Merge branch 'master' into jrc-idees-2020
This commit is contained in:
lisazeyen
GitHub
commit
95903eeca7
@ -65,10 +65,10 @@ The dataset consists of:
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(alternating current lines at and above 220kV voltage level and all high
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voltage direct current lines) and 3803 substations.
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- The open power plant database
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[powerplantmatching](https://github.com/FRESNA/powerplantmatching).
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[powerplantmatching](https://github.com/PyPSA/powerplantmatching).
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- Electrical demand time series from the
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[OPSD project](https://open-power-system-data.org/).
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- Renewable time series based on ERA5 and SARAH, assembled using the [atlite tool](https://github.com/FRESNA/atlite).
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- Renewable time series based on ERA5 and SARAH, assembled using the [atlite tool](https://github.com/PyPSA/atlite).
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- Geographical potentials for wind and solar generators based on land use (CORINE) and excluding nature reserves (Natura2000) are computed with the [atlite library](https://github.com/PyPSA/atlite).
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A sector-coupled extension adds demand
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@ -355,7 +355,6 @@ biomass:
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- Secondary Forestry residues - woodchips
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- Sawdust
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- Residues from landscape care
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- Municipal waste
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not included:
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- Sugar from sugar beet
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- Rape seed
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@ -369,6 +368,8 @@ biomass:
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biogas:
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- Manure solid, liquid
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- Sludge
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municipal solid waste:
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- Municipal waste
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# docs in https://pypsa-eur.readthedocs.io/en/latest/configuration.html#solar-thermal
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solar_thermal:
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@ -397,6 +398,7 @@ sector:
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biomass: true
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industry: true
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agriculture: true
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fossil_fuels: true
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district_heating:
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potential: 0.6
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progress:
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@ -596,7 +598,9 @@ sector:
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conventional_generation:
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OCGT: gas
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biomass_to_liquid: false
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electrobiofuels: false
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biosng: false
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municipal_solid_waste: false
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limit_max_growth:
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enable: false
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# allowing 30% larger than max historic growth
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@ -618,6 +622,12 @@ sector:
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max_boost: 0.25
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var_cf: true
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sustainability_factor: 0.0025
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solid_biomass_import:
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enable: false
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price: 54 #EUR/MWh
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max_amount: 1390 # TWh
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upstream_emissions_factor: .1 #share of solid biomass CO2 emissions at full combustion
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# docs in https://pypsa-eur.readthedocs.io/en/latest/configuration.html#industry
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industry:
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@ -1015,6 +1025,8 @@ plotting:
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biogas: '#e3d37d'
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biomass: '#baa741'
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solid biomass: '#baa741'
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municipal solid waste: '#91ba41'
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solid biomass import: '#d5ca8d'
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solid biomass transport: '#baa741'
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solid biomass for industry: '#7a6d26'
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solid biomass for industry CC: '#47411c'
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@ -1028,6 +1040,7 @@ plotting:
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services rural biomass boiler: '#c6cf98'
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services urban decentral biomass boiler: '#dde5b5'
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biomass to liquid: '#32CD32'
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electrobiofuels: 'red'
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BioSNG: '#123456'
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# power transmission
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lines: '#6c9459'
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@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Cross-Channel,France - Echingen 50°41′48″N 1°38′21″E / 50.69667
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Volgograd-Donbass,Russia - Volzhskaya 48°49′34″N 44°40′20″E / 48.82611°N 44.67222°E,Ukraine - Mikhailovskaya 48°39′13″N 38°33′56″E / 48.65361°N 38.56556°E,475(0/475),400,750.0,1965,Merc/Thyr,Shut down in 2014,[1],44.672222222222224,48.82611111111111,38.565555555555555,48.65361111111111
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Konti-Skan 1,Denmark - Vester Hassing 57°3′46″N 10°5′24″E / 57.06278°N 10.09000°E,Sweden - Stenkullen 57°48′15″N 12°19′13″E / 57.80417°N 12.32028°E,176(87/89),250,250.0,1965,Merc,Replaced in August 2006 by modern converters using thyristors,[1],10.09,57.062777777777775,12.320277777777777,57.80416666666667
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SACOI 1a,Italy - Suvereto 43°3′10″N 10°41′42″E / 43.05278°N 10.69500°E ( before 1992: Italy - San Dalmazio 43°15′43″N 10°55′05″E / 43.26194°N 10.91806°E),"France- Lucciana 42°31′40″N 9°26′59″E / 42.52778°N 9.44972°E",483(365/118),200,200.0,1965,Merc,"Replaced in 1986 by Thyr- multiterminal scheme",[1],10.695,43.05277777777778,9.449722222222222,42.52777777777778
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SACOI 1b,"France- Lucciana 42°31′40″N 9°26′59″E / 42.52778°N 9.44972°E", "Codrongianos- Italy 40°39′7″N 8°42′48″E / 40.65194°N 8.71333°E",483(365/118),200,200.0,1965,Merc,"Replaced in 1986 by Thyr- multiterminal scheme",[1],9.449722222222222,42.52777777777778,8.679351,40.65765
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SACOI 1b,"France- Lucciana 42°31′40″N 9°26′59″E / 42.52778°N 9.44972°E","Codrongianos- Italy 40°39′7″N 8°42′48″E / 40.65194°N 8.71333°E",483(365/118),200,200.0,1965,Merc,"Replaced in 1986 by Thyr- multiterminal scheme",[1],9.449722222222222,42.52777777777778,8.679351,40.65765
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Kingsnorth,UK - Kingsnorth 51°25′11″N 0°35′46″E / 51.41972°N 0.59611°E,UK - London-Beddington 51°22′23″N 0°7′38″W / 51.37306°N 0.12722°W,85(85/0),266,320.0,1975,Merc,Bipolar scheme Supplier: English Electric Shut down in 1987,[33],0.5961111111111111,51.41972222222222,-0.1272222222222222,51.37305555555555
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Skagerrak 1 + 2,Denmark - Tjele 56°28′44″N 9°34′1″E / 56.47889°N 9.56694°E,Norway - Kristiansand 58°15′36″N 7°53′55″E / 58.26000°N 7.89861°E,230(130/100),250,500.0,1977,Thyr,Supplier: STK(Nexans) Control system upgrade by ABB in 2007,[34][35][36],9.566944444444445,56.47888888888889,7.898611111111111,58.26
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Gotland 2,Sweden - Västervik 57°43′41″N 16°38′51″E / 57.72806°N 16.64750°E,Sweden - Yigne 57°35′13″N 18°11′44″E / 57.58694°N 18.19556°E,99.5(92.9/6.6),150,130.0,1983,Thyr,Supplier: ABB,,16.6475,57.72805555555556,18.195555555555554,57.58694444444444
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@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ Visby-Nas,Sweden - Nas 57°05′58″N 18°14′27″E / 57.09944°N 18.24
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SwePol,Poland - Wierzbięcin 54°30′8″N 16°53′28″E / 54.50222°N 16.89111°E,Sweden - Stärnö 56°9′11″N 14°50′29″E / 56.15306°N 14.84139°E,245(245/0),450,600.0,2000,Thyr,Supplier: ABB,[38],16.891111111111112,54.50222222222222,14.841388888888888,56.153055555555554
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Tjæreborg,Denmark - Tjæreborg/Enge 55°26′52″N 8°35′34″E / 55.44778°N 8.59278°E,Denmark - Tjæreborg/Substation 55°28′07″N 8°33′36″E / 55.46861°N 8.56000°E,4.3(4.3/0),9,7.0,2000,IGBT,Interconnection to wind power generating stations,,8.592777777777778,55.44777777777778,8.56,55.46861111111111
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Italy-Greece,Greece - Arachthos 39°11′00″N 20°57′48″E / 39.18333°N 20.96333°E,Italy - Galatina 40°9′53″N 18°7′49″E / 40.16472°N 18.13028°E,310(200/110),400,500.0,2001,Thyr,,,20.963333333333335,39.18333333333333,18.130277777777778,40.164722222222224
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Moyle,UK - Auchencrosh 55°04′10″N 4°58′50″W / 55.06944°N 4.98056°W,UK - N. Ireland- Ballycronan More 54°50′34″N 5°46′11″W / 54.84278°N 5.76972°W,63.5(63.5/0),250,2501.0,2001,Thyr,"Supplier: Siemens- Nexans",[39],-4.980555555555556,55.06944444444444,-5.769722222222223,54.842777777777776
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Moyle,UK - Auchencrosh 55°04′10″N 4°58′50″W / 55.06944°N 4.98056°W,UK - N. Ireland- Ballycronan More 54°50′34″N 5°46′11″W / 54.84278°N 5.76972°W,63.5(63.5/0),250,500.0,2001,Thyr,"Supplier: Siemens- Nexans",[39],-4.980555555555556,55.06944444444444,-5.769722222222223,54.842777777777776
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HVDC Troll,Norway - Kollsnes 60°33′01″N 4°50′26″E / 60.55028°N 4.84056°E,Norway - Offshore platform Troll A 60°40′00″N 3°40′00″E / 60.66667°N 3.66667°E,70(70/0),60,80.0,2004,IGBT,Power supply for offshore gas compressor Supplier: ABB,[40],4.8405555555555555,60.55027777777778,3.6666666666666665,60.666666666666664
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Estlink,Finland - Espoo 60°12′14″N 24°33′06″E / 60.20389°N 24.55167°E,Estonia - Harku 59°23′5″N 24°33′37″E / 59.38472°N 24.56028°E,105(105/0),150,350.0,2006,IGBT,Supplier: ABB,[40],24.551666666666666,60.20388888888889,24.560277777777777,59.38472222222222
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NorNed,Netherlands - Eemshaven 53°26′4″N 6°51′57″E / 53.43444°N 6.86583°E,Norway - Feda 58°16′58″N 6°51′55″E / 58.28278°N 6.86528°E,580(580/0),450,700.0,2008,Thyr,"Supplier: ABB- Nexans",[40],6.865833333333334,53.434444444444445,6.865277777777778,58.28277777777778
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@ -341,4 +341,6 @@ texinfo_documents = [
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# Example configuration for intersphinx: refer to the Python standard library.
