Merge pull request #278 from PyPSA/methanol

methanol in shipping

config.default.yaml

@@ -193,9 +193,15 @@ sector:
   agriculture_machinery_electric_share: 0
   agriculture_machinery_fuel_efficiency: 0.7 # fuel oil per use
   agriculture_machinery_electric_efficiency: 0.3 # electricity per use
-  shipping_average_efficiency: 0.4 #For conversion of fuel oil to propulsion in 2011
+  MWh_MeOH_per_MWh_H2: 0.8787 # in LHV, source: DECHEMA (2017): Low carbon energy and feedstock for the European chemical industry , pg. 64.
+  MWh_MeOH_per_tCO2: 4.0321 # in LHV, source: DECHEMA (2017): Low carbon energy and feedstock for the European chemical industry , pg. 64.
+  MWh_MeOH_per_MWh_e: 3.6907 # in LHV, source: DECHEMA (2017): Low carbon energy and feedstock for the European chemical industry , pg. 64.
   shipping_hydrogen_liquefaction: false # whether to consider liquefaction costs for shipping H2 demands
-  shipping_hydrogen_share:  0
+  shipping_hydrogen_share: 0
+  shipping_methanol_share: 1
+  shipping_oil_share: 0
+  shipping_methanol_efficiency: 0.46 # 10-15% higher https://www.iea-amf.org/app/webroot/files/file/Annex%20Reports/AMF_Annex_56.pdf, https://users.ugent.be/~lsileghe/documents/extended_abstract.pdf
+  shipping_oil_efficiency: 0.40 #For conversion of fuel oil to propulsion in 2011
   time_dep_hp_cop: true #time dependent heat pump coefficient of performance
   heat_pump_sink_T: 55. # Celsius, based on DTU / large area radiators; used in build_cop_profiles.py
    # conservatively high to cover hot water and space heating in poorly-insulated buildings
@@ -598,6 +604,9 @@ plotting:
     liquid: '#25c49a'
     kerosene for aviation: '#a1ffe6'
     naphtha for industry: '#57ebc4'
+    methanolisation: '#83d6d5'
+    methanol: '#468c8b'
+    shipping methanol: '#468c8b'
     # co2
     CC: '#f29dae'
     CCS: '#f29dae'
@@ -614,6 +623,7 @@ plotting:
     process emissions to atmosphere: '#888888'
     oil emissions: '#aaaaaa'
     shipping oil emissions: "#555555"
+    shipping methanol emissions: '#666666'
     land transport oil emissions: '#777777'
     agriculture machinery oil emissions: '#333333'
     # other

doc/release_notes.rst

@@ -78,6 +78,8 @@ incorporates retrofitting options to hydrogen.
   carrier can be nodally resolved or copperplated across Europe. This feature is
   controlled by ``sector: ammonia:``.
 
+* Add methanol as energy carrier, methanolisation as process, and option for methanol demand in shipping sector.
+
 * Updated `data bundle <https://zenodo.org/record/5824485/files/pypsa-eur-sec-data-bundle.tar.gz>`_ that includes the hydrogan salt cavern storage potentials.
 
 * Updated and extended documentation in <https://pypsa-eur-sec.readthedocs.io/en/latest/>
@@ -89,6 +91,8 @@ incorporates retrofitting options to hydrogen.
 * The CO2 sequestration limit implemented as GlobalConstraint (introduced in the previous version)
   caused a failure to read in the shadow prices of other global constraints.
 
