bjoern/pypsa-eur
1
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull Requests Actions 1 Packages Projects Releases Wiki Activity

Merge pull request #296 from PyPSA/carbon-management

Browse Source 
carbon management
This commit is contained in:
Fabian Neumann 2023-02-16 17:34:30 +01:00 committed by GitHub
commit a1e17b6930
No known key found for this signature in database
GPG Key ID: 4AEE18F83AFDEB23
11 changed files with 179 additions and 28 deletions
Show Stats Download Patch File Download Diff File Expand all files Collapse all files

7
.gitignore vendored
View File

@ -26,6 +26,9 @@ gurobi.log
/data/Industrial_Database.csv
/data/retro/tabula-calculator-calcsetbuilding.csv
/data/nuts*
data/gas_network/scigrid-gas/
dask-worker-space/
publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
*.org
@ -48,3 +51,7 @@ doc/_build
*.xls
*.geojson
*.ipynb
data/costs_*

20
Snakefile
View File

@ -288,6 +288,23 @@ else:
build_biomass_transport_costs_output = {}
if config["sector"]["regional_co2_sequestration_potential"]["enable"]:
rule build_sequestration_potentials:
input:
sequestration_potential=HTTP.remote("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ericzhou571/Co2Storage/main/resources/complete_map_2020_unit_Mt.geojson", keep_local=True),
regions_onshore=pypsaeur("resources/regions_onshore_elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}.geojson"),
regions_offshore=pypsaeur("resources/regions_offshore_elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}.geojson"),
output:
sequestration_potential="resources/co2_sequestration_potential_elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}.csv"
threads: 1
resources: mem_mb=4000
benchmark: "benchmarks/build_sequestration_potentials_s{simpl}_{clusters}"
script: "scripts/build_sequestration_potentials.py"
build_sequestration_potentials_output = rules.build_sequestration_potentials.output
else:
build_sequestration_potentials_output = {}
rule build_salt_cavern_potentials:
input:
salt_caverns="data/h2_salt_caverns_GWh_per_sqkm.geojson",
@ -520,7 +537,8 @@ rule prepare_sector_network:
solar_thermal_rural="resources/solar_thermal_rural_elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}.nc" if config["sector"]["solar_thermal"] else [],
**build_retro_cost_output,
**build_biomass_transport_costs_output,
**gas_infrastructure
**gas_infrastructure,
**build_sequestration_potentials_output
output: RDIR + '/prenetworks/elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}_lv{lv}_{opts}_{sector_opts}_{planning_horizons}.nc'
threads: 1
resources: mem_mb=2000

14
config.default.yaml
View File

@ -250,10 +250,19 @@ sector:
coal_cc: false
dac: true
co2_vent: false
allam_cycle: false
SMR: true
regional_co2_sequestration_potential:
enable: false # enable regionally resolved geological co2 storage potential
attribute: 'conservative estimate Mt'
include_onshore: false # include onshore sequestration potentials
min_size: 3 # Gt, sites with lower potential will be excluded
max_size: 25 # Gt, max sequestration potential for any one site, TODO research suitable value
years_of_storage: 25 # years until potential exhausted at optimised annual rate
co2_sequestration_potential: 200 #MtCO2/a sequestration potential for Europe
co2_sequestration_cost: 10 #EUR/tCO2 for sequestration of CO2
co2_network: false
co2_spatial: false
co2network: false
cc_fraction: 0.9 # default fraction of CO2 captured with post-combustion capture
hydrogen_underground_storage: true
hydrogen_underground_storage_locations:
@ -279,7 +288,8 @@ sector:
gas_network_connectivity_upgrade: 1 # https://networkx.org/documentation/stable/reference/algorithms/generated/networkx.algorithms.connectivity.edge_augmentation.k_edge_augmentation.html#networkx.algorithms.connectivity.edge_augmentation.k_edge_augmentation
gas_distribution_grid: true
gas_distribution_grid_cost_factor: 1.0 #multiplies cost in data/costs.csv
biomass_transport: false # biomass transport between nodes
biomass_spatial: false # regionally resolve biomass (e.g. potentials)
biomass_transport: false # allow transport of solid biomass between nodes
conventional_generation: # generator : carrier
OCGT: gas
biomass_to_liquid: false