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intersphinx_mapping = {"https://docs.python.org/": None}
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intersphinx_mapping = {
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'https://docs.python.org/': ('https://docs.python.org/3', None),
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}
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@ -1,155 +1,162 @@
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,Unit,Values,Description
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transport,--,"{true, false}",Flag to include transport sector.
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heating,--,"{true, false}",Flag to include heating sector.
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biomass,--,"{true, false}",Flag to include biomass sector.
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industry,--,"{true, false}",Flag to include industry sector.
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agriculture,--,"{true, false}",Flag to include agriculture sector.
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district_heating,--,,`prepare_sector_network.py <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/master/scripts/prepare_sector_network.py>`_
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-- potential,--,float,maximum fraction of urban demand which can be supplied by district heating. Ignored where below current fraction.
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-- progress,--,Dictionary with planning horizons as keys., Increase of today's district heating demand to potential maximum district heating share. Progress = 0 means today's district heating share. Progress = 1 means maximum fraction of urban demand is supplied by district heating
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-- district_heating_loss,--,float,Share increase in district heat demand in urban central due to heat losses
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cluster_heat_buses,--,"{true, false}",Cluster residential and service heat buses in `prepare_sector_network.py <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/master/scripts/prepare_sector_network.py>`_ to one to save memory.
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,,,
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bev_dsm_restriction _value,--,float,Adds a lower state of charge (SOC) limit for battery electric vehicles (BEV) to manage its own energy demand (DSM). Located in `build_transport_demand.py <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/master/scripts/build_transport_demand.py>`_. Set to 0 for no restriction on BEV DSM
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bev_dsm_restriction _time,--,float,Time at which SOC of BEV has to be dsm_restriction_value
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transport_heating _deadband_upper,°C,float,"The maximum temperature in the vehicle. At higher temperatures, the energy required for cooling in the vehicle increases."
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transport_heating _deadband_lower,°C,float,"The minimum temperature in the vehicle. At lower temperatures, the energy required for heating in the vehicle increases."
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,,,
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ICE_lower_degree_factor,--,float,Share increase in energy demand in internal combustion engine (ICE) for each degree difference between the cold environment and the minimum temperature.
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ICE_upper_degree_factor,--,float,Share increase in energy demand in internal combustion engine (ICE) for each degree difference between the hot environment and the maximum temperature.
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EV_lower_degree_factor,--,float,Share increase in energy demand in electric vehicles (EV) for each degree difference between the cold environment and the minimum temperature.
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EV_upper_degree_factor,--,float,Share increase in energy demand in electric vehicles (EV) for each degree difference between the hot environment and the maximum temperature.
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bev_dsm,--,"{true, false}",Add the option for battery electric vehicles (BEV) to participate in demand-side management (DSM)
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,,,
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bev_availability,--,float,The share for battery electric vehicles (BEV) that are able to do demand side management (DSM)
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bev_energy,--,float,The average size of battery electric vehicles (BEV) in MWh
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bev_charge_efficiency,--,float,Battery electric vehicles (BEV) charge and discharge efficiency
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bev_charge_rate,MWh,float,The power consumption for one electric vehicle (EV) in MWh. Value derived from 3-phase charger with 11 kW.
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bev_avail_max,--,float,The maximum share plugged-in availability for passenger electric vehicles.
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bev_avail_mean,--,float,The average share plugged-in availability for passenger electric vehicles.
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v2g,--,"{true, false}",Allows feed-in to grid from EV battery
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land_transport_fuel_cell _share,--,Dictionary with planning horizons as keys.,The share of vehicles that uses fuel cells in a given year
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land_transport_electric _share,--,Dictionary with planning horizons as keys.,The share of vehicles that uses electric vehicles (EV) in a given year
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land_transport_ice _share,--,Dictionary with planning horizons as keys.,The share of vehicles that uses internal combustion engines (ICE) in a given year. What is not EV or FCEV is oil-fuelled ICE.
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transport_electric_efficiency,MWh/100km,float,The conversion efficiencies of electric vehicles in transport
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transport_fuel_cell_efficiency,MWh/100km,float,The H2 conversion efficiencies of fuel cells in transport
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transport_ice_efficiency,MWh/100km,float,The oil conversion efficiencies of internal combustion engine (ICE) in transport
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agriculture_machinery _electric_share,--,float,The share for agricultural machinery that uses electricity
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agriculture_machinery _oil_share,--,float,The share for agricultural machinery that uses oil
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agriculture_machinery _fuel_efficiency,--,float,The efficiency of electric-powered machinery in the conversion of electricity to meet agricultural needs.
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agriculture_machinery _electric_efficiency,--,float,The efficiency of oil-powered machinery in the conversion of oil to meet agricultural needs.
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Mwh_MeOH_per_MWh_H2,LHV,float,"The energy amount of the produced methanol per energy amount of hydrogen. From `DECHEMA (2017) <https://dechema.de/dechema_media/Downloads/Positionspapiere/Technology_study_Low_carbon_energy_and_feedstock_for_the_European_chemical_industry-p-20002750.pdf>`_, page 64."
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MWh_MeOH_per_tCO2,LHV,float,"The energy amount of the produced methanol per ton of CO2. From `DECHEMA (2017) <https://dechema.de/dechema_media/Downloads/Positionspapiere/Technology_study_Low_carbon_energy_and_feedstock_for_the_European_chemical_industry-p-20002750.pdf>`_, page 66."
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MWh_MeOH_per_MWh_e,LHV,float,"The energy amount of the produced methanol per energy amount of electricity. From `DECHEMA (2017) <https://dechema.de/dechema_media/Downloads/Positionspapiere/Technology_study_Low_carbon_energy_and_feedstock_for_the_European_chemical_industry-p-20002750.pdf>`_, page 64."
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shipping_hydrogen _liquefaction,--,"{true, false}",Whether to include liquefaction costs for hydrogen demand in shipping.
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,,,
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shipping_hydrogen_share,--,Dictionary with planning horizons as keys.,The share of ships powered by hydrogen in a given year
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shipping_methanol_share,--,Dictionary with planning horizons as keys.,The share of ships powered by methanol in a given year
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shipping_oil_share,--,Dictionary with planning horizons as keys.,The share of ships powered by oil in a given year
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shipping_methanol _efficiency,--,float,The efficiency of methanol-powered ships in the conversion of methanol to meet shipping needs (propulsion). The efficiency increase from oil can be 10-15% higher according to the `IEA <https://www.iea-amf.org/app/webroot/files/file/Annex%20Reports/AMF_Annex_56.pdf>`_
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,,,
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shipping_oil_efficiency,--,float,The efficiency of oil-powered ships in the conversion of oil to meet shipping needs (propulsion). Base value derived from 2011
|
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aviation_demand_factor,--,float,The proportion of demand for aviation compared to today's consumption
|
||||
HVC_demand_factor,--,float,The proportion of demand for high-value chemicals compared to today's consumption
|
||||
,,,
|
||||
time_dep_hp_cop,--,"{true, false}",Consider the time dependent coefficient of performance (COP) of the heat pump
|
||||
heat_pump_sink_T,°C,float,The temperature heat sink used in heat pumps based on DTU / large area radiators. The value is conservatively high to cover hot water and space heating in poorly-insulated buildings
|
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reduce_space_heat _exogenously,--,"{true, false}",Influence on space heating demand by a certain factor (applied before losses in district heating).
|
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reduce_space_heat _exogenously_factor,--,Dictionary with planning horizons as keys.,"A positive factor can mean renovation or demolition of a building. If the factor is negative, it can mean an increase in floor area, increased thermal comfort, population growth. The default factors are determined by the `Eurocalc Homes and buildings decarbonization scenario <http://tool.european-calculator.eu/app/buildings/building-types-area/?levers=1ddd4444421213bdbbbddd44444ffffff11f411111221111211l212221>`_"
|
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retrofitting,,,
|
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-- retro_endogen,--,"{true, false}",Add retrofitting as an endogenous system which co-optimise space heat savings.
|
||||
-- cost_factor,--,float,Weight costs for building renovation
|
||||
-- interest_rate,--,float,The interest rate for investment in building components
|
||||
-- annualise_cost,--,"{true, false}",Annualise the investment costs of retrofitting
|
||||
-- tax_weighting,--,"{true, false}",Weight the costs of retrofitting depending on taxes in countries
|
||||
-- construction_index,--,"{true, false}",Weight the costs of retrofitting depending on labour/material costs per country
|
||||
tes,--,"{true, false}",Add option for storing thermal energy in large water pits associated with district heating systems and individual thermal energy storage (TES)
|
||||
tes_tau,,,The time constant used to calculate the decay of thermal energy in thermal energy storage (TES): 1- :math:`e^{-1/24τ}`.
