merge master

config/config.default.yaml

@@ -598,6 +598,7 @@ sector:
   conventional_generation:
     OCGT: gas
   biomass_to_liquid: false
+  electrobiofuels: false
   biosng: false
   limit_max_growth:
     enable: false
@@ -620,6 +621,11 @@ sector:
     max_boost: 0.25
     var_cf: true
     sustainability_factor: 0.0025
+  solid_biomass_import:
+    enable: false
+    price: 54 #EUR/MWh
+    max_amount: 1390 # TWh
+    upstream_emissions_factor: .1 #share of solid biomass CO2 emissions at full combustion
 
 # docs in https://pypsa-eur.readthedocs.io/en/latest/configuration.html#industry
 industry:
@@ -1018,6 +1024,7 @@ plotting:
     biomass: '#baa741'
     solid biomass: '#baa741'
     municipal solid waste: '#91ba41'
+    solid biomass import: '#d5ca8d'
     solid biomass transport: '#baa741'
     solid biomass for industry: '#7a6d26'
     solid biomass for industry CC: '#47411c'
@@ -1031,6 +1038,7 @@ plotting:
     services rural biomass boiler: '#c6cf98'
     services urban decentral biomass boiler: '#dde5b5'
     biomass to liquid: '#32CD32'
+    electrobiofuels: 'red'
     BioSNG: '#123456'
     # power transmission
     lines: '#6c9459'

doc/configtables/sector.csv

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ industry,--,"{true, false}",Flag to include industry sector.
 agriculture,--,"{true, false}",Flag to include agriculture sector.
 fossil_fuels,--,"{true, false}","Flag to include imports of fossil fuels ( [""coal"", ""gas"", ""oil"", ""lignite""])"
 district_heating,--,,`prepare_sector_network.py <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/master/scripts/prepare_sector_network.py>`_
--- potential,--,float,maximum fraction of urban demand which can be supplied by district heating. Ignored where below current fraction.
+-- potential,--,float,maximum fraction of urban demand which can be supplied by district heating
 -- progress,--,Dictionary with planning horizons as keys., Increase of today's district heating demand to potential maximum district heating share. Progress = 0 means today's district heating share. Progress = 1 means maximum fraction of urban demand is supplied by district heating
 -- district_heating_loss,--,float,Share increase in district heat demand in urban central due to heat losses
 cluster_heat_buses,--,"{true, false}",Cluster residential and service heat buses in `prepare_sector_network.py <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/master/scripts/prepare_sector_network.py>`_  to one to save memory.
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ boilers,--,"{true, false}",Add option for transforming gas into heat using gas b
 resistive_heaters,--,"{true, false}",Add option for transforming electricity into heat using resistive heaters (independently from gas boilers)
 oil_boilers,--,"{true, false}",Add option for transforming oil into heat using boilers
 biomass_boiler,--,"{true, false}",Add option for transforming biomass into heat using boilers
-overdimension_individual_heating,--,float,Add option for overdimensioning individual heating systems by a certain factor. This allows them to cover heat demand peaks e.g. 10% higher than those in the data with a setting of 1.1.
+overdimension_individual_heating,--,"float",Add option for overdimensioning individual heating systems by a certain factor. This allows them to cover heat demand peaks e.g. 10% higher than those in the data with a setting of 1.1.
 chp,--,"{true, false}",Add option for using Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
 micro_chp,--,"{true, false}",Add option for using Combined Heat and Power (CHP) for decentral areas.
 solar_thermal,--,"{true, false}",Add option for using solar thermal to generate heat.
@@ -154,3 +154,8 @@ enhanced_geothermal,,,
 -- max_boost,--,float,The maximum boost in power output under flexible operation
 -- var_cf,--,"{true, false}",Add option for variable capacity factor (see Ricks et al. 2024)
 -- sustainability_factor,--,float,Share of sourced heat that is replenished by the earth's core (see details in `build_egs_potentials.py <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/master/scripts/build_egs_potentials.py>`_)
+solid_biomass_import,,,
+-- enable,--,"{true, false}",Add option to include solid biomass imports
+-- price,currency/MWh,float,Price for importing solid biomass
+-- max_amount,Twh,float,Maximum solid biomass import potential
+-- upstream_emissions_factor,p.u.,float,Upstream emissions of solid biomass imports

doc/release_notes.rst

@@ -10,6 +10,10 @@ Release Notes
 Upcoming Release
 ================
 
+* Add option to import solid biomass
+
+* Add option to produce electrobiofuels (flag ``electrobiofuels`) from solid biomass and hydrogen, as a combination of BtL and Fischer-Tropsch to make more use of the biogenic carbon
+
 * Add flag ``sector: fossil_fuels`` in config to remove the option of importing fossil fuels
 
 * Renamed the carrier of batteries in BEVs from `battery storage` to `EV battery` and the corresponding bus carrier from `Li ion` to `EV battery`. This is to avoid confusion with stationary battery storage.