+* Correct capital cost of Fischer-Tropsch according to new units in ``technology-data``.
+
 
 PyPSA-Eur-Sec 0.6.0 (4 October 2021)
 ====================================

scripts/plot_network.py

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ def rename_techs_tyndp(tech):
         return "gas-to-power/heat"
     elif "solar" in tech:
         return "solar"
-    elif tech == "Fischer-Tropsch":
+    elif tech in ["Fischer-Tropsch", "methanolisation"]:
         return "power-to-liquid"
     elif "offshore wind" in tech:
         return "offshore wind"

scripts/prepare_sector_network.py

@@ -106,6 +106,16 @@ def define_spatial(nodes, options):
 
         spatial.ammonia.df = pd.DataFrame(vars(spatial.ammonia), index=nodes)
 
+    # hydrogen
+    spatial.h2 = SimpleNamespace()
+    spatial.h2.nodes = nodes + " H2"
+    spatial.h2.locations = nodes
+
+    # methanol
+    spatial.methanol = SimpleNamespace()
+    spatial.methanol.nodes = ["EU methanol"]
+    spatial.methanol.locations = ["EU"]
+
     # oil
     spatial.oil = SimpleNamespace()
     spatial.oil.nodes = ["EU oil"]
@@ -2130,64 +2140,118 @@ def add_industry(n, costs):
         p_set=industrial_demand.loc[nodes, "hydrogen"] / 8760
     )
 
-    if options["shipping_hydrogen_liquefaction"]:
+    shipping_hydrogen_share = get(options['shipping_hydrogen_share'], investment_year)
+    shipping_methanol_share = get(options['shipping_methanol_share'], investment_year)
+    shipping_oil_share = get(options['shipping_oil_share'], investment_year)
 
-        n.madd("Bus",
+    total_share = shipping_hydrogen_share + shipping_methanol_share + shipping_oil_share
-            nodes,
+    if total_share != 1:
-            suffix=" H2 liquid",
+        logger.warning(f"Total shipping shares sum up to {total_share*100}%, corresponding to increased or decreased demand assumptions.")
-            carrier="H2 liquid",
-            location=nodes,
-            unit="MWh_LHV"
-        )
 
-        n.madd("Link",
+    domestic_navigation = pop_weighted_energy_totals.loc[nodes, "total domestic navigation"].squeeze()
-            nodes + " H2 liquefaction",
+    international_navigation = pd.read_csv(snakemake.input.shipping_demand, index_col=0).squeeze()
-            bus0=nodes + " H2",
-            bus1=nodes + " H2 liquid",
-            carrier="H2 liquefaction",
-            efficiency=costs.at["H2 liquefaction", 'efficiency'],
-            capital_cost=costs.at["H2 liquefaction", 'fixed'],
-            p_nom_extendable=True,
-            lifetime=costs.at['H2 liquefaction', 'lifetime']
-        )
-
-        shipping_bus = nodes + " H2 liquid"
-    else:
-        shipping_bus = nodes + " H2"
-
-    domestic_navigation = pop_weighted_energy_totals.loc[nodes, "total domestic navigation"]
-    international_navigation = pd.read_csv(snakemake.input.shipping_demand, index_col=0)
     all_navigation = domestic_navigation + international_navigation
+    p_set = all_navigation * 1e6 / 8760
 
-    if shipping_hydrogen_share > 0:
+    if shipping_hydrogen_share:
 
         efficiency = options['shipping_average_efficiency'] / costs.at["fuel cell", "efficiency"]
         shipping_hydrogen_share = get(options['shipping_hydrogen_share'], investment_year)
-        p_set = shipping_hydrogen_share * all_navigation * 1e6 * efficiency / 8760
+
+        if options["shipping_hydrogen_liquefaction"]:
+
+            n.madd("Bus",
+                nodes,
+                suffix=" H2 liquid",
+                carrier="H2 liquid",
+                location=nodes,
+                unit="MWh_LHV"
+            )
+
+            n.madd("Link",
+                nodes + " H2 liquefaction",
+                bus0=nodes + " H2",
+                bus1=nodes + " H2 liquid",
+                carrier="H2 liquefaction",
+                efficiency=costs.at["H2 liquefaction", 'efficiency'],
+                capital_cost=costs.at["H2 liquefaction", 'fixed'],
+                p_nom_extendable=True,
+                lifetime=costs.at['H2 liquefaction', 'lifetime']
+            )
+
+            shipping_bus = nodes + " H2 liquid"
+        else:
+            shipping_bus = nodes + " H2"
+
+        efficiency = options['shipping_oil_efficiency'] / costs.at["fuel cell", "efficiency"]
+        p_set_hydrogen = shipping_hydrogen_share * p_set * efficiency
 
         n.madd("Load",
             nodes,
             suffix=" H2 for shipping",
             bus=shipping_bus,
             carrier="H2 for shipping",
-            p_set=p_set
+            p_set=p_set_hydrogen
         )
 