|
||||
-- decentral,days,float,The time constant in decentralized thermal energy storage (TES)
|
||||
-- central,days,float,The time constant in centralized thermal energy storage (TES)
|
||||
boilers,--,"{true, false}",Add option for transforming gas into heat using gas boilers
|
||||
resistive_heaters,--,"{true, false}",Add option for transforming electricity into heat using resistive heaters (independently from gas boilers)
|
||||
oil_boilers,--,"{true, false}",Add option for transforming oil into heat using boilers
|
||||
biomass_boiler,--,"{true, false}",Add option for transforming biomass into heat using boilers
|
||||
overdimension_individual_heating,--,"float",Add option for overdimensioning individual heating systems by a certain factor. This allows them to cover heat demand peaks e.g. 10% higher than those in the data with a setting of 1.1.
|
||||
chp,--,"{true, false}",Add option for using Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
|
||||
micro_chp,--,"{true, false}",Add option for using Combined Heat and Power (CHP) for decentral areas.
|
||||
solar_thermal,--,"{true, false}",Add option for using solar thermal to generate heat.
|
||||
solar_cf_correction,--,float,The correction factor for the value provided by the solar thermal profile calculations
|
||||
marginal_cost_storage,currency/MWh ,float,The marginal cost of discharging batteries in distributed grids
|
||||
methanation,--,"{true, false}",Add option for transforming hydrogen and CO2 into methane using methanation.
|
||||
coal_cc,--,"{true, false}",Add option for coal CHPs with carbon capture
|
||||
dac,--,"{true, false}",Add option for Direct Air Capture (DAC)
|
||||
co2_vent,--,"{true, false}",Add option for vent out CO2 from storages to the atmosphere.
|
||||
allam_cycle,--,"{true, false}",Add option to include `Allam cycle gas power plants <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allam_power_cycle>`_
|
||||
hydrogen_fuel_cell,--,"{true, false}",Add option to include hydrogen fuel cell for re-electrification. Assuming OCGT technology costs
|
||||
hydrogen_turbine,--,"{true, false}",Add option to include hydrogen turbine for re-electrification. Assuming OCGT technology costs
|
||||
SMR,--,"{true, false}",Add option for transforming natural gas into hydrogen and CO2 using Steam Methane Reforming (SMR)
|
||||
SMR CC,--,"{true, false}",Add option for transforming natural gas into hydrogen and CO2 using Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) and Carbon Capture (CC)
|
||||
regional_methanol_demand,--,"{true, false}",Spatially resolve methanol demand. Set to true if regional CO2 constraints needed.
|
||||
regional_oil_demand,--,"{true, false}",Spatially resolve oil demand. Set to true if regional CO2 constraints needed.
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||||
regional_co2 _sequestration_potential,,,
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-- enable,--,"{true, false}",Add option for regionally-resolved geological carbon dioxide sequestration potentials based on `CO2StoP <https://setis.ec.europa.eu/european-co2-storage-database_en>`_.
|
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-- attribute,--,string or list,Name (or list of names) of the attribute(s) for the sequestration potential
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-- include_onshore,--,"{true, false}",Add options for including onshore sequestration potentials
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-- min_size,Gt ,float,Any sites with lower potential than this value will be excluded
|
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-- max_size,Gt ,float,The maximum sequestration potential for any one site.
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-- years_of_storage,years,float,The years until potential exhausted at optimised annual rate
|
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co2_sequestration_potential,MtCO2/a,float,The potential of sequestering CO2 in Europe per year
|
||||
co2_sequestration_cost,currency/tCO2,float,The cost of sequestering a ton of CO2
|
||||
co2_sequestration_lifetime,years,int,The lifetime of a CO2 sequestration site
|
||||
co2_spatial,--,"{true, false}","Add option to spatially resolve carrier representing stored carbon dioxide. This allows for more detailed modelling of CCUTS, e.g. regarding the capturing of industrial process emissions, usage as feedstock for electrofuels, transport of carbon dioxide, and geological sequestration sites."
|
||||
,,,
|
||||
co2network,--,"{true, false}",Add option for planning a new carbon dioxide transmission network
|
||||
co2_network_cost_factor,p.u.,float,The cost factor for the capital cost of the carbon dioxide transmission network
|
||||
,,,
|
||||
cc_fraction,--,float,The default fraction of CO2 captured with post-combustion capture
|
||||
hydrogen_underground _storage,--,"{true, false}",Add options for storing hydrogen underground. Storage potential depends regionally.
|
||||
hydrogen_underground _storage_locations,,"{onshore, nearshore, offshore}","The location where hydrogen underground storage can be located. Onshore, nearshore, offshore means it must be located more than 50 km away from the sea, within 50 km of the sea, or within the sea itself respectively."
|
||||
,,,
|
||||
ammonia,--,"{true, false, regional}","Add ammonia as a carrrier. It can be either true (copperplated NH3), false (no NH3 carrier) or ""regional"" (regionalised NH3 without network)"
|
||||
min_part_load_fischer _tropsch,per unit of p_nom ,float,The minimum unit dispatch (``p_min_pu``) for the Fischer-Tropsch process
|
||||
min_part_load _methanolisation,per unit of p_nom ,float,The minimum unit dispatch (``p_min_pu``) for the methanolisation process
|
||||
,,,
|
||||
use_fischer_tropsch _waste_heat,--,"{true, false}",Add option for using waste heat of Fischer Tropsch in district heating networks
|
||||
use_fuel_cell_waste_heat,--,"{true, false}",Add option for using waste heat of fuel cells in district heating networks
|
||||
use_electrolysis_waste _heat,--,"{true, false}",Add option for using waste heat of electrolysis in district heating networks
|
||||
electricity_transmission _grid,--,"{true, false}",Switch for enabling/disabling the electricity transmission grid.
|
||||
electricity_distribution _grid,--,"{true, false}",Add a simplified representation of the exchange capacity between transmission and distribution grid level through a link.
|
||||
electricity_distribution _grid_cost_factor,,,Multiplies the investment cost of the electricity distribution grid
|
||||
,,,
|
||||
electricity_grid _connection,--,"{true, false}",Add the cost of electricity grid connection for onshore wind and solar
|
||||
transmission_efficiency,,,Section to specify transmission losses or compression energy demands of bidirectional links. Splits them into two capacity-linked unidirectional links.
|
||||
-- {carrier},--,str,The carrier of the link.
|
||||
-- -- efficiency_static,p.u.,float,Length-independent transmission efficiency.
|
||||
-- -- efficiency_per_1000km,p.u. per 1000 km,float,Length-dependent transmission efficiency ($\eta^{\text{length}}$)
|
||||
-- -- compression_per_1000km,p.u. per 1000 km,float,Length-dependent electricity demand for compression ($\eta \cdot \text{length}$) implemented as multi-link to local electricity bus.
|
||||
H2_network,--,"{true, false}",Add option for new hydrogen pipelines
|
||||
gas_network,--,"{true, false}","Add existing natural gas infrastructure, incl. LNG terminals, production and entry-points. The existing gas network is added with a lossless transport model. A length-weighted `k-edge augmentation algorithm <https://networkx.org/documentation/stable/reference/algorithms/generated/networkx.algorithms.connectivity.edge_augmentation.k_edge_augmentation.html#networkx.algorithms.connectivity.edge_augmentation.k_edge_augmentation>`_ can be run to add new candidate gas pipelines such that all regions of the model can be connected to the gas network. When activated, all the gas demands are regionally disaggregated as well."
|
||||
H2_retrofit,--,"{true, false}",Add option for retrofiting existing pipelines to transport hydrogen.
|
||||
H2_retrofit_capacity _per_CH4,--,float,"The ratio for H2 capacity per original CH4 capacity of retrofitted pipelines. The `European Hydrogen Backbone (April, 2020) p.15 <https://gasforclimate2050.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/2020_European-Hydrogen-Backbone_Report.pdf>`_ 60% of original natural gas capacity could be used in cost-optimal case as H2 capacity."
|
||||
gas_network_connectivity _upgrade ,--,float,The number of desired edge connectivity (k) in the length-weighted `k-edge augmentation algorithm <https://networkx.org/documentation/stable/reference/algorithms/generated/networkx.algorithms.connectivity.edge_augmentation.k_edge_augmentation.html#networkx.algorithms.connectivity.edge_augmentation.k_edge_augmentation>`_ used for the gas network
|
||||
gas_distribution_grid,--,"{true, false}",Add a gas distribution grid
|
||||
gas_distribution_grid _cost_factor,,,Multiplier for the investment cost of the gas distribution grid
|
||||
,,,
|
||||
biomass_spatial,--,"{true, false}",Add option for resolving biomass demand regionally
|
||||
biomass_transport,--,"{true, false}",Add option for transporting solid biomass between nodes
|
||||
biogas_upgrading_cc,--,"{true, false}",Add option to capture CO2 from biomass upgrading
|
||||
conventional_generation,,,Add a more detailed description of conventional carriers. Any power generation requires the consumption of fuel from nodes representing that fuel.
