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@ -420,7 +420,7 @@ The chemicals industry includes a wide range of diverse industries, including th
The chemicals industry includes a wide range of diverse industries, including the production of basic organic compounds (olefins, alcohols, aromatics), basic inorganic compounds (ammonia, chlorine), polymers (plastics), and end-user products (cosmetics, pharmaceutics). The chemicals industry includes a wide range of diverse industries, including the production of basic organic compounds (olefins, alcohols, aromatics), basic inorganic compounds (ammonia, chlorine), polymers (plastics), and end-user products (cosmetics, pharmaceutics).
The chemicals industry consumes large amounts of fossil-fuel based feedstocks (see `Levi et. al <https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.7b04573>`_), which can also be produced from renewables as outlined for hydrogen (LINK TO HYDROGEN SUPPLY), for methane (LINK TO METHANE SUPPLY), and for oil-based products (LINK TO OIL-BASED PRODUCTS SUPPLY). The ratio between synthetic and fossil-based fuels used in the industry is an endogenous result of the opti- misation. The chemicals industry consumes large amounts of fossil-fuel based feedstocks (see `Levi et. al <https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.7b04573>`_), which can also be produced from renewables as outlined for hydrogen (see :ref:`Hydrogen supply`), for methane (see :ref:`Methane supply`), and for oil-based products (see :ref:`Oil-based products supply`). The ratio between synthetic and fossil-based fuels used in the industry is an endogenous result of the opti- misation.
The basic chemicals consumption data from the `JRC IDEES <https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/989282db-ad65-11e7-837e-01aa75ed71a1/language-en>`_ database comprises high- value chemicals (ethylene, propylene and BTX), chlorine, methanol and ammonia. However, it is necessary to separate out these chemicals because their current and future production routes are different. The basic chemicals consumption data from the `JRC IDEES <https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/989282db-ad65-11e7-837e-01aa75ed71a1/language-en>`_ database comprises high- value chemicals (ethylene, propylene and BTX), chlorine, methanol and ammonia. However, it is necessary to separate out these chemicals because their current and future production routes are different.
@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ N_2 + 3H_2 → 2NH_3
$$ $$
The Haber-Bosch process is not explicitly represented in the model, such that demand for ammonia enters the model as a demand for hydrogen ( $6.5 MWh_{H_2}$ / t $_{NH_3}$ ) and electricity ( $1.17 MWh_{el}$ /t $_{NH_3}$ ) (see `Wang et. al <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2018.04.017>`_). Today, natural gas dominates in Europe as the source for the hydrogen used in the Haber-Bosch process, but the model can choose among the various hydrogen supply options described in the hydrogen section (LINK TO HYDROGEN SUPPLY) The Haber-Bosch process is not explicitly represented in the model, such that demand for ammonia enters the model as a demand for hydrogen ( $6.5 MWh_{H_2}$ / t $_{NH_3}$ ) and electricity ( $1.17 MWh_{el}$ /t $_{NH_3}$ ) (see `Wang et. al <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2018.04.017>`_). Today, natural gas dominates in Europe as the source for the hydrogen used in the Haber-Bosch process, but the model can choose among the various hydrogen supply options described in the hydrogen section (see :ref:`Hydrogen supply`)
Transportation Transportation
========================= =========================
@ -455,19 +455,19 @@ The battery cost of BEV is not included in the model since it is assumed that BE
*Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCEV)* *Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCEV)*
The share of all land transport that is specified to be be FCEV will be converted to a demand for hydrogen [link to hydrogen] using the `FCEV efficiency The share of all land transport that is specified to be be FCEV will be converted to a demand for hydrogen (see :ref:`Hydrogen supply`) using the `FCEV efficiency
<https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/config.default.yaml#L191>`_. <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/config.default.yaml#L191>`_.
FCEVs are typically used to simulate demand for transport that is hard to electrify directly, e.g. heavy construction machinery. But it may also be used to investigate a more widespread adoption of the technology. FCEVs are typically used to simulate demand for transport that is hard to electrify directly, e.g. heavy construction machinery. But it may also be used to investigate a more widespread adoption of the technology.
*Internal combustion engine vehicles (ICE)* *Internal combustion engine vehicles (ICE)*
All land transport that is not specified to be either BEV or FCEV will be treated as conventional ICEs. The transport demand is converted to a demand for oil products [link to oil products] using the `ICE efficiency All land transport that is not specified to be either BEV or FCEV will be treated as conventional ICEs. The transport demand is converted to a demand for oil products (see :ref:`Oil-based products supply`) using the `ICE efficiency
<https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/config.default.yaml#L192>`_. <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/config.default.yaml#L192>`_.
*Aviation* *Aviation*
The ‘demand for aviation <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/scripts/prepare_sector_network.py#L2193>`_ includes international and domestic use. It is modeled as an oil demand since aviation consumes kerosene. This can be produced synthetically or have fossil-origin [link to oil product]. The ‘demand for aviation <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/scripts/prepare_sector_network.py#L2193>`_ includes international and domestic use. It is modeled as an oil demand since aviation consumes kerosene. This can be produced synthetically or have fossil-origin (see :ref:`Oil-based products supply`).
*Shipping* *Shipping*
@ -476,7 +476,7 @@ Shipping energy demand is covered by a combination of oil and hydrogen. Other fu
To estimate the `hydrogen demand <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/scripts/prepare_sector_network.py#L2090>`_, the average fuel efficiency of the fleet is used in combination with the efficiency of the fuel cell defined in the technology-data repository. The average fuel efficiency is set in the `config file <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/config.default.yaml#L196>`_. To estimate the `hydrogen demand <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/scripts/prepare_sector_network.py#L2090>`_, the average fuel efficiency of the fleet is used in combination with the efficiency of the fuel cell defined in the technology-data repository. The average fuel efficiency is set in the `config file <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/config.default.yaml#L196>`_.
The consumed hydrogen comes from the general hydrogen bus where it can be produced by SMR, SMR+CC or electrolysers [link to hydrogen]. The fraction that is not converted into hydrogen use oil products, i.e. is connected to the general oil bus. The consumed hydrogen comes from the general hydrogen bus where it can be produced by SMR, SMR+CC or electrolysers (see :ref:`Hydrogen supply`). The fraction that is not converted into hydrogen use oil products, i.e. is connected to the general oil bus.
The energy demand for liquefaction of the hydrogen used for shipping can be `included <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/config.default.yaml#L197>`_. If this option is selected, liquifaction will happen at the `node where the shipping demand occurs <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/scripts/prepare_sector_network.py#L2064>`_. The energy demand for liquefaction of the hydrogen used for shipping can be `included <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/config.default.yaml#L197>`_. If this option is selected, liquifaction will happen at the `node where the shipping demand occurs <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/scripts/prepare_sector_network.py#L2064>`_.