24
doc/release_notes.rst
View File

@ -97,6 +97,30 @@ incorporates retrofitting options to hydrogen.
as explicit ICE shares for land transport (``land_transport_ice_share``) and
agriculture machinery (``agriculture_machinery_oil_share``).
* Add option to spatially resolve carrier representing stored carbon dioxide
(``co2_spatial``). This allows for more detailed modelling of CCUTS, e.g.
regarding the capturing of industrial process emissions, usage as feedstock
for electrofuels, transport of carbon dioxide, and geological sequestration sites.
* Add option for planning a new carbon dioxide network (``co2network``).
* Add option for regionally-resolved geological carbon dioxide sequestration
potentials through new rule ``build_sequestration_potentials`` based on
`CO2StoP <https://setis.ec.europa.eu/european-co2-storage-database_en>`_. This
can be controlled in the section ``regional_co2_sequestration_potential`` of
the ``config.yaml``. It includes options to select the level of conservatism,
whether onshore potentials should be included, the respective upper and lower
limits per region, and an annualisation parameter for the cumulative
potential. The defaults are preliminary and will be validated the next
release.
* Separate option to regionally resolve biomass (``biomass_spatial``) from
option to allow biomass transport (``biomass_transport``).
* Add option to include `Allam cycle gas power plants
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allam_power_cycle>`_ (``allam_cycle``).
**Bugfixes**
* The CO2 sequestration limit implemented as GlobalConstraint (introduced in the previous version)

43
scripts/build_sequestration_potentials.py Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
import pandas as pd
import geopandas as gpd
def area(gdf):
"""Returns area of GeoDataFrame geometries in square kilometers."""
return gdf.to_crs(epsg=3035).area.div(1e6)
def allocate_sequestration_potential(gdf, regions, attr='conservative estimate Mt', threshold=3):
gdf = gdf.loc[gdf[attr] > threshold, [attr, "geometry"]]
gdf["area_sqkm"] = area(gdf)
overlay = gpd.overlay(regions, gdf, keep_geom_type=True)
overlay["share"] = area(overlay) / overlay["area_sqkm"]
adjust_cols = overlay.columns.difference({"name", "area_sqkm", "geometry", "share"})
overlay[adjust_cols] = overlay[adjust_cols].multiply(overlay["share"], axis=0)
gdf_regions = overlay.groupby("name").sum()
gdf_regions.drop(["area_sqkm", "share"], axis=1, inplace=True)
return gdf_regions.squeeze()
if __name__ == "__main__":
if 'snakemake' not in globals():
from helper import mock_snakemake
snakemake = mock_snakemake(
'build_sequestration_potentials',
simpl='',
clusters="181"
)
cf = snakemake.config["sector"]["regional_co2_sequestration_potential"]
gdf = gpd.read_file(snakemake.input.sequestration_potential[0])
regions = gpd.read_file(snakemake.input.regions_offshore)
if cf["include_onshore"]:
onregions = gpd.read_file(snakemake.input.regions_onshore)
regions = pd.concat([regions, onregions]).dissolve(by='name').reset_index()
s = allocate_sequestration_potential(gdf, regions, attr=cf["attribute"], threshold=cf["min_size"])
s = s.where(s>cf["min_size"]).dropna()
s.to_csv(snakemake.output.sequestration_potential)

2
scripts/helper.py
View File

@ -138,6 +138,6 @@ def parse(l):
def update_config_with_sector_opts(config, sector_opts):
for o in sector_opts.split("-"):
if o.startswith("CF:"):
if o.startswith("CF+"):
l = o.split("+")[1:]
update_config(config, parse(l))

4
scripts/make_summary.py
View File

@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ def calculate_supply(n, label, supply):
for end in [col[3:] for col in c.df.columns if col[:3] == "bus"]:
items = c.df.index[c.df["bus" + end].map(bus_map, na_action=None)]
items = c.df.index[c.df["bus" + end].map(bus_map).fillna(False)]
if len(items) == 0:
continue
@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ def calculate_supply_energy(n, label, supply_energy):
for end in [col[3:] for col in c.df.columns if col[:3] == "bus"]:
items = c.df.index[c.df["bus" + str(end)].map(bus_map, na_action=None)]
items = c.df.index[c.df["bus" + str(end)].map(bus_map).fillna(False)]
if len(items) == 0:
continue

2
scripts/plot_network.py
View File

@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ def plot_h2_map(network, regions):
else:
h2_total = h2_new
h2_total = h2_new.p_nom_opt
link_widths_total = h2_total / linewidth_factor

