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42
scripts/build_cop_profiles/BaseCopApproximator.py
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@ -1,12 +1,18 @@
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
from typing import Union from typing import Union
import xarray as xr
import numpy as np import numpy as np
import xarray as xr
class BaseCopApproximator(ABC): class BaseCopApproximator(ABC):
""" """
Abstract class for approximating the coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump.""" Abstract class for approximating the coefficient of performance (COP) of a
heat pump.
"""
def __init__( def __init__(
self, self,
forward_temperature_celsius: Union[xr.DataArray, np.array], forward_temperature_celsius: Union[xr.DataArray, np.array],
@ -26,7 +32,8 @@ class BaseCopApproximator(ABC):
@abstractmethod @abstractmethod
def approximate_cop(self) -> Union[xr.DataArray, np.array]: def approximate_cop(self) -> Union[xr.DataArray, np.array]:
"""Approximate heat pump coefficient of performance (COP). """
Approximate heat pump coefficient of performance (COP).
Returns: Returns:
------- -------
@ -35,27 +42,38 @@ class BaseCopApproximator(ABC):
""" """
pass pass
def celsius_to_kelvin(t_celsius: Union[float, xr.DataArray, np.array]) -> Union[float, xr.DataArray, np.array]: def celsius_to_kelvin(
t_celsius: Union[float, xr.DataArray, np.array]
) -> Union[float, xr.DataArray, np.array]:
if (np.asarray(t_celsius) > 200).any(): if (np.asarray(t_celsius) > 200).any():
raise ValueError("t_celsius > 200. Are you sure you are using the right units?") raise ValueError(
"t_celsius > 200. Are you sure you are using the right units?"
)
return t_celsius + 273.15 return t_celsius + 273.15
def logarithmic_mean(
def logarithmic_mean(t_hot: Union[float, xr.DataArray, np.ndarray], t_cold: Union[float, xr.DataArray, np.ndarray]) -> Union[float, xr.DataArray, np.ndarray]: t_hot: Union[float, xr.DataArray, np.ndarray],
t_cold: Union[float, xr.DataArray, np.ndarray],
) -> Union[float, xr.DataArray, np.ndarray]:
if (np.asarray(t_hot <= t_cold)).any(): if (np.asarray(t_hot <= t_cold)).any():
raise ValueError("t_hot must be greater than t_cold") raise ValueError("t_hot must be greater than t_cold")
return (t_hot - t_cold) / np.log(t_hot / t_cold) return (t_hot - t_cold) / np.log(t_hot / t_cold)
@staticmethod @staticmethod
def celsius_to_kelvin(t_celsius: Union[float, xr.DataArray, np.array]) -> Union[float, xr.DataArray, np.array]: def celsius_to_kelvin(
t_celsius: Union[float, xr.DataArray, np.array]
) -> Union[float, xr.DataArray, np.array]:
if (np.asarray(t_celsius) > 200).any(): if (np.asarray(t_celsius) > 200).any():
raise ValueError("t_celsius > 200. Are you sure you are using the right units?") raise ValueError(
"t_celsius > 200. Are you sure you are using the right units?"
)
return t_celsius + 273.15 return t_celsius + 273.15
@staticmethod @staticmethod
def logarithmic_mean(t_hot: Union[float, xr.DataArray, np.ndarray], t_cold: Union[float, xr.DataArray, np.ndarray]) -> Union[float, xr.DataArray, np.ndarray]: def logarithmic_mean(
t_hot: Union[float, xr.DataArray, np.ndarray],
t_cold: Union[float, xr.DataArray, np.ndarray],
) -> Union[float, xr.DataArray, np.ndarray]:
if (np.asarray(t_hot <= t_cold)).any(): if (np.asarray(t_hot <= t_cold)).any():
raise ValueError("t_hot must be greater than t_cold") raise ValueError("t_hot must be greater than t_cold")
return (t_hot - t_cold) / np.log(t_hot / t_cold) return (t_hot - t_cold) / np.log(t_hot / t_cold)

63
scripts/build_cop_profiles/CentralHeatingCopApproximator.py
View File

@ -1,16 +1,21 @@
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from typing import Union from typing import Union
import xarray as xr
import numpy as np
import numpy as np
import xarray as xr
from BaseCopApproximator import BaseCopApproximator from BaseCopApproximator import BaseCopApproximator
class CentralHeatingCopApproximator(BaseCopApproximator): class CentralHeatingCopApproximator(BaseCopApproximator):
""" """
Approximate the coefficient of performance (COP) for a heat pump in a central heating system (district heating). Approximate the coefficient of performance (COP) for a heat pump in a
central heating system (district heating).