|
||||
biomass_to_liquid,--,"{true, false}",Add option for transforming solid biomass into liquid fuel with the same properties as oil
|
||||
biosng,--,"{true, false}",Add option for transforming solid biomass into synthesis gas with the same properties as natural gas
|
||||
limit_max_growth,,,
|
||||
-- enable,--,"{true, false}",Add option to limit the maximum growth of a carrier
|
||||
-- factor,p.u.,float,The maximum growth factor of a carrier (e.g. 1.3 allows 30% larger than max historic growth)
|
||||
-- max_growth,,,
|
||||
-- -- {carrier},GW,float,The historic maximum growth of a carrier
|
||||
-- max_relative_growth,,,
|
||||
-- -- {carrier},p.u.,float,The historic maximum relative growth of a carrier
|
||||
,,,
|
||||
enhanced_geothermal,,,
|
||||
-- enable,--,"{true, false}",Add option to include Enhanced Geothermal Systems
|
||||
-- flexible,--,"{true, false}",Add option for flexible operation (see Ricks et al. 2024)
|
||||
-- max_hours,--,int,The maximum hours the reservoir can be charged under flexible operation
|
||||
-- max_boost,--,float,The maximum boost in power output under flexible operation
|
||||
-- var_cf,--,"{true, false}",Add option for variable capacity factor (see Ricks et al. 2024)
|
||||
-- sustainability_factor,--,float,Share of sourced heat that is replenished by the earth's core (see details in `build_egs_potentials.py <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/master/scripts/build_egs_potentials.py>`_)
|
||||
,Unit,Values,Description
|
||||
transport,--,"{true, false}",Flag to include transport sector.
|
||||
heating,--,"{true, false}",Flag to include heating sector.
|
||||
biomass,--,"{true, false}",Flag to include biomass sector.
|
||||
industry,--,"{true, false}",Flag to include industry sector.
|
||||
agriculture,--,"{true, false}",Flag to include agriculture sector.
|
||||
fossil_fuels,--,"{true, false}","Flag to include imports of fossil fuels ( [""coal"", ""gas"", ""oil"", ""lignite""])"
|
||||
district_heating,--,,`prepare_sector_network.py <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/master/scripts/prepare_sector_network.py>`_
|
||||
-- potential,--,float,maximum fraction of urban demand which can be supplied by district heating
|
||||
-- progress,--,Dictionary with planning horizons as keys., Increase of today's district heating demand to potential maximum district heating share. Progress = 0 means today's district heating share. Progress = 1 means maximum fraction of urban demand is supplied by district heating
|
||||
-- district_heating_loss,--,float,Share increase in district heat demand in urban central due to heat losses
|
||||
cluster_heat_buses,--,"{true, false}",Cluster residential and service heat buses in `prepare_sector_network.py <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/master/scripts/prepare_sector_network.py>`_ to one to save memory.
|
||||
,,,
|
||||
bev_dsm_restriction _value,--,float,Adds a lower state of charge (SOC) limit for battery electric vehicles (BEV) to manage its own energy demand (DSM). Located in `build_transport_demand.py <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/master/scripts/build_transport_demand.py>`_. Set to 0 for no restriction on BEV DSM
|
||||
bev_dsm_restriction _time,--,float,Time at which SOC of BEV has to be dsm_restriction_value
|
||||
transport_heating _deadband_upper,°C,float,"The maximum temperature in the vehicle. At higher temperatures, the energy required for cooling in the vehicle increases."
|
||||
transport_heating _deadband_lower,°C,float,"The minimum temperature in the vehicle. At lower temperatures, the energy required for heating in the vehicle increases."
|
||||
,,,
|
||||
ICE_lower_degree_factor,--,float,Share increase in energy demand in internal combustion engine (ICE) for each degree difference between the cold environment and the minimum temperature.
|
||||
ICE_upper_degree_factor,--,float,Share increase in energy demand in internal combustion engine (ICE) for each degree difference between the hot environment and the maximum temperature.
|
||||
EV_lower_degree_factor,--,float,Share increase in energy demand in electric vehicles (EV) for each degree difference between the cold environment and the minimum temperature.
|
||||
EV_upper_degree_factor,--,float,Share increase in energy demand in electric vehicles (EV) for each degree difference between the hot environment and the maximum temperature.
|
||||
bev_dsm,--,"{true, false}",Add the option for battery electric vehicles (BEV) to participate in demand-side management (DSM)
|
||||
,,,
|
||||
bev_availability,--,float,The share for battery electric vehicles (BEV) that are able to do demand side management (DSM)
|
||||
bev_energy,--,float,The average size of battery electric vehicles (BEV) in MWh
|
||||
bev_charge_efficiency,--,float,Battery electric vehicles (BEV) charge and discharge efficiency
|
||||
bev_charge_rate,MWh,float,The power consumption for one electric vehicle (EV) in MWh. Value derived from 3-phase charger with 11 kW.
|
||||
bev_avail_max,--,float,The maximum share plugged-in availability for passenger electric vehicles.
|
||||
bev_avail_mean,--,float,The average share plugged-in availability for passenger electric vehicles.
|
||||
v2g,--,"{true, false}",Allows feed-in to grid from EV battery
|
||||
land_transport_fuel_cell _share,--,Dictionary with planning horizons as keys.,The share of vehicles that uses fuel cells in a given year
|
||||
land_transport_electric _share,--,Dictionary with planning horizons as keys.,The share of vehicles that uses electric vehicles (EV) in a given year
|
||||
land_transport_ice _share,--,Dictionary with planning horizons as keys.,The share of vehicles that uses internal combustion engines (ICE) in a given year. What is not EV or FCEV is oil-fuelled ICE.
|
||||
transport_electric_efficiency,MWh/100km,float,The conversion efficiencies of electric vehicles in transport
|
||||
transport_fuel_cell_efficiency,MWh/100km,float,The H2 conversion efficiencies of fuel cells in transport
|
||||
transport_ice_efficiency,MWh/100km,float,The oil conversion efficiencies of internal combustion engine (ICE) in transport
|
||||
agriculture_machinery _electric_share,--,float,The share for agricultural machinery that uses electricity
|
||||
agriculture_machinery _oil_share,--,float,The share for agricultural machinery that uses oil
|
||||
agriculture_machinery _fuel_efficiency,--,float,The efficiency of electric-powered machinery in the conversion of electricity to meet agricultural needs.
|
||||
agriculture_machinery _electric_efficiency,--,float,The efficiency of oil-powered machinery in the conversion of oil to meet agricultural needs.
|
||||
Mwh_MeOH_per_MWh_H2,LHV,float,"The energy amount of the produced methanol per energy amount of hydrogen. From `DECHEMA (2017) <https://dechema.de/dechema_media/Downloads/Positionspapiere/Technology_study_Low_carbon_energy_and_feedstock_for_the_European_chemical_industry-p-20002750.pdf>`_, page 64."
|
||||
MWh_MeOH_per_tCO2,LHV,float,"The energy amount of the produced methanol per ton of CO2. From `DECHEMA (2017) <https://dechema.de/dechema_media/Downloads/Positionspapiere/Technology_study_Low_carbon_energy_and_feedstock_for_the_European_chemical_industry-p-20002750.pdf>`_, page 66."
|
||||
MWh_MeOH_per_MWh_e,LHV,float,"The energy amount of the produced methanol per energy amount of electricity. From `DECHEMA (2017) <https://dechema.de/dechema_media/Downloads/Positionspapiere/Technology_study_Low_carbon_energy_and_feedstock_for_the_European_chemical_industry-p-20002750.pdf>`_, page 64."
|
||||
shipping_hydrogen _liquefaction,--,"{true, false}",Whether to include liquefaction costs for hydrogen demand in shipping.
|
||||
,,,
|
||||
shipping_hydrogen_share,--,Dictionary with planning horizons as keys.,The share of ships powered by hydrogen in a given year
|
||||
shipping_methanol_share,--,Dictionary with planning horizons as keys.,The share of ships powered by methanol in a given year
|
||||
shipping_oil_share,--,Dictionary with planning horizons as keys.,The share of ships powered by oil in a given year
|
||||
shipping_methanol _efficiency,--,float,The efficiency of methanol-powered ships in the conversion of methanol to meet shipping needs (propulsion). The efficiency increase from oil can be 10-15% higher according to the `IEA <https://www.iea-amf.org/app/webroot/files/file/Annex%20Reports/AMF_Annex_56.pdf>`_
|
||||
,,,
|
||||
shipping_oil_efficiency,--,float,The efficiency of oil-powered ships in the conversion of oil to meet shipping needs (propulsion). Base value derived from 2011
|
||||
aviation_demand_factor,--,float,The proportion of demand for aviation compared to today's consumption
|
||||
HVC_demand_factor,--,float,The proportion of demand for high-value chemicals compared to today's consumption
|
||||
,,,
|
||||
time_dep_hp_cop,--,"{true, false}",Consider the time dependent coefficient of performance (COP) of the heat pump
|
||||
heat_pump_sink_T,°C,float,The temperature heat sink used in heat pumps based on DTU / large area radiators. The value is conservatively high to cover hot water and space heating in poorly-insulated buildings
|
||||
reduce_space_heat _exogenously,--,"{true, false}",Influence on space heating demand by a certain factor (applied before losses in district heating).