scripts/prepare_sector_network.py

@@ -2311,6 +2311,54 @@ def add_biomass(n, costs):
         e_initial=solid_biomass_potentials_spatial,
     )
 
+    if options["solid_biomass_import"].get("enable", False):
+        biomass_import_price = options["solid_biomass_import"]["price"]
+        # convert TWh in MWh
+        biomass_import_max_amount = options["solid_biomass_import"]["max_amount"] * 1e6
+        biomass_import_upstream_emissions = options["solid_biomass_import"][
+            "upstream_emissions_factor"
+        ]
+
+        logger.info(
+            "Adding biomass import with cost %.2f EUR/MWh, a limit of %.2f TWh, and embedded emissions of %.2f%%",
+            biomass_import_price,
+            options["solid_biomass_import"]["max_amount"],
+            biomass_import_upstream_emissions * 100,
+        )
+
+        n.add("Carrier", "solid biomass import")
+
+        n.madd(
+            "Bus",
+            ["EU solid biomass import"],
+            location="EU",
+            carrier="solid biomass import",
+        )
+
+        n.madd(
+            "Store",
+            ["solid biomass import"],
+            bus=["EU solid biomass import"],
+            carrier="solid biomass import",
+            e_nom=biomass_import_max_amount,
+            marginal_cost=biomass_import_price,
+            e_initial=biomass_import_max_amount,
+        )
+
+        n.madd(
+            "Link",
+            spatial.biomass.nodes,
+            suffix=" solid biomass import",
+            bus0=["EU solid biomass import"],
+            bus1=spatial.biomass.nodes,
+            bus2="co2 atmosphere",
+            carrier="solid biomass import",
+            efficiency=1.0,
+            efficiency2=biomass_import_upstream_emissions
+            * costs.at["solid biomass", "CO2 intensity"],
+            p_nom_extendable=True,
+        )
+
     n.madd(
         "Store",
         spatial.msw.nodes,
@@ -2484,28 +2532,23 @@ def add_biomass(n, costs):
             bus4=spatial.co2.df.loc[urban_central, "nodes"].values,
             carrier="urban central solid biomass CHP CC",
             p_nom_extendable=True,
-            capital_cost=costs.at[key, "fixed"] * costs.at[key, "efficiency"]
+            capital_cost=costs.at[key + " CC", "fixed"]
+            * costs.at[key + " CC", "efficiency"]
             + costs.at["biomass CHP capture", "fixed"]
             * costs.at["solid biomass", "CO2 intensity"],
-            marginal_cost=costs.at[key, "VOM"],
+            marginal_cost=costs.at[key + " CC", "VOM"],
-            efficiency=costs.at[key, "efficiency"]
+            efficiency=costs.at[key + " CC", "efficiency"]
             - costs.at["solid biomass", "CO2 intensity"]
             * (
                 costs.at["biomass CHP capture", "electricity-input"]
                 + costs.at["biomass CHP capture", "compression-electricity-input"]
             ),
-            efficiency2=costs.at[key, "efficiency-heat"]
+            efficiency2=costs.at[key + " CC", "efficiency-heat"],
-            + costs.at["solid biomass", "CO2 intensity"]
-            * (
-                costs.at["biomass CHP capture", "heat-output"]
-                + costs.at["biomass CHP capture", "compression-heat-output"]
-                - costs.at["biomass CHP capture", "heat-input"]
-            ),
             efficiency3=-costs.at["solid biomass", "CO2 intensity"]
             * costs.at["biomass CHP capture", "capture_rate"],
             efficiency4=costs.at["solid biomass", "CO2 intensity"]
             * costs.at["biomass CHP capture", "capture_rate"],
-            lifetime=costs.at[key, "lifetime"],
+            lifetime=costs.at[key + " CC", "lifetime"],
         )
 
     if options["biomass_boiler"]:
@@ -2547,11 +2590,12 @@ def add_biomass(n, costs):
             efficiency2=-costs.at["solid biomass", "CO2 intensity"]
             + costs.at["BtL", "CO2 stored"],
             p_nom_extendable=True,
-            capital_cost=costs.at["BtL", "fixed"],
+            capital_cost=costs.at["BtL", "fixed"] * costs.at["BtL", "efficiency"],
-            marginal_cost=costs.at["BtL", "efficiency"] * costs.at["BtL", "VOM"],
+            marginal_cost=costs.at["BtL", "VOM"] * costs.at["BtL", "efficiency"],
         )
 
