Implement line rating

Snakefile

@@ -215,12 +215,25 @@ if 'hydro' in config['renewable'].keys():
         resources: mem=5000
         script: 'scripts/build_hydro_profile.py'
 
+if config['lines'].get('line_rating', False):
+    rule build_line_rating:
+        input:
+            base_network="networks/base.nc",
+            cutout="cutouts/" + config["lines"]['cutout'] + ".nc"
+        output:
+            output="resources/line_rating.nc"
+        log: "logs/build_line_rating.log"
+        benchmark: "benchmarks/build_line_rating"
+        threads: ATLITE_NPROCESSES
+        resources: mem=ATLITE_NPROCESSES * 1000
+        script: "scripts/build_line_rating.py"
 
 rule add_electricity:
     input:
-        base_network='networks/base.nc',
+        base_network = "networks/base.nc",
         tech_costs=COSTS,
         regions="resources/regions_onshore.geojson",
+        line_rating="resources/line_rating.nc" if config['lines'].get('line_rating', False) else None,
         powerplants='resources/powerplants.csv',
         hydro_capacities='data/bundle/hydro_capacities.csv',
         geth_hydro_capacities='data/geth2015_hydro_capacities.csv',
@@ -398,4 +411,3 @@ rule plot_p_nom_max:
     output: "results/plots/elec_s{simpl}_cum_p_nom_max_{clusts}_{techs}_{country}.{ext}"
     log: "logs/plot_p_nom_max/elec_s{simpl}_{clusts}_{techs}_{country}_{ext}.log"
     script: "scripts/plot_p_nom_max.py"
-