|
||||
reduce_space_heat _exogenously_factor,--,Dictionary with planning horizons as keys.,"A positive factor can mean renovation or demolition of a building. If the factor is negative, it can mean an increase in floor area, increased thermal comfort, population growth. The default factors are determined by the `Eurocalc Homes and buildings decarbonization scenario <http://tool.european-calculator.eu/app/buildings/building-types-area/?levers=1ddd4444421213bdbbbddd44444ffffff11f411111221111211l212221>`_"
|
||||
retrofitting,,,
|
||||
-- retro_endogen,--,"{true, false}",Add retrofitting as an endogenous system which co-optimise space heat savings.
|
||||
-- cost_factor,--,float,Weight costs for building renovation
|
||||
-- interest_rate,--,float,The interest rate for investment in building components
|
||||
-- annualise_cost,--,"{true, false}",Annualise the investment costs of retrofitting
|
||||
-- tax_weighting,--,"{true, false}",Weight the costs of retrofitting depending on taxes in countries
|
||||
-- construction_index,--,"{true, false}",Weight the costs of retrofitting depending on labour/material costs per country
|
||||
tes,--,"{true, false}",Add option for storing thermal energy in large water pits associated with district heating systems and individual thermal energy storage (TES)
|
||||
tes_tau,,,The time constant used to calculate the decay of thermal energy in thermal energy storage (TES): 1- :math:`e^{-1/24τ}`.
|
||||
-- decentral,days,float,The time constant in decentralized thermal energy storage (TES)
|
||||
-- central,days,float,The time constant in centralized thermal energy storage (TES)
|
||||
boilers,--,"{true, false}",Add option for transforming gas into heat using gas boilers
|
||||
resistive_heaters,--,"{true, false}",Add option for transforming electricity into heat using resistive heaters (independently from gas boilers)
|
||||
oil_boilers,--,"{true, false}",Add option for transforming oil into heat using boilers
|
||||
biomass_boiler,--,"{true, false}",Add option for transforming biomass into heat using boilers
|
||||
overdimension_individual_heating,--,float,Add option for overdimensioning individual heating systems by a certain factor. This allows them to cover heat demand peaks e.g. 10% higher than those in the data with a setting of 1.1.
|
||||
chp,--,"{true, false}",Add option for using Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
|
||||
micro_chp,--,"{true, false}",Add option for using Combined Heat and Power (CHP) for decentral areas.
|
||||
solar_thermal,--,"{true, false}",Add option for using solar thermal to generate heat.
|
||||
solar_cf_correction,--,float,The correction factor for the value provided by the solar thermal profile calculations
|
||||
marginal_cost_storage,currency/MWh ,float,The marginal cost of discharging batteries in distributed grids
|
||||
methanation,--,"{true, false}",Add option for transforming hydrogen and CO2 into methane using methanation.
|
||||
coal_cc,--,"{true, false}",Add option for coal CHPs with carbon capture
|
||||
dac,--,"{true, false}",Add option for Direct Air Capture (DAC)
|
||||
co2_vent,--,"{true, false}",Add option for vent out CO2 from storages to the atmosphere.
|
||||
allam_cycle,--,"{true, false}",Add option to include `Allam cycle gas power plants <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allam_power_cycle>`_
|
||||
hydrogen_fuel_cell,--,"{true, false}",Add option to include hydrogen fuel cell for re-electrification. Assuming OCGT technology costs
|
||||
hydrogen_turbine,--,"{true, false}",Add option to include hydrogen turbine for re-electrification. Assuming OCGT technology costs
|
||||
SMR,--,"{true, false}",Add option for transforming natural gas into hydrogen and CO2 using Steam Methane Reforming (SMR)
|
||||
SMR CC,--,"{true, false}",Add option for transforming natural gas into hydrogen and CO2 using Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) and Carbon Capture (CC)
|
||||
regional_methanol_demand,--,"{true, false}",Spatially resolve methanol demand. Set to true if regional CO2 constraints needed.
|
||||
regional_oil_demand,--,"{true, false}",Spatially resolve oil demand. Set to true if regional CO2 constraints needed.
|
||||
regional_co2 _sequestration_potential,,,
|
||||
-- enable,--,"{true, false}",Add option for regionally-resolved geological carbon dioxide sequestration potentials based on `CO2StoP <https://setis.ec.europa.eu/european-co2-storage-database_en>`_.
|
||||
-- attribute,--,string or list,Name (or list of names) of the attribute(s) for the sequestration potential
|
||||
-- include_onshore,--,"{true, false}",Add options for including onshore sequestration potentials
|
||||
-- min_size,Gt ,float,Any sites with lower potential than this value will be excluded
|
||||
-- max_size,Gt ,float,The maximum sequestration potential for any one site.
|
||||
-- years_of_storage,years,float,The years until potential exhausted at optimised annual rate
|
||||
co2_sequestration_potential,MtCO2/a,float,The potential of sequestering CO2 in Europe per year
|
||||
co2_sequestration_cost,currency/tCO2,float,The cost of sequestering a ton of CO2
|
||||
co2_sequestration_lifetime,years,int,The lifetime of a CO2 sequestration site
|
||||
co2_spatial,--,"{true, false}","Add option to spatially resolve carrier representing stored carbon dioxide. This allows for more detailed modelling of CCUTS, e.g. regarding the capturing of industrial process emissions, usage as feedstock for electrofuels, transport of carbon dioxide, and geological sequestration sites."
|
||||
,,,
|
||||
co2network,--,"{true, false}",Add option for planning a new carbon dioxide transmission network
|
||||
co2_network_cost_factor,p.u.,float,The cost factor for the capital cost of the carbon dioxide transmission network
|
||||
,,,
|
||||
cc_fraction,--,float,The default fraction of CO2 captured with post-combustion capture
|
||||
hydrogen_underground _storage,--,"{true, false}",Add options for storing hydrogen underground. Storage potential depends regionally.
|
||||
hydrogen_underground _storage_locations,,"{onshore, nearshore, offshore}","The location where hydrogen underground storage can be located. Onshore, nearshore, offshore means it must be located more than 50 km away from the sea, within 50 km of the sea, or within the sea itself respectively."
|
||||
,,,
|
||||
ammonia,--,"{true, false, regional}","Add ammonia as a carrrier. It can be either true (copperplated NH3), false (no NH3 carrier) or ""regional"" (regionalised NH3 without network)"
|
||||
min_part_load_fischer _tropsch,per unit of p_nom ,float,The minimum unit dispatch (``p_min_pu``) for the Fischer-Tropsch process
|
||||
min_part_load _methanolisation,per unit of p_nom ,float,The minimum unit dispatch (``p_min_pu``) for the methanolisation process
|
||||
,,,
|
||||
use_fischer_tropsch _waste_heat,--,"{true, false}",Add option for using waste heat of Fischer Tropsch in district heating networks
|
||||
use_fuel_cell_waste_heat,--,"{true, false}",Add option for using waste heat of fuel cells in district heating networks
|
||||
use_electrolysis_waste _heat,--,"{true, false}",Add option for using waste heat of electrolysis in district heating networks
|
||||
electricity_transmission _grid,--,"{true, false}",Switch for enabling/disabling the electricity transmission grid.
|
||||
electricity_distribution _grid,--,"{true, false}",Add a simplified representation of the exchange capacity between transmission and distribution grid level through a link.
|
||||
electricity_distribution _grid_cost_factor,,,Multiplies the investment cost of the electricity distribution grid
|
||||
,,,
|
||||
electricity_grid _connection,--,"{true, false}",Add the cost of electricity grid connection for onshore wind and solar
|
||||
transmission_efficiency,,,Section to specify transmission losses or compression energy demands of bidirectional links. Splits them into two capacity-linked unidirectional links.
|
||||
-- {carrier},--,str,The carrier of the link.
|
||||
-- -- efficiency_static,p.u.,float,Length-independent transmission efficiency.
|
||||
-- -- efficiency_per_1000km,p.u. per 1000 km,float,Length-dependent transmission efficiency ($\eta^{\text{length}}$)
|
||||
-- -- compression_per_1000km,p.u. per 1000 km,float,Length-dependent electricity demand for compression ($\eta \cdot \text{length}$) implemented as multi-link to local electricity bus.
|
||||
H2_network,--,"{true, false}",Add option for new hydrogen pipelines
|
||||
gas_network,--,"{true, false}","Add existing natural gas infrastructure, incl. LNG terminals, production and entry-points. The existing gas network is added with a lossless transport model. A length-weighted `k-edge augmentation algorithm <https://networkx.org/documentation/stable/reference/algorithms/generated/networkx.algorithms.connectivity.edge_augmentation.k_edge_augmentation.html#networkx.algorithms.connectivity.edge_augmentation.k_edge_augmentation>`_ can be run to add new candidate gas pipelines such that all regions of the model can be connected to the gas network. When activated, all the gas demands are regionally disaggregated as well."
|
||||
H2_retrofit,--,"{true, false}",Add option for retrofiting existing pipelines to transport hydrogen.
|
||||
H2_retrofit_capacity _per_CH4,--,float,"The ratio for H2 capacity per original CH4 capacity of retrofitted pipelines. The `European Hydrogen Backbone (April, 2020) p.15 <https://gasforclimate2050.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/2020_European-Hydrogen-Backbone_Report.pdf>`_ 60% of original natural gas capacity could be used in cost-optimal case as H2 capacity."