Uses an approximation method proposed by Jensen et al. (2018) and default parameters from Pieper et al. (2020). Uses an approximation method proposed by Jensen et al. (2018) and
The method is based on a thermodynamic heat pump model with some hard-to-know parameters being approximated. default parameters from Pieper et al. (2020). The method is based on
a thermodynamic heat pump model with some hard-to-know parameters
being approximated.
""" """
def __init__( def __init__(
@ -42,11 +47,19 @@ class CentralHeatingCopApproximator(BaseCopApproximator):
heat_loss : float, optional heat_loss : float, optional
The heat loss, by default 0.0. The heat loss, by default 0.0.
""" """
self.t_source_in_kelvin = BaseCopApproximator.celsius_to_kelvin(source_inlet_temperature_celsius) self.t_source_in_kelvin = BaseCopApproximator.celsius_to_kelvin(
self.t_sink_out_kelvin = BaseCopApproximator.celsius_to_kelvin(forward_temperature_celsius) source_inlet_temperature_celsius
)
self.t_sink_out_kelvin = BaseCopApproximator.celsius_to_kelvin(
forward_temperature_celsius
)
self.t_sink_in_kelvin = BaseCopApproximator.celsius_to_kelvin(return_temperature_celsius) self.t_sink_in_kelvin = BaseCopApproximator.celsius_to_kelvin(
self.t_source_out = BaseCopApproximator.celsius_to_kelvin(source_outlet_temperature_celsius) return_temperature_celsius
)
self.t_source_out = BaseCopApproximator.celsius_to_kelvin(
source_outlet_temperature_celsius
)
self.isentropic_efficiency_compressor_kelvin = isentropic_compressor_efficiency self.isentropic_efficiency_compressor_kelvin = isentropic_compressor_efficiency
self.heat_loss = heat_loss self.heat_loss = heat_loss
@ -87,14 +100,17 @@ class CentralHeatingCopApproximator(BaseCopApproximator):
@property @property
def t_sink_mean_kelvin(self) -> Union[xr.DataArray, np.array]: def t_sink_mean_kelvin(self) -> Union[xr.DataArray, np.array]:
""" """
Calculate the logarithmic mean temperature difference between the cold and hot sinks. Calculate the logarithmic mean temperature difference between the cold
and hot sinks.
Returns Returns
------- -------
Union[xr.DataArray, np.array] Union[xr.DataArray, np.array]
The mean temperature difference. The mean temperature difference.
""" """
return BaseCopApproximator.logarithmic_mean(t_cold=self.t_sink_in_kelvin, t_hot=self.t_sink_out_kelvin) return BaseCopApproximator.logarithmic_mean(
t_cold=self.t_sink_in_kelvin, t_hot=self.t_sink_out_kelvin
)
@property @property
def t_source_mean_kelvin(self) -> Union[xr.DataArray, np.array]: def t_source_mean_kelvin(self) -> Union[xr.DataArray, np.array]:
@ -106,12 +122,15 @@ class CentralHeatingCopApproximator(BaseCopApproximator):
Union[xr.DataArray, np.array] Union[xr.DataArray, np.array]
The mean temperature of the heat source. The mean temperature of the heat source.
""" """
return BaseCopApproximator.logarithmic_mean(t_hot=self.t_source_in_kelvin, t_cold=self.t_source_out) return BaseCopApproximator.logarithmic_mean(
t_hot=self.t_source_in_kelvin, t_cold=self.t_source_out
)
@property @property
def delta_t_lift(self) -> Union[xr.DataArray, np.array]: def delta_t_lift(self) -> Union[xr.DataArray, np.array]:
""" """
Calculate the temperature lift as the difference between the logarithmic sink and source temperatures. Calculate the temperature lift as the difference between the
logarithmic sink and source temperatures.
Returns Returns
------- -------
@ -132,14 +151,14 @@ class CentralHeatingCopApproximator(BaseCopApproximator):
------- -------
np.array np.array
The ideal Lorenz COP. The ideal Lorenz COP.
""" """
return self.t_sink_mean_kelvin / self.delta_t_lift return self.t_sink_mean_kelvin / self.delta_t_lift
@property @property
def delta_t_refrigerant_source(self) -> Union[xr.DataArray, np.array]: def delta_t_refrigerant_source(self) -> Union[xr.DataArray, np.array]:
""" """
Calculate the temperature difference between the refrigerant source inlet and outlet. Calculate the temperature difference between the refrigerant source
inlet and outlet.
