc[:, lhs.coords["Generator-ext"]].drop("Generator")
+
-    rhs = n.model.constraints["Generator-ext-p-upper"].rhs
+    lhs = dispatch + reserve - capacity_variable * p_max_pu[ext_i]
-    n.model.add_constraints(lhs >= rhs, name="Generator-ext-p-upper-reserve")
+
+    rhs = (p_max_pu[fix_i] * capacity_fixed).reindex(columns=gen_i, fill_value=0)
+
+    n.model.add_constraints(lhs <= rhs, name="Generator-p-reserve-upper")
 
 
 def add_battery_constraints(n):

scripts/solve_operations_network.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2017-2023 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
 """
 Solves linear optimal dispatch in hourly resolution using the capacities of
 previous capacity expansion in rule :mod:`solve_network`.