|
||||
gas_network_connectivity _upgrade ,--,float,The number of desired edge connectivity (k) in the length-weighted `k-edge augmentation algorithm <https://networkx.org/documentation/stable/reference/algorithms/generated/networkx.algorithms.connectivity.edge_augmentation.k_edge_augmentation.html#networkx.algorithms.connectivity.edge_augmentation.k_edge_augmentation>`_ used for the gas network
|
||||
gas_distribution_grid,--,"{true, false}",Add a gas distribution grid
|
||||
gas_distribution_grid _cost_factor,,,Multiplier for the investment cost of the gas distribution grid
|
||||
,,,
|
||||
biomass_spatial,--,"{true, false}",Add option for resolving biomass demand regionally
|
||||
biomass_transport,--,"{true, false}",Add option for transporting solid biomass between nodes
|
||||
biogas_upgrading_cc,--,"{true, false}",Add option to capture CO2 from biomass upgrading
|
||||
conventional_generation,,,Add a more detailed description of conventional carriers. Any power generation requires the consumption of fuel from nodes representing that fuel.
|
||||
biomass_to_liquid,--,"{true, false}",Add option for transforming solid biomass into liquid fuel with the same properties as oil
|
||||
biosng,--,"{true, false}",Add option for transforming solid biomass into synthesis gas with the same properties as natural gas
|
||||
municipal_solid_waste,--,"{true, false}",Add option for municipal solid waste
|
||||
limit_max_growth,,,
|
||||
-- enable,--,"{true, false}",Add option to limit the maximum growth of a carrier
|
||||
-- factor,p.u.,float,The maximum growth factor of a carrier (e.g. 1.3 allows 30% larger than max historic growth)
|
||||
-- max_growth,,,
|
||||
-- -- {carrier},GW,float,The historic maximum growth of a carrier
|
||||
-- max_relative_growth,,,
|
||||
-- -- {carrier},p.u.,float,The historic maximum relative growth of a carrier
|
||||
,,,
|
||||
enhanced_geothermal,,,
|
||||
-- enable,--,"{true, false}",Add option to include Enhanced Geothermal Systems
|
||||
-- flexible,--,"{true, false}",Add option for flexible operation (see Ricks et al. 2024)
|
||||
-- max_hours,--,int,The maximum hours the reservoir can be charged under flexible operation
|
||||
-- max_boost,--,float,The maximum boost in power output under flexible operation
|
||||
-- var_cf,--,"{true, false}",Add option for variable capacity factor (see Ricks et al. 2024)
|
||||
-- sustainability_factor,--,float,Share of sourced heat that is replenished by the earth's core (see details in `build_egs_potentials.py <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/master/scripts/build_egs_potentials.py>`_)
|
||||
solid_biomass_import,,,
|
||||
-- enable,--,"{true, false}",Add option to include solid biomass imports
|
||||
-- price,currency/MWh,float,Price for importing solid biomass
|
||||
-- max_amount,Twh,float,Maximum solid biomass import potential
|
||||
-- upstream_emissions_factor,p.u.,float,Upstream emissions of solid biomass imports
|
||||
|
||||
|
@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ Rule overview
|
||||
file
|
||||
<https://pypsa-eur.readthedocs.io/en/latest/preparation/build_powerplants.html?highlight=powerplants>`__
|
||||
generated by pypsa-eur which, in turn, is based on the `powerplantmatching
|
||||
<https://github.com/FRESNA/powerplantmatching>`__ database.
|
||||
<https://github.com/PyPSA/powerplantmatching>`__ database.
|
||||
|
||||
Existing wind and solar capacities are retrieved from `IRENA annual statistics
|
||||
<https://www.irena.org/Statistics/Download-Data>`__ and distributed among the
|
||||
|
||||
@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ With these and the externally extracted ENTSO-E online map topology
|
||||
|
||||
Then the process continues by calculating conventional power plant capacities, potentials, and per-unit availability time series for variable renewable energy carriers and hydro power plants with the following rules:
|
||||
|
||||
- :mod:`build_powerplants` for today's thermal power plant capacities using `powerplantmatching <https://github.com/FRESNA/powerplantmatching>`__ allocating these to the closest substation for each powerplant,
|
||||
- :mod:`build_powerplants` for today's thermal power plant capacities using `powerplantmatching <https://github.com/PyPSA/powerplantmatching>`__ allocating these to the closest substation for each powerplant,
|
||||
- :mod:`build_ship_raster` for building shipping traffic density,
|
||||
- :mod:`build_renewable_profiles` for the hourly capacity factors and installation potentials constrained by land-use in each substation's Voronoi cell for PV, onshore and offshore wind, and
|
||||
- :mod:`build_hydro_profile` for the hourly per-unit hydro power availability time series.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -19,6 +19,14 @@ Upcoming Release
|
||||
|
||||
* Add flag ``sector: fossil_fuels`` in config to remove the option of importing fossil fuels
|
||||
|
||||
* split solid biomass potentials into solid biomass and municipal solid waste. Add option to use municipal solid waste. This option is only activated in combination with the flag ``waste_to_energy``
|
||||
|
||||
* Add option to import solid biomass
|
||||
|
||||
* Add option to produce electrobiofuels (flag ``electrobiofuels``) from solid biomass and hydrogen, as a combination of BtL and Fischer-Tropsch to make more use of the biogenic carbon
|
||||
|
||||
* Add flag ``sector: fossil_fuels`` in config to remove the option of importing fossil fuels
|
||||
|
||||
* Renamed the carrier of batteries in BEVs from `battery storage` to `EV battery` and the corresponding bus carrier from `Li ion` to `EV battery`. This is to avoid confusion with stationary battery storage.
|
||||
|
||||
* Changed default assumptions about waste heat usage from PtX and fuel cells in district heating.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -52,6 +52,8 @@ if config["enable"]["retrieve"] and config["enable"].get("retrieve_databundle",
|
||||
log:
|
||||
"logs/retrieve_eurostat_data.log",
|
||||
retries: 2
|
||||
conda:
|
||||
"../envs/retrieve.yaml"
|
||||
script:
|
||||
"../scripts/retrieve_eurostat_data.py"
|
||||
|
||||
@ -70,6 +72,8 @@ if config["enable"]["retrieve"] and config["enable"].get("retrieve_databundle",
|
||||
log:
|
||||
"logs/retrieve_eurostat_household_data.log",
|
||||
retries: 2
|
||||
conda:
|
||||
"../envs/retrieve.yaml"
|
||||
script:
|
||||
"../scripts/retrieve_eurostat_household_data.py"
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -808,7 +808,7 @@ def voronoi(points, outline, crs=4326):
|
||||
voronoi = gpd.GeoDataFrame(geometry=voronoi)
|
||||
joined = gpd.sjoin_nearest(pts, voronoi, how="right")
|
||||
|
||||
return joined.dissolve(by="Bus").squeeze()
|
||||
return joined.dissolve(by="Bus").reindex(points.index).squeeze()
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
def build_bus_shapes(n, country_shapes, offshore_shapes, countries):
|
||||
|
||||
@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
|
||||
# coding: utf-8
|
||||
"""
|
||||
Retrieves conventional powerplant capacities and locations from
|
||||
`powerplantmatching <https://github.com/FRESNA/powerplantmatching>`_, assigns
|
||||
`powerplantmatching <https://github.com/PyPSA/powerplantmatching>`_, assigns
|
||||
these to buses and creates a ``.csv`` file. It is possible to amend the
|
||||
powerplant database with custom entries provided in
|
||||
``data/custom_powerplants.csv``.
|
||||
@ -30,17 +30,17 @@ Inputs
|
||||
------
|
||||
|
||||
- ``networks/base.nc``: confer :ref:`base`.
|
||||
- ``data/custom_powerplants.csv``: custom powerplants in the same format as `powerplantmatching <https://github.com/FRESNA/powerplantmatching>`_ provides
|
||||
- ``data/custom_powerplants.csv``: custom powerplants in the same format as `powerplantmatching <https://github.com/PyPSA/powerplantmatching>`_ provides
|
||||
|
||||
Outputs
|
||||
-------
|
||||
|
||||
- ``resource/powerplants.csv``: A list of conventional power plants (i.e. neither wind nor solar) with fields for name, fuel type, technology, country, capacity in MW, duration, commissioning year, retrofit year, latitude, longitude, and dam information as documented in the `powerplantmatching README <https://github.com/FRESNA/powerplantmatching/blob/master/README.md>`_; additionally it includes information on the closest substation/bus in ``networks/base.nc``.
|
||||
- ``resource/powerplants.csv``: A list of conventional power plants (i.e. neither wind nor solar) with fields for name, fuel type, technology, country, capacity in MW, duration, commissioning year, retrofit year, latitude, longitude, and dam information as documented in the `powerplantmatching README <https://github.com/PyPSA/powerplantmatching/blob/master/README.md>`_; additionally it includes information on the closest substation/bus in ``networks/base.nc``.