-        # TODO: Update with energy penalty
+        # Assuming that acid gas removal (incl. CO2) from syngas i performed with Rectisol
+        # process (Methanol) and that electricity demand for this is included in the base process
         n.madd(
             "Link",
             spatial.biomass.nodes,
@@ -2567,9 +2611,46 @@ def add_biomass(n, costs):
             + costs.at["BtL", "CO2 stored"] * (1 - costs.at["BtL", "capture rate"]),
             efficiency3=costs.at["BtL", "CO2 stored"] * costs.at["BtL", "capture rate"],
             p_nom_extendable=True,
-            capital_cost=costs.at["BtL", "fixed"]
+            capital_cost=costs.at["BtL", "fixed"] * costs.at["BtL", "efficiency"]
             + costs.at["biomass CHP capture", "fixed"] * costs.at["BtL", "CO2 stored"],
-            marginal_cost=costs.at["BtL", "efficiency"] * costs.at["BtL", "VOM"],
+            marginal_cost=costs.at["BtL", "VOM"] * costs.at["BtL", "efficiency"],
+        )
+
+    # Electrobiofuels (BtL with hydrogen addition to make more use of biogenic carbon).
+    # Combination of efuels and biomass to liquid, both based on Fischer-Tropsch.
+    # Experimental version - use with caution
+    if options["electrobiofuels"]:
+
+        efuel_scale_factor = costs.at["BtL", "C stored"]
+        name = (
+            pd.Index(spatial.biomass.nodes)
+            + " "
+            + pd.Index(spatial.h2.nodes.str.replace(" H2", ""))
+        )
+        n.madd(
+            "Link",
+            name,
+            suffix=" electrobiofuels",
+            bus0=spatial.biomass.nodes,
+            bus1=spatial.oil.nodes,
+            bus2=spatial.h2.nodes,
+            bus3="co2 atmosphere",
+            carrier="electrobiofuels",
+            lifetime=costs.at["electrobiofuels", "lifetime"],
+            efficiency=costs.at["electrobiofuels", "efficiency-biomass"],
+            efficiency2=-costs.at["electrobiofuels", "efficiency-hydrogen"],
+            efficiency3=-costs.at["solid biomass", "CO2 intensity"]
+            + costs.at["BtL", "CO2 stored"]
+            * (1 - costs.at["Fischer-Tropsch", "capture rate"]),
+            p_nom_extendable=True,
+            capital_cost=costs.at["BtL", "fixed"] * costs.at["BtL", "efficiency"]
+            + efuel_scale_factor
+            * costs.at["Fischer-Tropsch", "fixed"]
+            * costs.at["Fischer-Tropsch", "efficiency"],
+            marginal_cost=costs.at["BtL", "VOM"] * costs.at["BtL", "efficiency"]
+            + efuel_scale_factor
+            * costs.at["Fischer-Tropsch", "VOM"]
+            * costs.at["Fischer-Tropsch", "efficiency"],
         )
 
     # BioSNG from solid biomass
@@ -2587,11 +2668,12 @@ def add_biomass(n, costs):
             efficiency3=-costs.at["solid biomass", "CO2 intensity"]
             + costs.at["BioSNG", "CO2 stored"],
             p_nom_extendable=True,
-            capital_cost=costs.at["BioSNG", "fixed"],
+            capital_cost=costs.at["BioSNG", "fixed"] * costs.at["BioSNG", "efficiency"],
-            marginal_cost=costs.at["BioSNG", "efficiency"] * costs.at["BioSNG", "VOM"],
+            marginal_cost=costs.at["BioSNG", "VOM"] * costs.at["BioSNG", "efficiency"],
         )
 
-        # TODO: Update with energy penalty for CC
+        # Assuming that acid gas removal (incl. CO2) from syngas i performed with Rectisol
+        # process (Methanol) and that electricity demand for this is included in the base process
         n.madd(
             "Link",
             spatial.biomass.nodes,
@@ -2609,10 +2691,10 @@ def add_biomass(n, costs):
             + costs.at["BioSNG", "CO2 stored"]
             * (1 - costs.at["BioSNG", "capture rate"]),
             p_nom_extendable=True,
-            capital_cost=costs.at["BioSNG", "fixed"]
+            capital_cost=costs.at["BioSNG", "fixed"] * costs.at["BioSNG", "efficiency"]
             + costs.at["biomass CHP capture", "fixed"]
             * costs.at["BioSNG", "CO2 stored"],
-            marginal_cost=costs.at["BioSNG", "efficiency"] * costs.at["BioSNG", "VOM"],
+            marginal_cost=costs.at["BioSNG", "VOM"] * costs.at["BioSNG", "efficiency"],
         )
 
 
@@ -3183,7 +3265,9 @@ def add_industry(n, costs):
                 carrier="waste CHP CC",
                 p_nom_extendable=True,
                 capital_cost=costs.at["waste CHP CC", "fixed"]
-                * costs.at["waste CHP CC", "efficiency"],
+                * costs.at["waste CHP CC", "efficiency"]
+                + costs.at["biomass CHP capture", "fixed"]
+                * costs.at["oil", "CO2 intensity"],
                 marginal_cost=costs.at["waste CHP CC", "VOM"],
                 efficiency=costs.at["waste CHP CC", "efficiency"],
                 efficiency2=costs.at["waste CHP CC", "efficiency-heat"],