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Merge pull request #1066 from PyPSA/adding_solar_tracking_single_axis

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Adding solar tracking single axis
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lisazeyen 2024-05-15 16:27:39 +02:00 committed by GitHub
commit be28996a68
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11 changed files with 152 additions and 15 deletions
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24
config/config.default.yaml
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@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ electricity:
H2: 168
extendable_carriers:
Generator: [solar, onwind, offwind-ac, offwind-dc, offwind-float, OCGT]
Generator: [solar, solar-hsat, onwind, offwind-ac, offwind-dc, offwind-float, OCGT]
StorageUnit: [] # battery, H2
Store: [battery, H2]
Link: [] # H2 pipeline
@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ electricity:
everywhere_powerplants: [nuclear, oil, OCGT, CCGT, coal, lignite, geothermal, biomass]
conventional_carriers: [nuclear, oil, OCGT, CCGT, coal, lignite, geothermal, biomass]
renewable_carriers: [solar, onwind, offwind-ac, offwind-dc, offwind-float, hydro]
renewable_carriers: [solar, solar-hsat, onwind, offwind-ac, offwind-dc, hydro]
estimate_renewable_capacities:
enable: true
@ -246,6 +246,21 @@ renewable:
natura: true
excluder_resolution: 100
clip_p_max_pu: 1.e-2
solar-hsat:
cutout: europe-2013-sarah
resource:
method: pv
panel: CSi
orientation:
slope: 35.
azimuth: 180.
tracking: horizontal
capacity_per_sqkm: 4.43 # 15% higher land usage acc. to NREL
corine: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 26, 31, 32]
luisa: false # [1111, 1121, 1122, 1123, 1130, 1210, 1221, 1222, 1230, 1241, 1242, 1310, 1320, 1330, 1410, 1421, 1422, 2110, 2120, 2130, 2210, 2220, 2230, 2310, 2410, 2420, 3210, 3320, 3330]
natura: true
excluder_resolution: 100
clip_p_max_pu: 1.e-2
hydro:
cutout: europe-2013-era5
carriers: [ror, PHS, hydro]
@ -324,7 +339,6 @@ pypsa_eur:
- onwind
- offwind-ac
- offwind-dc
- offwind-float
- solar
- ror
- nuclear
@ -588,6 +602,7 @@ sector:
biogas_upgrading_cc: false
conventional_generation:
OCGT: gas
solar_utility_horizontal_axis_tracking: true
biomass_to_liquid: false
biosng: false
limit_max_growth:
@ -924,6 +939,7 @@ plotting:
# solar
solar: "#f9d002"
solar PV: "#f9d002"
solar-hsat: "#fdb915"
solar thermal: '#ffbf2b'
residential rural solar thermal: '#f1c069'
services rural solar thermal: '#eabf61'
@ -1168,6 +1184,4 @@ plotting:
DC-DC: "#8a1caf"
DC link: "#8a1caf"
load: "#dd2e23"
waste CHP: '#e3d37d'
waste CHP CC: '#e3d3ff'
HVC to air: 'k'

4
config/test/config.electricity.yaml
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@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ electricity:
Store: [H2]
Link: [H2 pipeline]
renewable_carriers: [solar, onwind, offwind-ac, offwind-dc, offwind-float]
renewable_carriers: [solar, solar-hsat, onwind, offwind-ac, offwind-dc, offwind-float]
atlite:
@ -61,6 +61,8 @@ renewable:
min_depth: false
solar:
cutout: be-03-2013-era5
solar-hsat:
cutout: be-03-2013-era5
clustering:

4
config/test/config.myopic.yaml
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@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ electricity:
Store: [H2]
Link: [H2 pipeline]
renewable_carriers: [solar, onwind, offwind-ac, offwind-dc, offwind-float]
renewable_carriers: [solar, solar-hsat, onwind, offwind-ac, offwind-dc, offwind-float]
atlite:
default_cutout: be-03-2013-era5
@ -68,6 +68,8 @@ renewable:
min_depth: false
solar:
cutout: be-03-2013-era5
solar-hsat:
cutout: be-03-2013-era5
clustering:
temporal:

4
config/test/config.overnight.yaml
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@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ electricity:
Store: [H2]
Link: [H2 pipeline]
renewable_carriers: [solar, onwind, offwind-ac, offwind-dc, offwind-float]
renewable_carriers: [solar, solar-hsat, onwind, offwind-ac, offwind-dc, offwind-float]
atlite:
default_cutout: be-03-2013-era5
@ -62,6 +62,8 @@ renewable:
min_depth: false
solar:
cutout: be-03-2013-era5
solar-hsat:
cutout: be-03-2013-era5
clustering:
temporal:

4
config/test/config.perfect.yaml
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@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ electricity:
Store: [H2]
Link: [H2 pipeline]
renewable_carriers: [solar, onwind, offwind-ac, offwind-dc, offwind-float]
renewable_carriers: [solar, solar-hsat, onwind, offwind-ac, offwind-dc, offwind-float]
sector:
min_part_load_fischer_tropsch: 0
@ -69,6 +69,8 @@ renewable:
min_depth: false
solar:
cutout: be-03-2013-era5
solar-hsat:
cutout: be-03-2013-era5
clustering:
temporal:

3
doc/release_notes.rst
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@ -9,6 +9,9 @@ Release Notes
Upcoming Release
================
* New technology, solar PV with single-axis horizontal tracking (on a N-S axis),
with a carrier called ``solar-hsat`` to the networks. The default option for adding
this technology is set to ``true`` in the ``config.yaml``.
* The technology-data version was updated to v0.9.0.

4
rules/build_electricity.smk
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@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ rule determine_availability_matrix_MD_UA:
offshore_shapes=resources("offshore_shapes.geojson"),
regions=lambda w: (
resources("regions_onshore.geojson")
if w.technology in ("onwind", "solar")
if w.technology in ("onwind", "solar", "solar-hsat")
else resources("regions_offshore.geojson")
),
cutout=lambda w: "cutouts/"
@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ rule build_renewable_profiles:
offshore_shapes=resources("offshore_shapes.geojson"),
regions=lambda w: (
resources("regions_onshore.geojson")
if w.technology in ("onwind", "solar")
if w.technology in ("onwind", "solar", "solar-hsat")
else resources("regions_offshore.geojson")
),
cutout=lambda w: "cutouts/"

6
scripts/add_brownfield.py
View File

@ -195,8 +195,12 @@ def adjust_renewable_profiles(n, input_profiles, params, year):
)
for carrier in params["carriers"]:
if carrier == "hydro":
if carrier == "hydro" or (
carrier == "solar-hsat"
and not snakemake.config["sector"]["solar_utility_horizontal_axis_tracking"]
):
continue
with xr.open_dataset(getattr(input_profiles, "profile_" + carrier)) as ds:
if ds.indexes["bus"].empty or "year" not in ds.indexes:
continue

2
scripts/add_electricity.py
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@ -235,6 +235,8 @@ def load_costs(tech_costs, config, max_hours, Nyears=1.0):
+ (1 - config["rooftop_share"]) * costs.at["solar-utility", "capital_cost"]
)
costs = costs.rename({"solar-utility single-axis tracking": "solar-hsat"})
def costs_for_storage(store, link1, link2=None, max_hours=1.0):
capital_cost = link1["capital_cost"] + max_hours * store["capital_cost"]
if link2 is not None:

12
scripts/prepare_sector_network.py
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@ -1113,7 +1113,7 @@ def insert_gas_distribution_costs(n, costs):
def add_electricity_grid_connection(n, costs):
carriers = ["onwind", "solar"]
carriers = ["onwind", "solar", "solar-hsat"]
gens = n.generators.index[n.generators.carrier.isin(carriers)]
@ -3412,6 +3412,13 @@ def remove_h2_network(n):
n.stores.drop("EU H2 Store", inplace=True)
def remove_solar_tracking(n):
for tech in ["solar-hsat"]:
logger.info("removing " + tech)
n.mremove("Generator", n.generators.index[n.generators.carrier == tech])
def limit_individual_line_extension(n, maxext):
logger.info(f"Limiting new HVAC and HVDC extensions to {maxext} MW")
n.lines["s_nom_max"] = n.lines["s_nom"] + maxext
@ -3789,6 +3796,9 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
if options["electricity_distribution_grid"]:
insert_electricity_distribution_grid(n, costs)
if not options["solar_utility_horizontal_axis_tracking"]:
remove_solar_tracking(n)
maybe_adjust_costs_and_potentials(n, snakemake.params["adjustments"])
if options["gas_distribution_grid"]:

100
scripts/solve_network.py
View File

@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ import logging
import os
import re
import sys
from functools import reduce
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
@ -123,7 +124,15 @@ def add_land_use_constraint_perfect(n):
def _add_land_use_constraint(n):
# warning: this will miss existing offwind which is not classed AC-DC and has carrier 'offwind'
for carrier in ["solar", "onwind", "offwind-ac", "offwind-dc", "offwind-float"]:
for carrier in [
"solar",
"solar rooftop",
"solar-hsat",
"onwind",
"offwind-ac",
"offwind-dc",
"offwind-float",
]:
extendable_i = (n.generators.carrier == carrier) & n.generators.p_nom_extendable
n.generators.loc[extendable_i, "p_nom_min"] = 0
@ -158,7 +167,14 @@ def _add_land_use_constraint_m(n, planning_horizons, config):
grouping_years = config["existing_capacities"]["grouping_years_power"]
current_horizon = snakemake.wildcards.planning_horizons
for carrier in ["solar", "onwind", "offwind-ac", "offwind-dc", "offwind-float"]:
for carrier in [
"solar",
"solar rooftop",
"solar-hsat",
"onwind",
"offwind-ac",
"offwind-dc",
]:
extendable_i = (n.generators.carrier == carrier) & n.generators.p_nom_extendable
n.generators.loc[extendable_i, "p_nom_min"] = 0
@ -199,6 +215,83 @@ def _add_land_use_constraint_m(n, planning_horizons, config):
n.generators.p_nom_max.clip(lower=0, inplace=True)
def add_solar_potential_constraints(n, config):
"""
Add constraint to make sure the sum capacity of all solar technologies (fixed, tracking, ets. ) is below the region potential.
Example:
ES1 0: total solar potential is 10 GW, meaning:
solar potential : 10 GW
solar-hsat potential : 8 GW (solar with single axis tracking is assumed to have higher land use)
The constraint ensures that:
solar_p_nom + solar_hsat_p_nom * 1.13 <= 10 GW
"""
land_use_factors = {
"solar-hsat": config["renewable"]["solar"]["capacity_per_sqkm"]
/ config["renewable"]["solar-hsat"]["capacity_per_sqkm"],
}
rename = {"Generator-ext": "Generator"}
solar_carriers = ["solar", "solar-hsat"]
solar = n.generators[
n.generators.carrier.isin(solar_carriers) & n.generators.p_nom_extendable
].index
solar_today = n.generators[
(n.generators.carrier == "solar") & (n.generators.p_nom_extendable)
].index
solar_hsat = n.generators[(n.generators.carrier == "solar-hsat")].index
if solar.empty:
return
land_use = pd.DataFrame(1, index=solar, columns=["land_use_factor"])
for carrier, factor in land_use_factors.items():
land_use = land_use.apply(
lambda x: (x * factor) if carrier in x.name else x, axis=1
)
if "m" in snakemake.wildcards.clusters:
location = pd.Series(
[" ".join(i.split(" ")[:2]) for i in n.generators.index],
index=n.generators.index,
)
ggrouper = pd.Series(
n.generators.loc[solar].index.rename("bus").map(location),
index=n.generators.loc[solar].index,
).to_xarray()
rhs = (
n.generators.loc[solar_today, "p_nom_max"]
.groupby(n.generators.loc[solar_today].index.rename("bus").map(location))
.sum()
- n.generators.loc[solar_hsat, "p_nom_opt"]
.groupby(n.generators.loc[solar_hsat].index.rename("bus").map(location))
.sum()
* land_use_factors["solar-hsat"]
).clip(lower=0)
else:
location = pd.Series(n.buses.index, index=n.buses.index)
ggrouper = n.generators.loc[solar].bus
rhs = (
n.generators.loc[solar_today, "p_nom_max"]
.groupby(n.generators.loc[solar_today].bus.map(location))
.sum()
- n.generators.loc[solar_hsat, "p_nom_opt"]
.groupby(n.generators.loc[solar_hsat].bus.map(location))
.sum()
* land_use_factors["solar-hsat"]
).clip(lower=0)
lhs = (
(n.model["Generator-p_nom"].rename(rename).loc[solar] * land_use.squeeze())
.groupby(ggrouper)
.sum()
)
logger.info("Adding solar potential constraint.")
n.model.add_constraints(lhs <= rhs, name="solar_potential")
def add_co2_sequestration_limit(n, limit=200):
"""
Add a global constraint on the amount of Mt CO2 that can be sequestered.
@ -862,6 +955,9 @@ def extra_functionality(n, snapshots):
if EQ_o := constraints["EQ"]:
add_EQ_constraints(n, EQ_o.replace("EQ", ""))
if config["sector"]["solar_utility_horizontal_axis_tracking"]:
add_solar_potential_constraints(n, config)
add_battery_constraints(n)
add_lossy_bidirectional_link_constraints(n)
add_pipe_retrofit_constraint(n)