|
||||
|
||||
.. image:: img/powerplantmatching.png
|
||||
:scale: 30 %
|
||||
|
||||
**Source:** `powerplantmatching on GitHub <https://github.com/FRESNA/powerplantmatching>`_
|
||||
**Source:** `powerplantmatching on GitHub <https://github.com/PyPSA/powerplantmatching>`_
|
||||
|
||||
Description
|
||||
-----------
|
||||
|
||||
@ -56,19 +56,25 @@ def define_spatial(nodes, options):
|
||||
# biomass
|
||||
|
||||
spatial.biomass = SimpleNamespace()
|
||||
spatial.msw = SimpleNamespace()
|
||||
|
||||
if options.get("biomass_spatial", options["biomass_transport"]):
|
||||
spatial.biomass.nodes = nodes + " solid biomass"
|
||||
spatial.biomass.locations = nodes
|
||||
spatial.biomass.industry = nodes + " solid biomass for industry"
|
||||
spatial.biomass.industry_cc = nodes + " solid biomass for industry CC"
|
||||
spatial.msw.nodes = nodes + " municipal solid waste"
|
||||
spatial.msw.locations = nodes
|
||||
else:
|
||||
spatial.biomass.nodes = ["EU solid biomass"]
|
||||
spatial.biomass.locations = ["EU"]
|
||||
spatial.biomass.industry = ["solid biomass for industry"]
|
||||
spatial.biomass.industry_cc = ["solid biomass for industry CC"]
|
||||
spatial.msw.nodes = ["EU municipal solid waste"]
|
||||
spatial.msw.locations = ["EU"]
|
||||
|
||||
spatial.biomass.df = pd.DataFrame(vars(spatial.biomass), index=nodes)
|
||||
spatial.msw.df = pd.DataFrame(vars(spatial.msw), index=nodes)
|
||||
|
||||
# co2
|
||||
|
||||
@ -542,14 +548,17 @@ def add_carrier_buses(n, carrier, nodes=None):
|
||||
capital_cost=capital_cost,
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
n.madd(
|
||||
"Generator",
|
||||
nodes,
|
||||
bus=nodes,
|
||||
p_nom_extendable=True,
|
||||
carrier=carrier,
|
||||
marginal_cost=costs.at[carrier, "fuel"],
|
||||
)
|
||||
fossils = ["coal", "gas", "oil", "lignite"]
|
||||
if options.get("fossil_fuels", True) and carrier in fossils:
|
||||
|
||||
n.madd(
|
||||
"Generator",
|
||||
nodes,
|
||||
bus=nodes,
|
||||
p_nom_extendable=True,
|
||||
carrier=carrier,
|
||||
marginal_cost=costs.at[carrier, "fuel"],
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# TODO: PyPSA-Eur merge issue
|
||||
@ -2246,12 +2255,54 @@ def add_biomass(n, costs):
|
||||
solid_biomass_potentials_spatial = biomass_potentials["solid biomass"].rename(
|
||||
index=lambda x: x + " solid biomass"
|
||||
)
|
||||
msw_biomass_potentials_spatial = biomass_potentials[
|
||||
"municipal solid waste"
|
||||
].rename(index=lambda x: x + " municipal solid waste")
|
||||
else:
|
||||
solid_biomass_potentials_spatial = biomass_potentials["solid biomass"].sum()
|
||||
msw_biomass_potentials_spatial = biomass_potentials[
|
||||
"municipal solid waste"
|
||||
].sum()
|
||||
|
||||
n.add("Carrier", "biogas")
|
||||
n.add("Carrier", "solid biomass")
|
||||
|
||||
if (
|
||||
options["municipal_solid_waste"]
|
||||
and not options["industry"]
|
||||
and cf_industry["waste_to_energy"]
|
||||
or cf_industry["waste_to_energy_cc"]
|
||||
):
|
||||
logger.warning(
|
||||
"Flag municipal_solid_waste can be only used with industry "
|
||||
"sector waste to energy."
|
||||
"Setting municipal_solid_waste=False."
|
||||
)
|
||||
options["municipal_solid_waste"] = False
|
||||
|
||||
if options["municipal_solid_waste"]:
|
||||
|
||||
n.add("Carrier", "municipal solid waste")
|
||||
|
||||
n.madd(
|
||||
"Bus",
|
||||
spatial.msw.nodes,
|
||||
location=spatial.msw.locations,
|
||||
carrier="municipal solid waste",
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
e_max_pu = pd.Series([1] * (len(n.snapshots) - 1) + [0], index=n.snapshots)
|
||||
n.madd(
|
||||
"Store",
|
||||
spatial.msw.nodes,
|
||||
bus=spatial.msw.nodes,
|
||||
carrier="municipal solid waste",
|
||||
e_nom=msw_biomass_potentials_spatial,
|
||||
marginal_cost=0, # costs.at["municipal solid waste", "fuel"],
|
||||
e_max_pu=e_max_pu,
|
||||
e_initial=msw_biomass_potentials_spatial,
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
n.madd(
|
||||
"Bus",
|
||||
spatial.gas.biogas,
|
||||
@ -2288,6 +2339,54 @@ def add_biomass(n, costs):
|
||||
e_initial=solid_biomass_potentials_spatial,
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
if options["solid_biomass_import"].get("enable", False):
|
||||
biomass_import_price = options["solid_biomass_import"]["price"]
|
||||
# convert TWh in MWh
|
||||
biomass_import_max_amount = options["solid_biomass_import"]["max_amount"] * 1e6
|
||||
biomass_import_upstream_emissions = options["solid_biomass_import"][
|
||||
"upstream_emissions_factor"
|
||||
]
|
||||
|
||||
logger.info(
|
||||
"Adding biomass import with cost %.2f EUR/MWh, a limit of %.2f TWh, and embedded emissions of %.2f%%",
|
||||
biomass_import_price,
|
||||
options["solid_biomass_import"]["max_amount"],
|
||||
biomass_import_upstream_emissions * 100,
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
n.add("Carrier", "solid biomass import")
|
||||
|
||||
n.madd(
|
||||
"Bus",
|
||||
["EU solid biomass import"],
|
||||
location="EU",
|
||||
carrier="solid biomass import",
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
n.madd(
|
||||
"Store",
|
||||
["solid biomass import"],
|
||||
bus=["EU solid biomass import"],
|
||||
carrier="solid biomass import",
|
||||
e_nom=biomass_import_max_amount,
|
||||
marginal_cost=biomass_import_price,
|
||||
e_initial=biomass_import_max_amount,
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
n.madd(
|
||||
"Link",
|
||||
spatial.biomass.nodes,
|
||||
suffix=" solid biomass import",
|
||||
bus0=["EU solid biomass import"],
|
||||
bus1=spatial.biomass.nodes,
|
||||
bus2="co2 atmosphere",
|
||||
carrier="solid biomass import",
|
||||
efficiency=1.0,
|
||||
efficiency2=biomass_import_upstream_emissions
|
||||
* costs.at["solid biomass", "CO2 intensity"],
|
||||
p_nom_extendable=True,
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
n.madd(
|
||||
"Link",
|
||||
spatial.gas.biogas_to_gas,
|
||||
@ -2359,6 +2458,19 @@ def add_biomass(n, costs):
|
||||
carrier="solid biomass transport",
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
if options["municipal_solid_waste"]:
|
||||
n.madd(
|
||||
"Link",
|
||||
biomass_transport.index,
|
||||
bus0=biomass_transport.bus0 + " municipal solid waste",
|
||||
bus1=biomass_transport.bus1 + " municipal solid waste",
|
||||
p_nom_extendable=False,
|
||||
p_nom=5e4,
|
||||
length=biomass_transport.length.values,
|
||||
marginal_cost=biomass_transport.costs * biomass_transport.length.values,
|
||||
carrier="municipal solid waste transport",
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
elif options["biomass_spatial"]:
|
||||
# add artificial biomass generators at nodes which include transport costs
|
||||
transport_costs = pd.read_csv(
|
||||
@ -2388,6 +2500,26 @@ def add_biomass(n, costs):
|
||||
type="operational_limit",
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
if options["municipal_solid_waste"]:
|
||||
# Add municipal solid waste
|
||||
n.madd(
|
||||
"Generator",
|
||||
spatial.msw.nodes,
|
||||
bus=spatial.msw.nodes,
|
||||
carrier="municipal solid waste",
|
||||
p_nom=10000,
|
||||
marginal_cost=0 # costs.at["municipal solid waste", "fuel"]
|
||||
+ bus_transport_costs * average_distance,
|
||||
)
|
||||
n.add(
|
||||
"GlobalConstraint",
|
||||
"msw limit",
|
||||
carrier_attribute="municipal solid waste",
|
||||
sense="<=",
|
||||
constant=biomass_potentials["municipal solid waste"].sum(),
|
||||
type="operational_limit",
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
# AC buses with district heating
|
||||
urban_central = n.buses.index[n.buses.carrier == "urban central heat"]
|
||||
if not urban_central.empty and options["chp"]:
|
||||
@ -2420,28 +2552,23 @@ def add_biomass(n, costs):
|
||||
bus4=spatial.co2.df.loc[urban_central, "nodes"].values,
|
||||