config.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2017-2020 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0
+
+version: 0.4.0
+tutorial: true
+
+logging:
+  level: INFO
+  format: '%(levelname)s:%(name)s:%(message)s'
+
+summary_dir: results
+
+scenario:
+  simpl: ['']
+  ll: ['copt']
+  clusters: [5]
+  opts: [Co2L-24H]
+
+countries: ['DE']
+
+clustering:
+  simplify:
+    to_substations: false # network is simplified to nodes with positive or negative power injection (i.e. substations or offwind connections)
+
+snapshots:
+  start: "2013-03-01"
+  end: "2013-03-07"
+  closed: 'left' # end is not inclusive
+
+enable:
+  prepare_links_p_nom: false
+  retrieve_databundle: true
+  build_cutout: true
+  retrieve_cutout: false
+  build_natura_raster: false
+  retrieve_natura_raster: true
+  custom_busmap: false
+
+electricity:
+  voltages: [220., 300., 380.]
+  co2limit: 100.e+6
+
+  extendable_carriers:
+    Generator: [OCGT]
+    StorageUnit: [] #battery, H2
+    Store: [battery, H2]
+    Link: []
+
+  max_hours:
+    battery: 6
+    H2: 168
+
+  powerplants_filter: false # use pandas query strings here, e.g. Country not in ['Germany']
+  custom_powerplants: false # use pandas query strings here, e.g. Country in ['Germany']
+  conventional_carriers: [coal, CCGT] # [nuclear, oil, OCGT, CCGT, coal, lignite, geothermal, biomass]
+
+atlite:
+  nprocesses: 4
+  cutouts:
+    europe-2013-era5-tutorial:
+      module: era5
+      x: [4., 15.]
+      y: [46., 56.]
+      time: ["2013-03", "2013-03"]
+
+renewable:
+  onwind:
+    cutout: europe-2013-era5-tutorial
+    resource:
+      method: wind
+      turbine: Vestas_V112_3MW
+    capacity_per_sqkm: 3 # ScholzPhd Tab 4.3.1: 10MW/km^2
+    # correction_factor: 0.93
+    corine:
+      # Scholz, Y. (2012). Renewable energy based electricity supply at low costs:
+      #  development of the REMix model and application for Europe. ( p.42 / p.28)
+      grid_codes: [12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,
+                   24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32]
+      distance: 1000
+      distance_grid_codes: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+    natura: true
+    potential: simple # or conservative
+    clip_p_max_pu: 1.e-2
+  offwind-ac:
+    cutout: europe-2013-era5-tutorial
+    resource:
+      method: wind
+      turbine: NREL_ReferenceTurbine_5MW_offshore
+    capacity_per_sqkm: 3
+    # correction_factor: 0.93
+    corine: [44, 255]
+    natura: true
+    max_shore_distance: 30000
+    potential: simple # or conservative
+    clip_p_max_pu: 1.e-2
+  offwind-dc:
+    cutout: europe-2013-era5-tutorial
+    resource:
+      method: wind
+      turbine: NREL_ReferenceTurbine_5MW_offshore
+    # ScholzPhd Tab 4.3.1: 10MW/km^2
+    capacity_per_sqkm: 3
+    # correction_factor: 0.93
+    corine: [44, 255]
+    natura: true
+    min_shore_distance: 30000
+    potential: simple # or conservative
+    clip_p_max_pu: 1.e-2
+  solar:
+    cutout: europe-2013-era5-tutorial
+    resource:
+      method: pv
+      panel: CSi
+      orientation:
+        slope: 35.
+        azimuth: 180.
+    capacity_per_sqkm: 1.7 # ScholzPhd Tab 4.3.1: 170 MW/km^2
+    # Determined by comparing uncorrected area-weighted full-load hours to those
+    # published in Supplementary Data to
+    # Pietzcker, Robert Carl, et al. "Using the sun to decarbonize the power
+    # sector: The economic potential of photovoltaics and concentrating solar
+    # power." Applied Energy 135 (2014): 704-720.
+    correction_factor: 0.854337
+    corine: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,
+             14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 26, 31, 32]
+    natura: true
+    potential: simple # or conservative
+    clip_p_max_pu: 1.e-2
+
+lines:
+  types:
+    220.: "Al/St 240/40 2-bundle 220.0"
+    300.: "Al/St 240/40 3-bundle 300.0"
+    380.: "Al/St 240/40 4-bundle 380.0"
+  s_max_pu: 0.7
+  s_nom_max: .inf
+  length_factor: 1.25
+  under_construction: 'zero' # 'zero': set capacity to zero, 'remove': remove, 'keep': with full capacity
+  cutout: "europe-2013-era5-tutorial"
+  line_rating: true
+
+links:
+  p_max_pu: 1.0
+  p_nom_max: .inf
+  include_tyndp: true
+  under_construction: 'zero' # 'zero': set capacity to zero, 'remove': remove, 'keep': with full capacity
+
+transformers:
+  x: 0.1
+  s_nom: 2000.
+  type: ''
+
+load:
+  power_statistics: True # only for files from <2019; set false in order to get ENTSOE transparency data 
+  interpolate_limit: 3 # data gaps up until this size are interpolated linearly
+  time_shift_for_large_gaps: 1w # data gaps up until this size are copied by copying from 
+  manual_adjustments: true # false
+  scaling_factor: 1.0
+
+costs:
+  year: 2030
+  discountrate: 0.07 # From a Lion Hirth paper, also reflects average of Noothout et al 2016
+  USD2013_to_EUR2013: 0.7532 # [EUR/USD] ECB: https://www.ecb.europa.eu/stats/exchange/eurofxref/html/eurofxref-graph-usd.en.html
+  marginal_cost:
+    solar: 0.01
+    onwind: 0.015
+    offwind: 0.015
+    H2: 0.
+    battery: 0.
+  emission_prices: # in currency per tonne emission, only used with the option Ep
+    co2: 0.
+
+solving:
+  options:
+    formulation: kirchhoff
+    load_shedding: false
+    noisy_costs: true
+    min_iterations: 1
+    max_iterations: 1
+    clip_p_max_pu: 0.01
+    skip_iterations: false
+    track_iterations: false
+  solver:
+    name: cbc
+
+plotting:
+  map:
+    figsize: [7, 7]
+    boundaries: [-10.2, 29, 35,  72]
+    p_nom:
+      bus_size_factor: 5.e+4
+      linewidth_factor: 3.e+3
+
+  costs_max: 800
+  costs_threshold: 1
+
+  energy_max: 15000.
+  energy_min: -10000.
+  energy_threshold: 50.
+
+  vre_techs: ["onwind", "offwind-ac", "offwind-dc", "solar", "ror"]
+  conv_techs: ["OCGT", "CCGT", "Nuclear", "Coal"]
+  storage_techs: ["hydro+PHS", "battery", "H2"]
+  load_carriers: ["AC load"]
+  AC_carriers: ["AC line", "AC transformer"]
+  link_carriers: ["DC line", "Converter AC-DC"]
+  tech_colors:
+    "onwind" : "#235ebc"
+    "onshore wind" : "#235ebc"
+    'offwind' : "#6895dd"
+    'offwind-ac' : "#6895dd"
+    'offshore wind' : "#6895dd"
+    'offshore wind ac' : "#6895dd"
+    'offwind-dc' : "#74c6f2"
+    'offshore wind dc' : "#74c6f2"
+    "hydro" : "#08ad97"
+    "hydro+PHS" : "#08ad97"
+    "PHS" : "#08ad97"
+    "hydro reservoir" : "#08ad97"
+    'hydroelectricity' : '#08ad97'
+    "ror" : "#4adbc8"
+    "run of river" : "#4adbc8"
+    'solar' : "#f9d002"
+    'solar PV' : "#f9d002"
+    'solar thermal' : '#ffef60'
+    'biomass' : '#0c6013'
+    'solid biomass' : '#06540d'
+    'biogas' : '#23932d'
+    'waste' : '#68896b'
+    'geothermal' : '#ba91b1'
+    "OCGT" : "#d35050"
+    "gas" : "#d35050"
+    "natural gas" : "#d35050"
+    "CCGT" : "#b20101"
+    "nuclear" : "#ff9000"
+    "coal" : "#707070"
+    "lignite" : "#9e5a01"
+    "oil" : "#262626"
+    "H2" : "#ea048a"
+    "hydrogen storage" : "#ea048a"
+    "battery" : "#b8ea04"
+    "Electric load" : "#f9d002"
+    "electricity" : "#f9d002"
+    "lines" : "#70af1d"
+    "transmission lines" : "#70af1d"
+    "AC-AC" : "#70af1d"
+    "AC line" : "#70af1d"
+    "links" : "#8a1caf"
+    "HVDC links" : "#8a1caf"
+    "DC-DC" : "#8a1caf"
+    "DC link" : "#8a1caf"
+  nice_names:
+    OCGT: "Open-Cycle Gas"
+    CCGT: "Combined-Cycle Gas"
+    offwind-ac: "Offshore Wind (AC)"
+    offwind-dc: "Offshore Wind (DC)"
+    onwind: "Onshore Wind"
+    solar: "Solar"
+    PHS: "Pumped Hydro Storage"
+    hydro: "Reservoir & Dam"
+    battery: "Battery Storage"
+    H2: "Hydrogen Storage"
+    lines: "Transmission Lines"
+    ror: "Run of River"

