ec: attach hydrogen pipelines (#108)

config.default.yaml

@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ electricity:
     Generator: [OCGT]
     StorageUnit: [battery, H2]
     Store: [] # battery, H2
+    Link: []
 
   max_hours:
     battery: 6

config.tutorial.yaml

@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ electricity:
     Generator: [OCGT]
     StorageUnit: [battery, H2]
     Store: [] #battery, H2
+    Link: []
 
   max_hours:
     battery: 6

data/costs.csv

@@ -96,6 +96,12 @@ fuel cell,2030,lifetime,20,years,NREL http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy09osti/45873.pd
 fuel cell,2030,efficiency,0.58,per unit,NREL http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy09osti/45873.pdf; budischak2013 conservative 2020
 hydrogen storage,2030,investment,11.2,USD/kWh,budischak2013
 hydrogen storage,2030,lifetime,20,years,budischak2013
+hydrogen underground storage,2030,investment,0.5,EUR/kWh,maximum from https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/46719.pdf
+hydrogen underground storage,2030,lifetime,40,years,http://www.acatech.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Baumstruktur_nach_Website/Acatech/root/de/Publikationen/Materialien/ESYS_Technologiesteckbrief_Energiespeicher.pdf
+H2 pipeline,2030,investment,267,EUR/MW/km,Welder et al https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.12.156
+H2 pipeline,2030,lifetime,40,years,Krieg2012 http://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/136392/files/Energie%26Umwelt_144.pdf
+H2 pipeline,2030,FOM,5,%/year,Krieg2012 http://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/136392/files/Energie%26Umwelt_144.pdf
+H2 pipeline,2030,efficiency,0.98,per unit,Krieg2012 http://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/136392/files/Energie%26Umwelt_144.pdf
 methanation,2030,investment,1000,EUR/kWH2,Schaber thesis
 methanation,2030,lifetime,25,years,Schaber thesis
 methanation,2030,FOM,3,%/year,Schaber thesis

doc/configtables/electricity.csv

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ extendable_carriers,,,
 -- Generator,--,"Any subset  of {'OCGT','CCGT'}","Places extendable conventional power plants (OCGT and/or CCGT) where gas power plants are located today without capacity limits."
 -- StorageUnit,--,"Any subset of {'battery','H2'}","Adds extendable storage units (battery and/or hydrogen) at every node/bus after clustering without capacity limits and with zero initial capacity."
 -- Store,--,"Any subset of {'battery','H2'}","Adds extendable storage units (battery and/or hydrogen) at every node/bus after clustering without capacity limits and with zero initial capacity."
+-- Link,--,"Any subset of {'H2 pipeline'}","Adds extendable links (H2 pipelines only) at every connection where there are lines or HVDC links without capacity limits and with zero initial capacity. Hydrogen pipelines require hydrogen storage to be modelled as ``Store``."
 max_hours,,,
 -- battery,h,float,"Maximum state of charge capacity of the battery in terms of hours at full output capacity ``p_nom``. Cf. `PyPSA documentation <https://pypsa.readthedocs.io/en/latest/components.html#storage-unit>`_."
 -- H2,h,float,"Maximum state of charge capacity of the hydrogen storage in terms of hours at full output capacity ``p_nom``. Cf. `PyPSA documentation <https://pypsa.readthedocs.io/en/latest/components.html#storage-unit>`_."

scripts/add_extra_components.py

@@ -50,8 +50,9 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 from _helpers import configure_logging
 
 import pandas as pd
+import numpy as np
 import pypsa
-from add_electricity import (load_costs, normed, add_nice_carrier_names,
+from add_electricity import (load_costs, add_nice_carrier_names,
                              _add_missing_carriers_from_costs)
 
 idx = pd.IndexSlice
@@ -139,6 +140,37 @@ def attach_stores(n, costs):
                capital_cost=costs.at['battery inverter', 'capital_cost'],
                p_nom_extendable=True)
 
+def attach_hydrogen_pipelines(n, costs):
+    elec_opts = snakemake.config['electricity']
+    ext_carriers = elec_opts['extendable_carriers']
+    as_stores = ext_carriers.get('Store', [])
+
+    if 'H2 pipeline' not in ext_carriers.get('Link',[]): return
+
+    assert 'H2' in as_stores, ("Attaching hydrogen pipelines requires hydrogen "
+            "storage to be modelled as Store-Link-Bus combination. See "
+            "`config.yaml` at `electricity: extendable_carriers: Store:`.")
+
+    # determine bus pairs
+    attrs = ["bus0","bus1","length"]
+    candidates = pd.concat([n.lines[attrs], n.links.query('carrier=="DC"')[attrs]])\
+                    .reset_index(drop=True)
+
+    # remove bus pair duplicates regardless of order of bus0 and bus1
+    h2_links = candidates[~pd.DataFrame(np.sort(candidates[['bus0', 'bus1']])).duplicated()]
+    h2_links.index = h2_links.apply(lambda c: f"H2 pipeline {c.bus0}-{c.bus1}", axis=1)
+
+    # add pipelines
+    n.madd("Link",
+           h2_links.index,
+           bus0=h2_links.bus0.values + " H2",
+           bus1=h2_links.bus1.values + " H2",
+           p_min_pu=-1,
+           p_nom_extendable=True,
+           length=h2_links.length.values,
+           capital_cost=costs.at['H2 pipeline','capital_cost']*h2_links.length,
+           efficiency=costs.at['H2 pipeline','efficiency'],
+           carrier="H2 pipeline")
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     # Detect running outside of snakemake and mock snakemake for testing
@@ -160,6 +192,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
 
     attach_storageunits(n, costs)
     attach_stores(n, costs)
+    attach_hydrogen_pipelines(n, costs)
 
     add_nice_carrier_names(n, config=snakemake.config)
 

test/config.test1.yaml

@@ -32,8 +32,9 @@ electricity:
 
   extendable_carriers:
     Generator: [OCGT]
-    StorageUnit: [battery, H2]
-    Store: [] #battery, H2
+    StorageUnit: [battery]
+    Store: [H2]
+    Link: [H2 pipeline]
 
   max_hours:
     battery: 6