carrier="urban central solid biomass CHP CC",
|
||||
p_nom_extendable=True,
|
||||
capital_cost=costs.at[key, "fixed"] * costs.at[key, "efficiency"]
|
||||
capital_cost=costs.at[key + " CC", "fixed"]
|
||||
* costs.at[key + " CC", "efficiency"]
|
||||
+ costs.at["biomass CHP capture", "fixed"]
|
||||
* costs.at["solid biomass", "CO2 intensity"],
|
||||
marginal_cost=costs.at[key, "VOM"],
|
||||
efficiency=costs.at[key, "efficiency"]
|
||||
marginal_cost=costs.at[key + " CC", "VOM"],
|
||||
efficiency=costs.at[key + " CC", "efficiency"]
|
||||
- costs.at["solid biomass", "CO2 intensity"]
|
||||
* (
|
||||
costs.at["biomass CHP capture", "electricity-input"]
|
||||
+ costs.at["biomass CHP capture", "compression-electricity-input"]
|
||||
),
|
||||
efficiency2=costs.at[key, "efficiency-heat"]
|
||||
+ costs.at["solid biomass", "CO2 intensity"]
|
||||
* (
|
||||
costs.at["biomass CHP capture", "heat-output"]
|
||||
+ costs.at["biomass CHP capture", "compression-heat-output"]
|
||||
- costs.at["biomass CHP capture", "heat-input"]
|
||||
),
|
||||
efficiency2=costs.at[key + " CC", "efficiency-heat"],
|
||||
efficiency3=-costs.at["solid biomass", "CO2 intensity"]
|
||||
* costs.at["biomass CHP capture", "capture_rate"],
|
||||
efficiency4=costs.at["solid biomass", "CO2 intensity"]
|
||||
* costs.at["biomass CHP capture", "capture_rate"],
|
||||
lifetime=costs.at[key, "lifetime"],
|
||||
lifetime=costs.at[key + " CC", "lifetime"],
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
if options["biomass_boiler"]:
|
||||
@ -2483,11 +2610,12 @@ def add_biomass(n, costs):
|
||||
efficiency2=-costs.at["solid biomass", "CO2 intensity"]
|
||||
+ costs.at["BtL", "CO2 stored"],
|
||||
p_nom_extendable=True,
|
||||
capital_cost=costs.at["BtL", "fixed"],
|
||||
marginal_cost=costs.at["BtL", "efficiency"] * costs.at["BtL", "VOM"],
|
||||
capital_cost=costs.at["BtL", "fixed"] * costs.at["BtL", "efficiency"],
|
||||
marginal_cost=costs.at["BtL", "VOM"] * costs.at["BtL", "efficiency"],
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
# TODO: Update with energy penalty
|
||||
# Assuming that acid gas removal (incl. CO2) from syngas i performed with Rectisol
|
||||
# process (Methanol) and that electricity demand for this is included in the base process
|
||||
n.madd(
|
||||
"Link",
|
||||
spatial.biomass.nodes,
|
||||
@ -2503,9 +2631,46 @@ def add_biomass(n, costs):
|
||||
+ costs.at["BtL", "CO2 stored"] * (1 - costs.at["BtL", "capture rate"]),
|
||||
efficiency3=costs.at["BtL", "CO2 stored"] * costs.at["BtL", "capture rate"],
|
||||
p_nom_extendable=True,
|
||||
capital_cost=costs.at["BtL", "fixed"]
|
||||
capital_cost=costs.at["BtL", "fixed"] * costs.at["BtL", "efficiency"]
|
||||
+ costs.at["biomass CHP capture", "fixed"] * costs.at["BtL", "CO2 stored"],
|
||||
marginal_cost=costs.at["BtL", "efficiency"] * costs.at["BtL", "VOM"],
|
||||
marginal_cost=costs.at["BtL", "VOM"] * costs.at["BtL", "efficiency"],
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
# Electrobiofuels (BtL with hydrogen addition to make more use of biogenic carbon).
|
||||
# Combination of efuels and biomass to liquid, both based on Fischer-Tropsch.
|
||||
# Experimental version - use with caution
|
||||
if options["electrobiofuels"]:
|
||||
|
||||
efuel_scale_factor = costs.at["BtL", "C stored"]
|
||||
name = (
|
||||
pd.Index(spatial.biomass.nodes)
|
||||
+ " "
|
||||
+ pd.Index(spatial.h2.nodes.str.replace(" H2", ""))
|
||||
)
|
||||
n.madd(
|
||||
"Link",
|
||||
name,
|
||||
suffix=" electrobiofuels",
|
||||
bus0=spatial.biomass.nodes,
|
||||
bus1=spatial.oil.nodes,
|
||||
bus2=spatial.h2.nodes,
|
||||
bus3="co2 atmosphere",
|
||||
carrier="electrobiofuels",
|
||||
lifetime=costs.at["electrobiofuels", "lifetime"],
|
||||
efficiency=costs.at["electrobiofuels", "efficiency-biomass"],
|
||||
efficiency2=-costs.at["electrobiofuels", "efficiency-hydrogen"],
|
||||
efficiency3=-costs.at["solid biomass", "CO2 intensity"]
|
||||
+ costs.at["BtL", "CO2 stored"]
|
||||
* (1 - costs.at["Fischer-Tropsch", "capture rate"]),
|
||||
p_nom_extendable=True,
|
||||
capital_cost=costs.at["BtL", "fixed"] * costs.at["BtL", "efficiency"]
|
||||
+ efuel_scale_factor
|
||||
* costs.at["Fischer-Tropsch", "fixed"]
|
||||
* costs.at["Fischer-Tropsch", "efficiency"],
|
||||
marginal_cost=costs.at["BtL", "VOM"] * costs.at["BtL", "efficiency"]
|
||||
+ efuel_scale_factor
|
||||
* costs.at["Fischer-Tropsch", "VOM"]
|
||||
* costs.at["Fischer-Tropsch", "efficiency"],
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
# BioSNG from solid biomass
|
||||
@ -2523,11 +2688,12 @@ def add_biomass(n, costs):
|
||||
efficiency3=-costs.at["solid biomass", "CO2 intensity"]
|
||||
+ costs.at["BioSNG", "CO2 stored"],
|
||||
p_nom_extendable=True,
|
||||
capital_cost=costs.at["BioSNG", "fixed"],
|
||||
marginal_cost=costs.at["BioSNG", "efficiency"] * costs.at["BioSNG", "VOM"],
|
||||
capital_cost=costs.at["BioSNG", "fixed"] * costs.at["BioSNG", "efficiency"],
|
||||
marginal_cost=costs.at["BioSNG", "VOM"] * costs.at["BioSNG", "efficiency"],
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
# TODO: Update with energy penalty for CC
|
||||
# Assuming that acid gas removal (incl. CO2) from syngas i performed with Rectisol
|
||||
# process (Methanol) and that electricity demand for this is included in the base process
|
||||
n.madd(
|
||||
"Link",
|
||||
spatial.biomass.nodes,
|
||||
@ -2545,10 +2711,10 @@ def add_biomass(n, costs):
|
||||
+ costs.at["BioSNG", "CO2 stored"]
|
||||
* (1 - costs.at["BioSNG", "capture rate"]),
|
||||
p_nom_extendable=True,
|
||||
capital_cost=costs.at["BioSNG", "fixed"]
|
||||
capital_cost=costs.at["BioSNG", "fixed"] * costs.at["BioSNG", "efficiency"]
|
||||
+ costs.at["biomass CHP capture", "fixed"]
|
||||
* costs.at["BioSNG", "CO2 stored"],
|
||||
marginal_cost=costs.at["BioSNG", "efficiency"] * costs.at["BioSNG", "VOM"],
|
||||
marginal_cost=costs.at["BioSNG", "VOM"] * costs.at["BioSNG", "efficiency"],
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -2898,7 +3064,7 @@ def add_industry(n, costs):
|
||||
carrier="oil",
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
if "oil" not in n.generators.carrier.unique():
|
||||
if options.get("fossil_fuels", True) and "oil" not in n.generators.carrier.unique():
|
||||
n.madd(
|
||||
"Generator",
|
||||
spatial.oil.nodes,
|
||||
@ -3059,6 +3225,17 @@ def add_industry(n, costs):
|
||||
efficiency3=process_co2_per_naphtha,
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
if options.get("biomass", True) and options["municipal_solid_waste"]:
|
||||
n.madd(
|
||||
"Link",
|
||||
spatial.msw.locations,
|
||||
bus0=spatial.msw.nodes,
|
||||
bus1=non_sequestered_hvc_locations,
|
||||
carrier="municipal solid waste",
|
||||
p_nom_extendable=True,
|
||||
efficiency=1.0,
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
n.madd(
|
||||
"Link",
|
||||
spatial.oil.demand_locations,
|
||||
@ -3108,7 +3285,9 @@ def add_industry(n, costs):
|
||||
carrier="waste CHP CC",
|
||||
p_nom_extendable=True,
|
||||
capital_cost=costs.at["waste CHP CC", "fixed"]
|
||||
* costs.at["waste CHP CC", "efficiency"],
|
||||
* costs.at["waste CHP CC", "efficiency"]
|
||||
+ costs.at["biomass CHP capture", "fixed"]
|
||||
* costs.at["oil", "CO2 intensity"],
|
||||
marginal_cost=costs.at["waste CHP CC", "VOM"],
|
||||
efficiency=costs.at["waste CHP CC", "efficiency"],
|
||||
efficiency2=costs.at["waste CHP CC", "efficiency-heat"],
|
||||
@ -3949,7 +4128,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
|
||||
"prepare_sector_network",
|
||||
simpl="",
|
||||
opts="",
|
||||
clusters="1",
|
||||
clusters="37",
|
||||
ll="vopt",
|
||||
sector_opts="",
|
||||
planning_horizons="2050",
|
||||
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user