Returns Returns
------- -------
@ -153,7 +172,8 @@ class CentralHeatingCopApproximator(BaseCopApproximator):
@property @property
def delta_t_refrigerant_sink(self) -> Union[xr.DataArray, np.array]: def delta_t_refrigerant_sink(self) -> Union[xr.DataArray, np.array]:
""" """
Temperature difference between the refrigerant and the sink based on approximation. Temperature difference between the refrigerant and the sink based on
approximation.
Returns Returns
------- -------
@ -165,7 +185,8 @@ class CentralHeatingCopApproximator(BaseCopApproximator):
@property @property
def ratio_evaporation_compression_work(self) -> Union[xr.DataArray, np.array]: def ratio_evaporation_compression_work(self) -> Union[xr.DataArray, np.array]:
""" """
Calculate the ratio of evaporation to compression work based on approximation. Calculate the ratio of evaporation to compression work based on
approximation.
Returns Returns
------- -------
@ -190,7 +211,8 @@ class CentralHeatingCopApproximator(BaseCopApproximator):
self, delta_t_source: Union[xr.DataArray, np.array] self, delta_t_source: Union[xr.DataArray, np.array]
) -> Union[xr.DataArray, np.array]: ) -> Union[xr.DataArray, np.array]:
""" """
Approximates the temperature difference between the refrigerant and the source. Approximates the temperature difference between the refrigerant and the
source.
Parameters Parameters
---------- ----------
@ -212,7 +234,8 @@ class CentralHeatingCopApproximator(BaseCopApproximator):
c: float = {"ammonia": 0.016, "isobutane": 2.4}, c: float = {"ammonia": 0.016, "isobutane": 2.4},
) -> Union[xr.DataArray, np.array]: ) -> Union[xr.DataArray, np.array]:
""" """
Approximates the temperature difference between the refrigerant and heat sink. Approximates the temperature difference between the refrigerant and
heat sink.
Parameters: Parameters:
---------- ----------
@ -236,7 +259,6 @@ class CentralHeatingCopApproximator(BaseCopApproximator):
The approximate temperature difference at the refrigerant sink is calculated using the following formula: The approximate temperature difference at the refrigerant sink is calculated using the following formula:
a * (t_sink_out - t_source_out + 2 * delta_t_pinch) + b * delta_t_sink + c a * (t_sink_out - t_source_out + 2 * delta_t_pinch) + b * delta_t_sink + c
""" """
if refrigerant not in a.keys(): if refrigerant not in a.keys():
raise ValueError( raise ValueError(
@ -292,4 +314,3 @@ class CentralHeatingCopApproximator(BaseCopApproximator):
+ b[refrigerant] * self.delta_t_sink + b[refrigerant] * self.delta_t_sink
+ c[refrigerant] + c[refrigerant]
) )

25
scripts/build_cop_profiles/DecentralHeatingCopApproximator.py
View File

@ -1,15 +1,17 @@
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from typing import Union from typing import Union
import xarray as xr
import numpy as np
import numpy as np
import xarray as xr
from BaseCopApproximator import BaseCopApproximator from BaseCopApproximator import BaseCopApproximator
class DecentralHeatingCopApproximator(BaseCopApproximator): class DecentralHeatingCopApproximator(BaseCopApproximator):
""" """
Approximate the coefficient of performance (COP) for a heat pump in a decentral heating system (individual/household heating). Approximate the coefficient of performance (COP) for a heat pump in a
decentral heating system (individual/household heating).
Uses a quadratic regression on the temperature difference between the source and sink based on empirical data proposed by Staffell et al. 2012 . Uses a quadratic regression on the temperature difference between the source and sink based on empirical data proposed by Staffell et al. 2012 .
@ -22,7 +24,7 @@ class DecentralHeatingCopApproximator(BaseCopApproximator):
self, self,
forward_temperature_celsius: Union[xr.DataArray, np.array], forward_temperature_celsius: Union[xr.DataArray, np.array],
source_inlet_temperature_celsius: Union[xr.DataArray, np.array], source_inlet_temperature_celsius: Union[xr.DataArray, np.array],
source_type: str source_type: str,
): ):
""" """
Initialize the COPProfileBuilder object. Initialize the COPProfileBuilder object.
@ -45,9 +47,11 @@ class DecentralHeatingCopApproximator(BaseCopApproximator):
def approximate_cop(self) -> Union[xr.DataArray, np.array]: def approximate_cop(self) -> Union[xr.DataArray, np.array]:
""" """
Compute output of quadratic regression for air-/ground-source heat pumps. Compute output of quadratic regression for air-/ground-source heat
pumps.
