Define methanol energy demand for industry

config/config.default.yaml

@@ -706,6 +706,7 @@ industry:
   methanol_production_today: 1.5
   MWh_elec_per_tMeOH: 0.167
   MWh_CH4_per_tMeOH: 10.25
+  MWh_MeOH_per_tMeOH: 5.528
   hotmaps_locate_missing: false
   reference_year: 2015
 
@@ -1146,6 +1147,7 @@ plotting:
     methanolisation: '#83d6d5'
     methanol: '#468c8b'
     shipping methanol: '#468c8b'
+    industry methanol: '#468c8b'
     # co2
     CC: '#f29dae'
     CCS: '#f29dae'

doc/configtables/industry.csv

@@ -32,5 +32,6 @@ MWh_H2_per_tCl,MWhH2/tCl,float,"The energy amount of hydrogen needed to produce
 methanol_production _today,MtMeOH/a,float,"The amount of methanol produced. From `DECHEMA (2017) <https://dechema.de/dechema_media/Downloads/Positionspapiere/Technology_study_Low_carbon_energy_and_feedstock_for_the_European_chemical_industry-p-20002750.pdf>`_, page 62"
 MWh_elec_per_tMeOH,MWh/tMeOH,float,"The energy amount of electricity needed to produce a ton of methanol. From `DECHEMA (2017) <https://dechema.de/dechema_media/Downloads/Positionspapiere/Technology_study_Low_carbon_energy_and_feedstock_for_the_European_chemical_industry-p-20002750.pdf>`_, Table 14, page 65"
 MWh_CH4_per_tMeOH,MWhCH4/tMeOH,float,"The energy amount of methane needed to produce a ton of methanol. From `DECHEMA (2017) <https://dechema.de/dechema_media/Downloads/Positionspapiere/Technology_study_Low_carbon_energy_and_feedstock_for_the_European_chemical_industry-p-20002750.pdf>`_, Table 14, page 65"
+MWh_MeOH_per_tMeOH,LHV,float,"The energy amount per ton of methanol. From `DECHEMA (2017) <https://dechema.de/dechema_media/Downloads/Positionspapiere/Technology_study_Low_carbon_energy_and_feedstock_for_the_European_chemical_industry-p-20002750.pdf>`_, page 74."
 hotmaps_locate_missing,--,"{true,false}",Locate industrial sites without valid locations based on city and countries.
 reference_year,year,YYYY,The year used as the baseline for industrial energy demand and production. Data extracted from `JRC-IDEES 2015 <https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset/jrc-10110-10001>`_

doc/configtables/sector.csv

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ agriculture_machinery _oil_share,--,float,The share for agricultural machinery t
 agriculture_machinery _fuel_efficiency,--,float,The efficiency of electric-powered machinery in the conversion of electricity to meet agricultural needs.
 agriculture_machinery _electric_efficiency,--,float,The efficiency of oil-powered machinery in the conversion of oil to meet agricultural needs.
 Mwh_MeOH_per_MWh_H2,LHV,float,"The energy amount of the produced methanol per energy amount of hydrogen. From `DECHEMA (2017) <https://dechema.de/dechema_media/Downloads/Positionspapiere/Technology_study_Low_carbon_energy_and_feedstock_for_the_European_chemical_industry-p-20002750.pdf>`_, page 64."
-MWh_MeOH_per_tCO2,LHV,float,"The energy amount of the produced methanol per ton of CO2. From `DECHEMA (2017) <https://dechema.de/dechema_media/Downloads/Positionspapiere/Technology_study_Low_carbon_energy_and_feedstock_for_the_European_chemical_industry-p-20002750.pdf>`_, page 64."
+MWh_MeOH_per_tCO2,LHV,float,"The energy amount of the produced methanol per ton of CO2. From `DECHEMA (2017) <https://dechema.de/dechema_media/Downloads/Positionspapiere/Technology_study_Low_carbon_energy_and_feedstock_for_the_European_chemical_industry-p-20002750.pdf>`_, page 66."
 MWh_MeOH_per_MWh_e,LHV,float,"The energy amount of the produced methanol per energy amount of electricity. From `DECHEMA (2017) <https://dechema.de/dechema_media/Downloads/Positionspapiere/Technology_study_Low_carbon_energy_and_feedstock_for_the_European_chemical_industry-p-20002750.pdf>`_, page 64."
 shipping_hydrogen _liquefaction,--,"{true, false}",Whether to include liquefaction costs for hydrogen demand in shipping.
 ,,,

doc/release_notes.rst

@@ -280,6 +280,8 @@ Upcoming Release
 
 * Fix gas network retrofitting in `add_brownfield`.
 
