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update description of mechanical and chemical recycling of plastics

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martavp 2022-10-25 09:23:35 +02:00
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doc/supply_demand.rst
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@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ For the remaining subprocesses in this sector, the following transformations are
The chemicals industry includes a wide range of diverse industries, including the production of basic organic compounds (olefins, alcohols, aromatics), basic inorganic compounds (ammonia, chlorine), polymers (plastics), and end-user products (cosmetics, pharmaceutics). The chemicals industry includes a wide range of diverse industries, including the production of basic organic compounds (olefins, alcohols, aromatics), basic inorganic compounds (ammonia, chlorine), polymers (plastics), and end-user products (cosmetics, pharmaceutics).
The chemicals industry consumes large amounts of fossil-fuel based feedstocks (see `Levi et. al <https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.7b04573>`_), which can also be produced from renewables as outlined for hydrogen (see :ref:`Hydrogen supply`), for methane (see :ref:`Methane supply`), and for oil-based products (see :ref:`Oil-based products supply`). The ratio between synthetic and fossil-based fuels used in the industry is an endogenous result of the opti- misation. The chemicals industry consumes large amounts of fossil-fuel based feedstocks (see `Levi et. al <https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.7b04573>`_), which can also be produced from renewables as outlined for hydrogen (see :ref:`Hydrogen supply`), for methane (see :ref:`Methane supply`), and for oil-based products (see :ref:`Oil-based products supply`). The ratio between synthetic and fossil-based fuels used in the industry is an endogenous result of the optimisation.
The basic chemicals consumption data from the `JRC IDEES <https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/989282db-ad65-11e7-837e-01aa75ed71a1/language-en>`_ database comprises high- value chemicals (ethylene, propylene and BTX), chlorine, methanol and ammonia. However, it is necessary to separate out these chemicals because their current and future production routes are different. The basic chemicals consumption data from the `JRC IDEES <https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/989282db-ad65-11e7-837e-01aa75ed71a1/language-en>`_ database comprises high- value chemicals (ethylene, propylene and BTX), chlorine, methanol and ammonia. However, it is necessary to separate out these chemicals because their current and future production routes are different.
@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ N_2 + 3H_2 → 2NH_3
$$ $$
The Haber-Bosch process is not explicitly represented in the model, such that demand for ammonia enters the model as a demand for hydrogen ( 6.5 MWh $_{H_2}$ / t $_{NH_3}$ ) and electricity ( 1.17 MWh$_{el}$ /t $_{NH_3}$ ) (see `Wang et. al <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2018.04.017>`_). Today, natural gas dominates in Europe as the source for the hydrogen used in the Haber-Bosch process, but the model can choose among the various hydrogen supply options described in the hydrogen section (see :ref:`Hydrogen supply`) The Haber-Bosch process is not explicitly represented in the model, such that demand for ammonia enters the model as a demand for hydrogen ( 6.5 MWh $_{H_2}$ / t $_{NH_3}$ ) and electricity ( 1.17 MWh $_{el}$ /t $_{NH_3}$ ) (see `Wang et. al <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2018.04.017>`_). Today, natural gas dominates in Europe as the source for the hydrogen used in the Haber-Bosch process, but the model can choose among the various hydrogen supply options described in the hydrogen section (see :ref:`Hydrogen supply`)
The total production and specific energy consumption of chlorine and methanol is taken from a `DECHEMA report <https://dechema.de/dechema_media/Downloads/Positionspapiere/Technology_study_Low_carbon_energy_and_feedstock_for_the_European_chemical_industry.pdf>`_. According to this source, the production of chlorine amounts to 9.58 MtCl/a, which is assumed to require electricity at 3.6 MWh $_{el}$/t of chlorine and yield hydrogen at 0.937 MWh $_{H_2}$/t of chlorine in the chloralkali process. The production of methanol adds up to 1.5 MtMeOH/a, requiring electricity at 0.167 MWh $_{el}$/t of methanol and methane at 10.25 MWh $_{CH_4}$/t of methanol. The total production and specific energy consumption of chlorine and methanol is taken from a `DECHEMA report <https://dechema.de/dechema_media/Downloads/Positionspapiere/Technology_study_Low_carbon_energy_and_feedstock_for_the_European_chemical_industry.pdf>`_. According to this source, the production of chlorine amounts to 9.58 MtCl/a, which is assumed to require electricity at 3.6 MWh $_{el}$/t of chlorine and yield hydrogen at 0.937 MWh $_{H_2}$/t of chlorine in the chloralkali process. The production of methanol adds up to 1.5 MtMeOH/a, requiring electricity at 0.167 MWh $_{el}$/t of methanol and methane at 10.25 MWh $_{CH_4}$/t of methanol.