Calls the appropriate method depending on `source`.""" Calls the appropriate method depending on `source`.
"""
if self.source_type == "air": if self.source_type == "air":
return self._approximate_cop_air_source() return self._approximate_cop_air_source()
elif self.source_type == "soil": elif self.source_type == "soil":
@ -62,7 +66,8 @@ class DecentralHeatingCopApproximator(BaseCopApproximator):
Returns Returns
------- -------
Union[xr.DataArray, np.array] Union[xr.DataArray, np.array]
The calculated COP values.""" The calculated COP values.
"""
return 6.81 - 0.121 * self.delta_t + 0.000630 * self.delta_t**2 return 6.81 - 0.121 * self.delta_t + 0.000630 * self.delta_t**2
def _approximate_cop_ground_source(self) -> Union[xr.DataArray, np.array]: def _approximate_cop_ground_source(self) -> Union[xr.DataArray, np.array]:
@ -74,6 +79,6 @@ class DecentralHeatingCopApproximator(BaseCopApproximator):
Returns Returns
------- -------
Union[xr.DataArray, np.array] Union[xr.DataArray, np.array]
The calculated COP values.""" The calculated COP values.
"""
return 8.77 - 0.150 * self.delta_t + 0.000734 * self.delta_t**2 return 8.77 - 0.150 * self.delta_t + 0.000734 * self.delta_t**2

24
scripts/build_cop_profiles/run.py
View File

@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import xarray as xr
import numpy as np import numpy as np
import xarray as xr
from _helpers import set_scenario_config
from CentralHeatingCopApproximator import CentralHeatingCopApproximator from CentralHeatingCopApproximator import CentralHeatingCopApproximator
from DecentralHeatingCopApproximator import DecentralHeatingCopApproximator from DecentralHeatingCopApproximator import DecentralHeatingCopApproximator
from _helpers import set_scenario_config
if __name__ == "__main__": if __name__ == "__main__":
if "snakemake" not in globals(): if "snakemake" not in globals():
@ -20,23 +21,28 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
for source_type in ["air", "soil"]: for source_type in ["air", "soil"]:
# source inlet temperature (air/soil) is based on weather data # source inlet temperature (air/soil) is based on weather data
source_inlet_temperature_celsius = xr.open_dataarray(snakemake.input[f"temp_{source_type}_total"]) source_inlet_temperature_celsius = xr.open_dataarray(
snakemake.input[f"temp_{source_type}_total"]
)
# Approximate COP for decentral (individual) heating # Approximate COP for decentral (individual) heating
cop_individual_heating = DecentralHeatingCopApproximator( cop_individual_heating = DecentralHeatingCopApproximator(
forward_temperature_celsius=snakemake.params.heat_pump_sink_T_decentral_heating, forward_temperature_celsius=snakemake.params.heat_pump_sink_T_decentral_heating,
source_inlet_temperature_celsius=source_inlet_temperature_celsius, source_inlet_temperature_celsius=source_inlet_temperature_celsius,
source_type=source_type source_type=source_type,
).approximate_cop() ).approximate_cop()
cop_individual_heating.to_netcdf(snakemake.output[f"cop_{source_type}_decentral_heating"]) cop_individual_heating.to_netcdf(
snakemake.output[f"cop_{source_type}_decentral_heating"]
)
# Approximate COP for central (district) heating # Approximate COP for central (district) heating
cop_central_heating = CentralHeatingCopApproximator( cop_central_heating = CentralHeatingCopApproximator(
forward_temperature_celsius=snakemake.params.forward_temperature_central_heating, forward_temperature_celsius=snakemake.params.forward_temperature_central_heating,
return_temperature_celsius=snakemake.params.return_temperature_central_heating, return_temperature_celsius=snakemake.params.return_temperature_central_heating,
source_inlet_temperature_celsius=source_inlet_temperature_celsius, source_inlet_temperature_celsius=source_inlet_temperature_celsius,
source_outlet_temperature_celsius=source_inlet_temperature_celsius - snakemake.params.heat_source_cooling_central_heating, source_outlet_temperature_celsius=source_inlet_temperature_celsius
- snakemake.params.heat_source_cooling_central_heating,
).approximate_cop() ).approximate_cop()
cop_central_heating.to_netcdf(snakemake.output[f"cop_{source_type}_central_heating"]) cop_central_heating.to_netcdf(
snakemake.output[f"cop_{source_type}_central_heating"]
)