87
scripts/prepare_sector_network.py
View File

@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ def define_spatial(nodes, options):
spatial.biomass = SimpleNamespace()
if options["biomass_transport"]:
if options.get("biomass_spatial", options["biomass_transport"]):
spatial.biomass.nodes = nodes + " solid biomass"
spatial.biomass.locations = nodes
spatial.biomass.industry = nodes + " solid biomass for industry"
@ -65,14 +65,16 @@ def define_spatial(nodes, options):
spatial.co2 = SimpleNamespace()
if options["co2_network"]:
if options["co2_spatial"]:
spatial.co2.nodes = nodes + " co2 stored"
spatial.co2.locations = nodes
spatial.co2.vents = nodes + " co2 vent"
spatial.co2.process_emissions = nodes + " process emissions"
else:
spatial.co2.nodes = ["co2 stored"]
spatial.co2.locations = ["EU"]
spatial.co2.vents = ["co2 vent"]
spatial.co2.process_emissions = ["process emissions"]
spatial.co2.df = pd.DataFrame(vars(spatial.co2), index=nodes)
@ -92,8 +94,11 @@ def define_spatial(nodes, options):
spatial.gas.locations = ["EU"]
spatial.gas.biogas = ["EU biogas"]
spatial.gas.industry = ["gas for industry"]
spatial.gas.industry_cc = ["gas for industry CC"]
spatial.gas.biogas_to_gas = ["EU biogas to gas"]
if options.get("co2_spatial", options["co2network"]):
spatial.gas.industry_cc = nodes + " gas for industry CC"
else:
spatial.gas.industry_cc = ["gas for industry CC"]
spatial.gas.df = pd.DataFrame(vars(spatial.gas), index=nodes)
@ -432,6 +437,7 @@ def add_carrier_buses(n, carrier, nodes=None):
e_nom_extendable=True,
e_cyclic=True,
carrier=carrier,
capital_cost=0.2 * costs.at[carrier, "discount rate"] # preliminary value to avoid zeros
)
n.madd("Generator",
@ -511,10 +517,17 @@ def add_co2_tracking(n, options):
unit="t_co2"
)
if options["regional_co2_sequestration_potential"]["enable"]:
upper_limit = options["regional_co2_sequestration_potential"]["max_size"] * 1e3 # Mt
annualiser = options["regional_co2_sequestration_potential"]["years_of_storage"]
e_nom_max = pd.read_csv(snakemake.input.sequestration_potential, index_col=0).squeeze()
e_nom_max = e_nom_max.reindex(spatial.co2.locations).fillna(0.).clip(upper=upper_limit).mul(1e6) / annualiser # t
e_nom_max = e_nom_max.rename(index=lambda x: x + " co2 stored")
n.madd("Store",
spatial.co2.nodes,
e_nom_extendable=True,
e_nom_max=np.inf,
e_nom_max=e_nom_max,
capital_cost=options['co2_sequestration_cost'],
carrier="co2 stored",
bus=spatial.co2.nodes
@ -554,6 +567,29 @@ def add_co2_network(n, costs):
)
def add_allam(n, costs):
logger.info("Adding Allam cycle gas power plants.")
nodes = pop_layout.index
n.madd("Link",
nodes,
suffix=" allam",
bus0=spatial.gas.df.loc[nodes, "nodes"].values,
bus1=nodes,
bus2=spatial.co2.df.loc[nodes, "nodes"].values,
carrier="allam",
p_nom_extendable=True,
# TODO: add costs to technology-data
capital_cost=0.6*1.5e6*0.1, # efficiency * EUR/MW * annuity
marginal_cost=2,
efficiency=0.6,
efficiency2=costs.at['gas', 'CO2 intensity'],
lifetime=30.,
)
def add_dac(n, costs):
heat_carriers = ["urban central heat", "services urban decentral heat"]
@ -1222,7 +1258,7 @@ def add_storage_and_grids(n, costs):
bus0=spatial.coal.nodes,
bus1=spatial.nodes,
bus2="co2 atmosphere",
bus3="co2 stored",
bus3=spatial.co2.nodes,
marginal_cost=costs.at['coal', 'efficiency'] * costs.at['coal', 'VOM'], #NB: VOM is per MWel
capital_cost=costs.at['coal', 'efficiency'] * costs.at['coal', 'fixed'] + costs.at['biomass CHP capture', 'fixed'] * costs.at['coal', 'CO2 intensity'], #NB: fixed cost is per MWel
p_nom_extendable=True,
@ -1832,7 +1868,7 @@ def add_biomass(n, costs):
else:
biogas_potentials_spatial = biomass_potentials["biogas"].sum()
if options["biomass_transport"]:
if options.get("biomass_spatial", options["biomass_transport"]):
solid_biomass_potentials_spatial = biomass_potentials["solid biomass"].rename(index=lambda x: x + " solid biomass")
else:
solid_biomass_potentials_spatial = biomass_potentials["solid biomass"].sum()
@ -1904,10 +1940,10 @@ def add_biomass(n, costs):
biomass_transport.index,
bus0=biomass_transport.bus0 + " solid biomass",
bus1=biomass_transport.bus1 + " solid biomass",
p_nom_extendable=True,
p_nom_extendable=False,
p_nom=5e4,
length=biomass_transport.length.values,
marginal_cost=biomass_transport.costs * biomass_transport.length.values,
capital_cost=1,
carrier="solid biomass transport"
)
@ -2056,7 +2092,7 @@ def add_industry(n, costs):
unit="MWh_LHV"
)
if options["biomass_transport"]:
if options.get("biomass_spatial", options["biomass_transport"]):
p_set = industrial_demand.loc[spatial.biomass.locations, "solid biomass"].rename(index=lambda x: x + " solid biomass for industry") / 8760
else:
p_set = industrial_demand["solid biomass"].sum() / 8760
@ -2402,25 +2438,31 @@ def add_industry(n, costs):
p_set=industrial_demand.loc[nodes, "electricity"] / 8760
)
n.add("Bus",
"process emissions",
location="EU",
n.madd("Bus",
spatial.co2.process_emissions,
location=spatial.co2.locations,
carrier="process emissions",
unit="t_co2"
)
sel = ["process emission", "process emission from feedstock"]
if options["co2_spatial"] or options["co2network"]:
p_set = -industrial_demand.loc[nodes, sel].sum(axis=1).rename(index=lambda x: x + " process emissions") / 8760
else:
p_set = -industrial_demand.loc[nodes, sel].sum(axis=1).sum() / 8760
# this should be process emissions fossil+feedstock
# then need load on atmosphere for feedstock emissions that are currently going to atmosphere via Link Fischer-Tropsch demand
n.add("Load",
"process emissions",
bus="process emissions",
n.madd("Load",
spatial.co2.process_emissions,
bus=spatial.co2.process_emissions,
carrier="process emissions",
p_set=-industrial_demand.loc[nodes,["process emission", "process emission from feedstock"]].sum(axis=1).sum() / 8760
p_set=p_set,
)
n.add("Link",
"process emissions",
bus0="process emissions",
n.madd("Link",
spatial.co2.process_emissions,
bus0=spatial.co2.process_emissions,
bus1="co2 atmosphere",
carrier="process emissions",
p_nom_extendable=True,
@ -2431,7 +2473,7 @@ def add_industry(n, costs):
n.madd("Link",
spatial.co2.locations,
suffix=" process emissions CC",
bus0="process emissions",
bus0=spatial.co2.process_emissions,
bus1="co2 atmosphere",
bus2=spatial.co2.nodes,
carrier="process emissions CC",
@ -2879,9 +2921,12 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
if "noH2network" in opts:
remove_h2_network(n)
if options["co2_network"]:
if options["co2network"]:
add_co2_network(n, costs)
if options["allam_cycle"]:
add_allam(n, costs)
solver_name = snakemake.config["solving"]["solver"]["name"]
n = set_temporal_aggregation(n, opts, solver_name)

2
test/config.myopic.yaml
View File

@ -235,6 +235,8 @@ sector:
dac: true
co2_vent: true
SMR: true
regional_co2_sequestration_potential:
enable: false
co2_sequestration_potential: 200 #MtCO2/a sequestration potential for Europe
co2_sequestration_cost: 10 #EUR/tCO2 for sequestration of CO2
co2_network: false

2
test/config.overnight.yaml
View File

@ -233,6 +233,8 @@ sector:
dac: true
co2_vent: true
SMR: true
regional_co2_sequestration_potential:
enable: false
co2_sequestration_potential: 200 #MtCO2/a sequestration potential for Europe
co2_sequestration_cost: 10 #EUR/tCO2 for sequestration of CO2
co2_network: false