-    if shipping_hydrogen_share < 1:
+    if shipping_methanol_share:
 
-        shipping_oil_share = 1 - shipping_hydrogen_share
+        n.madd("Bus",
+            spatial.methanol.nodes,
+            carrier="methanol",
+            location=spatial.methanol.locations,
+            unit="MWh_LHV"
+        )
 
-        p_set = shipping_oil_share * all_navigation * 1e6 / 8760.
+        n.madd("Link",
+            spatial.h2.locations + " methanolisation",
+            bus0=spatial.h2.nodes,
+            bus1=spatial.methanol.nodes,
+            bus2=nodes,
+            bus3=spatial.co2.nodes,
+            carrier="methanolisation",
+            p_nom_extendable=True,
+            capital_cost=costs.at["methanolisation", 'fixed'] * options["MWh_MeOH_per_MWh_H2"], # EUR/MW_H2/a
+            lifetime=costs.at["methanolisation", 'lifetime'],
+            efficiency=options["MWh_MeOH_per_MWh_H2"],
+            efficiency2=- options["MWh_MeOH_per_MWh_H2"] / options["MWh_MeOH_per_MWh_e"],
+            efficiency3=- options["MWh_MeOH_per_MWh_H2"] / options["MWh_MeOH_per_tCO2"],
+        )
+
+        efficiency = options["shipping_oil_efficiency"] / options["shipping_methanol_efficiency"]
+        p_set_methanol = shipping_methanol_share * p_set.sum() * efficiency
 
         n.madd("Load",
-            nodes,
+            spatial.methanol.nodes,
+            suffix=" shipping methanol",
+            bus=spatial.methanol.nodes,
+            carrier="shipping methanol",
+            p_set=p_set_methanol,
+        )
+
+        # CO2 intensity methanol based on stoichiometric calculation with 22.7 GJ/t methanol (32 g/mol), CO2 (44 g/mol), 277.78 MWh/TJ = 0.218 t/MWh
+        co2 = p_set_methanol / options["MWh_MeOH_per_tCO2"]
+
+        n.add("Load",
+            "shipping methanol emissions",
+            bus="co2 atmosphere",
+            carrier="shipping methanol emissions",
+            p_set=-co2,
+        )
+
+    if shipping_oil_share:
+
+        p_set_oil = shipping_oil_share * p_set.sum()
+
+        n.madd("Load",
+            spatial.oil.nodes,
             suffix=" shipping oil",
             bus=spatial.oil.nodes,
             carrier="shipping oil",
-            p_set=p_set
+            p_set=p_set_oil
         )
 
-        co2 = shipping_oil_share * all_navigation.sum() * 1e6 / 8760 * costs.at["oil", "CO2 intensity"]
+        co2 = p_set_oil * costs.at["oil", "CO2 intensity"]
 
         n.add("Load",
             "shipping oil emissions",
@@ -2251,7 +2315,7 @@ def add_industry(n, costs):
         bus2=spatial.co2.nodes,
         carrier="Fischer-Tropsch",
         efficiency=costs.at["Fischer-Tropsch", 'efficiency'],
-        capital_cost=costs.at["Fischer-Tropsch", 'fixed'],
+        capital_cost=costs.at["Fischer-Tropsch", 'fixed'] * costs.at["Fischer-Tropsch", 'efficiency'], # EUR/MW_H2/a
         efficiency2=-costs.at["oil", 'CO2 intensity'] * costs.at["Fischer-Tropsch", 'efficiency'],
         p_nom_extendable=True,
         lifetime=costs.at['Fischer-Tropsch', 'lifetime']