+* Change the methanol energy demand of industry to the low-carbon route defined by `DECHEMA report <https://dechema.de/dechema_media/Downloads/Positionspapiere/Technology_study_Low_carbon_energy_and_feedstock_for_the_European_chemical_industry.pdf>`__.
+
 PyPSA-Eur 0.10.0 (19th February 2024)
 =====================================
 

doc/supply_demand.rst

@@ -459,8 +459,7 @@ Statistics for the production of ammonia, which is commonly used as a fertilizer
 
 The Haber-Bosch process is not explicitly represented in the model, such that demand for ammonia enters the model as a demand for hydrogen ( 6.5 MWh :math:`_{H_2}` / t :math:`_{NH_3}` ) and electricity ( 1.17 MWh :math:`_{el}` /t :math:`_{NH_3}` ) (see `Wang et. al <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2018.04.017>`__). Today, natural gas dominates in Europe as the source for the hydrogen used in the Haber-Bosch process, but the model can choose among the various hydrogen supply options described in the hydrogen section (see :ref:`Hydrogen supply`)
 
-The total production and specific energy consumption of chlorine and methanol is taken from a `DECHEMA report <https://dechema.de/dechema_media/Downloads/Positionspapiere/Technology_study_Low_carbon_energy_and_feedstock_for_the_European_chemical_industry.pdf>`__. According to this source, the production of chlorine amounts to 9.58 MtCl/a, which is assumed to require electricity at 3.6 MWh :math:`_{el}`/t of chlorine and yield hydrogen at 0.937 MWh :math:`_{H_2}`/t of chlorine in the chloralkali process. The production of methanol adds up to 1.5 MtMeOH/a, requiring electricity at 0.167 MWh :math:`_{el}`/t of methanol and methane at 10.25 MWh :math:`_{CH_4}`/t of methanol.
+The total production and specific energy consumption of chlorine and methanol is taken from a `DECHEMA report <https://dechema.de/dechema_media/Downloads/Positionspapiere/Technology_study_Low_carbon_energy_and_feedstock_for_the_European_chemical_industry.pdf>`__. According to this source, the production of chlorine amounts to 9.58 MtCl/a, which is assumed to require electricity at 3.6 MWh :math:`_{el}`/t of chlorine and yield hydrogen at 0.937 MWh :math:`_{H_2}`/t of chlorine in the chloralkali process. The production of methanol adds up to 1.5 MtMeOH/a. Low-carbon methanol production (or methanolisation) by hydrogenation of :math:`CO_2` requires hydrogen at 6.299 MWh :math:`_{H_2}`/t of methanol, carbon dioxide at 1.373 t :math:`_{CO_2}`/t of methanol and electricity at 1.5 MWh :math:`_{el}`/t of methanol. The energy content of methanol is 5.528 MWh :math:`_{MeOH}`/t of methanol. These values are set exogenously in the config file.
-
 
 The production of ammonia, methanol, and chlorine production is deducted from the JRC IDEES basic chemicals, leaving the production totals of high-value chemicals. For this, we assume that the liquid hydrocarbon feedstock comes from synthetic or fossil- origin naphtha (14 MWh :math:`_{naphtha}`/t of HVC, similar to `Lechtenböhmer et al <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.07.110>`__), ignoring the methanol-to-olefin route. Furthermore, we assume the following transformations of the energy-consuming processes in the production of plastics: the final energy consumption in steam processing is converted to methane since requires temperature above 500 °C (4.1 MWh :math:`_{CH_4}` /t of HVC, see `Rehfeldt et al. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-017-9571-y>`__); and the remaining processes are electrified using the current efficiency of microwave for high-enthalpy heat processing, electric furnaces, electric process cooling and electric generic processes (2.85 MWh :math:`_{el}`/t of HVC).
 