scripts/add_electricity.py

@@ -539,6 +539,10 @@ def estimate_renewable_capacities(n, tech_map=None):
              .where(lambda s: s>0.1, 0.))  # only capacities above 100kW
         n.generators.loc[tech_i, 'p_nom_min'] = n.generators.loc[tech_i, 'p_nom']
 
+def attach_line_rating(n):
+    if snakemake.config["lines"]["line_rating"]:
+        s_max=xr.open_dataarray(snakemake.input.line_rating).to_pandas().transpose()
+        n.lines_t.s_max_pu=s_max/n.lines.loc[s_max.columns,:]['s_nom'] #only considers overhead lines
 
 def add_nice_carrier_names(n, config=None):
     if config is None: config = snakemake.config
@@ -575,9 +579,11 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
     attach_hydro(n, costs, ppl)
     attach_extendable_generators(n, costs, ppl)
 
+
     estimate_renewable_capacities(n)
     attach_OPSD_renewables(n)
     update_p_nom_max(n)
+    attach_line_rating(n)
 
     add_nice_carrier_names(n)
 

scripts/build_line_rating.py

@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2017-2020 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+# coding: utf-8
+"""
+Adds dynamic line rating timeseries to the base network.
+
+Relevant Settings
+-----------------
+
+.. code:: yaml
+
+    lines_t:
+        s_max_pu
+
+
+.. seealso::
+    Documentation of the configuration file ``config.yaml`
+Inputs
+------
+
+- ``data/cutouts``: 
+- ``networks/base.nc``: confer :ref:`base`
+
+Outputs
+-------
+
+- ``networks/base_with_line_rating.nc``
+
+
+Description
+-----------
+
+The rule :mod:`build_line_rating` calculates the line rating for transmission lines. 
+The line rating provides the maximal capacity of a transmission line considering the heat exchange with the environment. 
+
+The folloing heat gains and losses are considered:
+
+- heat gain through resistive losses
+- heat gain trough solar radiation
+- heat loss through radiation of the trasnmission line
+- heat loss through forced convection with wind
+- heat loss through natural convection 
+
+
+With a heat balance considering the maximum temperature threshold of the tranmission line, 
+the maximal possible capacity factor "s_max_pu" for each transmission line at each time step is calculated.
+"""
+
+import logging
+from _helpers import configure_logging
+
+import pypsa
+import pandas as pd
+import numpy as np
+import geopandas as gpd
+from shapely.geometry import Point, LineString as Line
+import atlite
+import xarray as xr
+
+
+def calculate_line_rating(n):
+    relevant_lines=n.lines[(n.lines['underground']==False) & (n.lines['under_construction']==False)] 
+    buses = relevant_lines[["bus0", "bus1"]].values
+    x = n.buses.x
+    y = n.buses.y
+    shapes = [Line([Point(x[b0], y[b0]), Point(x[b1], y[b1])]) for (b0, b1) in buses]
+    shapes = gpd.GeoSeries(shapes, index=relevant_lines.index)
+    cutout = atlite.Cutout(snakemake.input.cutout)
+    if relevant_lines.r_pu.eq(0).all():
+        #Overwrite standard line resistance with line resistance obtained from line type 
+        relevant_lines["r_pu"]=relevant_lines.join(n.line_types["r_per_length"], on=["type"])['r_per_length']/1000 #in meters
+    Imax=cutout.line_rating(shapes, relevant_lines.r_pu)
+    da = xr.DataArray(data=np.sqrt(3) * Imax * relevant_lines["v_nom"].values.reshape(-1,1) * relevant_lines["num_parallel"].values.reshape(-1,1)/1e3, #in mW
+                      attrs=dict(description="Maximal possible power in MW for given line considering line rating"))
+    return da
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    if 'snakemake' not in globals():
+        from _helpers import mock_snakemake
+        snakemake = mock_snakemake('build_line_rating', network='elec', simpl='',
+                                  clusters='6', ll='copt', opts='Co2L-24H')
+    configure_logging(snakemake)
+
+    n = pypsa.Network(snakemake.input.base_network)  
+    da=calculate_line_rating(n)
+
+    da.to_netcdf(snakemake.output[0])