add H2 liquefaction cost to H2 shipping demand (#145)

* add H2 liquefaction cost to H2 shipping demand

* rename bus to 'H2 liquid'

* add release note

* make consideration of liquefaction costs for shipping optional

* update release notes

config.default.yaml

@@ -175,6 +175,7 @@ sector:
   transport_fuel_cell_efficiency: 0.5
   transport_internal_combustion_efficiency: 0.3
   shipping_average_efficiency: 0.4 #For conversion of fuel oil to propulsion in 2011
+  shipping_hydrogen_liquefaction: true # whether to consider liquefaction costs for shipping H2 demands
   shipping_hydrogen_share: # 1 means all hydrogen FC
     2020: 0
     2025: 0

doc/release_notes.rst

@@ -60,6 +60,9 @@ Future release
   These are included in the environment specifications of PyPSA-Eur.
 * Consistent use of ``__main__`` block and further unspecific code cleaning.
 * Distinguish costs for home battery storage and inverter from utility-scale battery costs.
+* Added option for hydrogen liquefaction costs for hydrogen demand in shipping.
+  This introduces a new ``H2 liquid`` bus at each location.
+  It is activated via ``sector: shipping_hydrogen_liquefaction: true``.
 * The share of shipping transformed into hydrogen fuel cell can be now defined for different years in the ``config.yaml`` file. The carbon emission from the remaining share is treated as a negative load on the atmospheric carbon dioxide bus, just like aviation and land transport emissions.
 * The transformation of the Steel and Aluminium production can be now defined for different years in the ``config.yaml`` file.
 * Include the option to alter the maximum energy capacity of a store via the ``carrier+factor`` in the ``{sector_opts}`` wildcard. This can be useful for sensitivity analyses. Example: ``co2 stored+e2`` multiplies the ``e_nom_max`` by factor 2. In this example, ``e_nom_max`` represents the CO2 sequestration potential in Europe.

scripts/prepare_sector_network.py

@@ -1714,6 +1714,30 @@ def add_industry(n, costs):
         p_set=industrial_demand.loc[nodes, "hydrogen"] / 8760
     )
 
+    if options["shipping_hydrogen_liquefaction"]:
+
+        n.madd("Bus",
+            nodes,
+            suffix=" H2 liquid",
+            carrier="H2 liquid",
+            location=nodes
+        )
+
+        n.madd("Link",
+            nodes + " H2 liquefaction",
+            bus0=nodes + " H2",
+            bus1=nodes + " H2 liquid",
+            carrier="H2 liquefaction",
+            efficiency=costs.at["H2 liquefaction", 'efficiency'],
+            capital_cost=costs.at["H2 liquefaction", 'fixed'],
+            p_nom_extendable=True,
+            lifetime=costs.at['H2 liquefaction', 'lifetime']
+        )
+
+        shipping_bus = nodes + " H2 liquid"
+    else:
+        shipping_bus = nodes + " H2"
+
     all_navigation = ["total international navigation", "total domestic navigation"]
     efficiency = options['shipping_average_efficiency'] / costs.at["fuel cell", "efficiency"]
     shipping_hydrogen_share = get(options['shipping_hydrogen_share'], investment_year)
@@ -1722,7 +1746,7 @@ def add_industry(n, costs):
     n.madd("Load",
         nodes,
         suffix=" H2 for shipping",
-        bus=nodes + " H2",
+        bus=shipping_bus,
         carrier="H2 for shipping",
         p_set=p_set
     )