@@ -573,7 +572,7 @@ The `demand for aviation <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c99
 
 **Shipping**
 
-Shipping energy demand is covered by a combination of oil and hydrogen. Other fuel options, like methanol or ammonia, are currently not included in PyPSA-Eur-Sec. The share of shipping that is assumed to be supplied by hydrogen can be selected in the `config file <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/config.default.yaml#L198>`__.
+Shipping energy demand is covered by a combination of oil, hydrogen and methanol. Other fuel options, like ammonia, are currently not included in PyPSA-Eur-Sec. The share of shipping that is assumed to be supplied by hydrogen or methanol can be selected in the `config file <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur/blob/master/config/config.default.yaml#L475>`__.
 
 To estimate the `hydrogen demand <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/scripts/prepare_sector_network.py#L2090>`__, the average fuel efficiency of the fleet is used in combination with the efficiency of the fuel cell defined in the technology-data repository. The average fuel efficiency is set in the `config file <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/config.default.yaml#L196>`__.
 
@@ -581,6 +580,8 @@ The consumed hydrogen comes from the general hydrogen bus where it can be produc
 
 The energy demand for liquefaction of the hydrogen used for shipping can be `included  <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/config.default.yaml#L197>`__. If this option is selected, liquifaction will happen at the `node where the shipping demand occurs <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/scripts/prepare_sector_network.py#L2064>`__.
 
+The consumed methanol comes from the general methanol bus where it is produced through methanolisation (see :ref:`Chemicals Industry`).
+
 .. _Carbon dioxide capture, usage and sequestration (CCU/S):
 
 Carbon dioxide capture, usage and sequestration (CCU/S)

scripts/build_industry_sector_ratios.py

@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ index = [
     "heat",
     "naphtha",
     "ammonia",
+    "methanol",
     "process emission",
     "process emission from feedstock",
 ]
@@ -456,8 +457,7 @@ def chemicals_industry():
 
     sector = "Methanol"
     df[sector] = 0.0
-    df.loc["methane", sector] = params["MWh_CH4_per_tMeOH"]
+    df.loc["methanol", sector] = params["MWh_MeOH_per_tMeOH"]
-    df.loc["elec", sector] = params["MWh_elec_per_tMeOH"]
 
     # Other chemicals
 

scripts/prepare_sector_network.py

@@ -146,10 +146,12 @@ def define_spatial(nodes, options):
 
     if options["regional_methanol_demand"]:
         spatial.methanol.demand_locations = nodes
+        spatial.methanol.industry = nodes + " industry methanol"
         spatial.methanol.shipping = nodes + " shipping methanol"
     else:
         spatial.methanol.demand_locations = ["EU"]
         spatial.methanol.shipping = ["EU shipping methanol"]
+        spatial.methanol.industry = ["EU industry methanol"]
 
     # oil
     spatial.oil = SimpleNamespace()
@@ -2760,57 +2762,97 @@ def add_industry(n, costs):
             p_set=p_set_hydrogen,
         )
 