@ -457,9 +457,8 @@ The production of ammonia, methanol, and chlorine production is deducted from th
The process emissions from feedstock in the chemical industry are as high as 0.369 t $_{CO_2}$/t of ethylene equivalent. We consider process emissions for all the material output, which is a conservative approach since it assumes that all plastic-embedded $CO_2$ will eventually be released into the atmosphere. However, plastic disposal in landfilling will avoid, or at least delay, associated $CO_2$ emissions. The process emissions from feedstock in the chemical industry are as high as 0.369 t $_{CO_2}$/t of ethylene equivalent. We consider process emissions for all the material output, which is a conservative approach since it assumes that all plastic-embedded $CO_2$ will eventually be released into the atmosphere. However, plastic disposal in landfilling will avoid, or at least delay, associated $CO_2$ emissions.
Circular economy practices drastically reduce the amount of primary feedstock needed for the production of plastics in the model (see `Kullmann et al. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.124660>`_, `Meys et al. (2021) <https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abg9853>`_, `Meys et al. (2020) <https://doi.org/10/gmxv6z>`_, `Gu et al. <https://doi.org/10/gf8n9w>`_) and consequently, also the energy demands and level of process emission. The percentage of plastics that are asumed to be mechanically recycled can be selected in the `config file <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/776596ab9ac6a6cc93422ccfd0383abeffb0baa9/config.default.yaml#L315>`_, as well as
Circular economy practices drastically reduce the amount of primary feedstock needed for the production of plastics in the model (see `Kullmann et al. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.124660>`_, `Meys et al. (2021) <https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abg9853>`_, `Meys et al. (2020) <https://doi.org/10/gmxv6z>`_, `Gu et al. <https://doi.org/10/gf8n9w>`_) and consequently, also the energy demands and level of process emission (LINK TO PROCESS EMISSIONS FIGURE). We assume that 30% of plastics are mechanically recycled requiring 0.547 MWh $_{el}$/t of HVC (`Meys et al. (2020) <https://doi.org/10/gmxv6z>`_), 15% of plastics are chemically recycled requiring 6.9 MWh $_{el}$/t of HVC based on pyrolysis and electric steam cracking (see `Materials Economics <https://materialeconomics.com/publications/industrial-transformation-2050>`_ report, and 10% of plastics are reused (equivalent to reduction in demand). The remaining 45% need to be produced from primary feedstock. In comparison, Material Economics presents a scenario with circular economy scenario with 27% primary production, 18% mechanical recycling, 28% chemical recycling, and 27% reuse. Another new-processes scenario has 33% primary production, 14% mechanical recycling, 40% chemical recycling, and 13% reuse. the percentage that is chemically recycled `config file <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/776596ab9ac6a6cc93422ccfd0383abeffb0baa9/config.default.yaml#L316>`_ The energy consumption for those recycling process are respectively `0.547 MWh $_{el}$/t of HVC <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/776596ab9ac6a6cc93422ccfd0383abeffb0baa9/config.default.yaml#L318>`_ (`Meys et al. (2020) <https://doi.org/10/gmxv6z>`_), and `6.9 MWh $_{el}$/t of HVC of HVC <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/776596ab9ac6a6cc93422ccfd0383abeffb0baa9/config.default.yaml#L319>`_ based on pyrolysis and electric steam cracking (see `Materials Economics <https://materialeconomics.com/publications/industrial-transformation-2050>`_ report, ).
**Non-metallic Mineral Products** **Non-metallic Mineral Products**