+    n.madd(
+        "Bus",
+        spatial.methanol.nodes,
+        carrier="methanol",
+        location=spatial.methanol.locations,
+        unit="MWh_LHV",
+    )
+
+    n.madd(
+        "Store",
+        spatial.methanol.nodes,
+        suffix=" Store",
+        bus=spatial.methanol.nodes,
+        e_nom_extendable=True,
+        e_cyclic=True,
+        carrier="methanol",
+    )
+
+    n.madd(
+        "Bus",
+        spatial.methanol.industry,
+        carrier="industry methanol",
+        location=spatial.methanol.demand_locations,
+        unit="MWh_LHV",
+    )
+
+    p_set_methanol = (
+            industrial_demand["methanol"]
+            .rename(lambda x: x + " industry methanol")
+            / nhours
+    )
+
+    if not options["regional_methanol_demand"]:
+        p_set_methanol = p_set_methanol.sum()
+
+    n.madd(
+        "Load",
+        spatial.methanol.industry,
+        bus=spatial.methanol.industry,
+        carrier="industry methanol",
+        p_set=p_set_methanol,
+    )
+
+    n.madd(
+        "Link",
+        spatial.methanol.industry,
+        bus0=spatial.methanol.nodes,
+        bus1=spatial.methanol.industry,
+        bus2="co2 atmosphere",
+        carrier="industry methanol",
+        p_nom_extendable=True,
+        efficiency2=1
+                    / options[
+                        "MWh_MeOH_per_tCO2"
+                    ],
+        # CO2 intensity methanol based on stoichiometric calculation with 22.7 GJ/t methanol (32 g/mol), CO2 (44 g/mol), 277.78 MWh/TJ = 0.218 t/MWh
+    )
+
+    n.madd(
+        "Link",
+        spatial.h2.locations + " methanolisation",
+        bus0=spatial.h2.nodes,
+        bus1=spatial.methanol.nodes,
+        bus2=nodes,
+        bus3=spatial.co2.nodes,
+        carrier="methanolisation",
+        p_nom_extendable=True,
+        p_min_pu=options.get("min_part_load_methanolisation", 0),
+        capital_cost=costs.at["methanolisation", "fixed"]
+        * options["MWh_MeOH_per_MWh_H2"],  # EUR/MW_H2/a
+        marginal_cost=options["MWh_MeOH_per_MWh_H2"]
+        * costs.at["methanolisation", "VOM"],
+        lifetime=costs.at["methanolisation", "lifetime"],
+        efficiency=options["MWh_MeOH_per_MWh_H2"],
+        efficiency2=-options["MWh_MeOH_per_MWh_H2"] / options["MWh_MeOH_per_MWh_e"],
+        efficiency3=-options["MWh_MeOH_per_MWh_H2"] / options["MWh_MeOH_per_tCO2"],
+    )
+
     if shipping_methanol_share:
-        n.madd(
-            "Bus",
-            spatial.methanol.nodes,
-            carrier="methanol",
-            location=spatial.methanol.locations,
-            unit="MWh_LHV",
-        )
-
-        n.madd(
-            "Store",
-            spatial.methanol.nodes,
-            suffix=" Store",
-            bus=spatial.methanol.nodes,
-            e_nom_extendable=True,
-            e_cyclic=True,
-            carrier="methanol",
-        )
-
-        n.madd(
-            "Link",
-            spatial.h2.locations + " methanolisation",
-            bus0=spatial.h2.nodes,
-            bus1=spatial.methanol.nodes,
-            bus2=nodes,
-            bus3=spatial.co2.nodes,
-            carrier="methanolisation",
-            p_nom_extendable=True,
-            p_min_pu=options.get("min_part_load_methanolisation", 0),
-            capital_cost=costs.at["methanolisation", "fixed"]
-            * options["MWh_MeOH_per_MWh_H2"],  # EUR/MW_H2/a
-            marginal_cost=options["MWh_MeOH_per_MWh_H2"]
-            * costs.at["methanolisation", "VOM"],
-            lifetime=costs.at["methanolisation", "lifetime"],
-            efficiency=options["MWh_MeOH_per_MWh_H2"],
-            efficiency2=-options["MWh_MeOH_per_MWh_H2"] / options["MWh_MeOH_per_MWh_e"],
-            efficiency3=-options["MWh_MeOH_per_MWh_H2"] / options["MWh_MeOH_per_tCO2"],
-        )
-
         efficiency = (
             options["shipping_oil_efficiency"] / options["shipping_methanol_efficiency"]
         )
 
-        p_set_methanol = (
+        p_set_methanol_shipping = (
             shipping_methanol_share
             * p_set.rename(lambda x: x + " shipping methanol")
             * efficiency
         )
 
         if not options["regional_methanol_demand"]:
-            p_set_methanol = p_set_methanol.sum()
+            p_set_methanol_shipping = p_set_methanol_shipping.sum()
 
         n.madd(
             "Bus",
@@ -2825,7 +2867,7 @@ def add_industry(n, costs):
             spatial.methanol.shipping,
             bus=spatial.methanol.shipping,
             carrier="shipping methanol",
-            p_set=p_set_methanol,
+            p_set=p_set_methanol_shipping,
         )
 
         n.madd(