Merge branch 'master' into fneum/year-specific-techs

2024-02-06 13:56:14 +01:00 · 2024-02-06 13:56:14 +01:00 · 602375af8c
commit 602375af8c
parent ba409c2f1e 6c7d79f524
34 changed files with 270 additions and 217 deletions
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@ -81,11 +81,7 @@ jobs:
        key: data-cutouts-${{ env.WEEK }}-${{ env.DATA_CACHE_NUMBER }}

    - name: Test snakemake workflow
-      run: |
-        snakemake -call solve_elec_networks --configfile config/test/config.electricity.yaml --rerun-triggers=mtime
-        snakemake -call all --configfile config/test/config.overnight.yaml --rerun-triggers=mtime
-        snakemake -call all --configfile config/test/config.myopic.yaml --rerun-triggers=mtime
-        snakemake -call all --configfile config/test/config.perfect.yaml --rerun-triggers=mtime
+      run: ./test.sh

    - name: Upload artifacts
      uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4.3.0
--- a/.pre-commit-config.yaml
+++ b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ repos:

  # Format Snakemake rule / workflow files
 - repo: https://github.com/snakemake/snakefmt
-  rev: v0.9.0
+  rev: v0.10.0
  hooks:
  - id: snakefmt

--- a/7
+++ b/7
@ -31,7 +31,12 @@ CDIR = RDIR if not run.get("shared_cutouts") else ""

 LOGS = "logs/" + RDIR
 BENCHMARKS = "benchmarks/" + RDIR
-RESOURCES = "resources/" + RDIR if not run.get("shared_resources") else "resources/"
+if not (shared_resources := run.get("shared_resources")):
+    RESOURCES = "resources/" + RDIR
+elif isinstance(shared_resources, str):
+    RESOURCES = "resources/" + shared_resources + "/"
+else:
+    RESOURCES = "resources/"
 RESULTS = "results/" + RDIR


--- a/config/test/config.electricity.yaml
+++ b/config/test/config.electricity.yaml
@ -8,14 +8,14 @@ tutorial: true
 run:
  name: "test-elec" # use this to keep track of runs with different settings
  disable_progressbar: true
-  shared_resources: true
+  shared_resources: "test"
  shared_cutouts: true

 scenario:
  clusters:
  - 5
  opts:
-  - Co2L-24H
+  - Co2L-24h

 countries: ['BE']

--- a/config/test/config.myopic.yaml
+++ b/config/test/config.myopic.yaml
@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ tutorial: true
 run:
  name: "test-sector-myopic"
  disable_progressbar: true
-  shared_resources: true
+  shared_resources: "test"
  shared_cutouts: true

 foresight: myopic
@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ scenario:
  clusters:
  - 5
  sector_opts:
-  - 24H-T-H-B-I-A-dist1
+  - 24h-T-H-B-I-A-dist1
  planning_horizons:
  - 2030
  - 2040
--- a/config/test/config.overnight.yaml
+++ b/config/test/config.overnight.yaml
@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ tutorial: true
 run:
  name: "test-sector-overnight"
  disable_progressbar: true
-  shared_resources: true
+  shared_resources: "test"
  shared_cutouts: true


@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ scenario:
  clusters:
  - 5
  sector_opts:
-  - CO2L0-24H-T-H-B-I-A-dist1
+  - CO2L0-24h-T-H-B-I-A-dist1
  planning_horizons:
  - 2030

--- a/config/test/config.perfect.yaml
+++ b/config/test/config.perfect.yaml
@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ tutorial: true
 run:
  name: "test-sector-perfect"
  disable_progressbar: true
-  shared_resources: true
+  shared_resources: "test"
  shared_cutouts: true

 foresight: perfect
@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ scenario:
  clusters:
  - 5
  sector_opts:
-  - 8760H-T-H-B-I-A-dist1
+  - 8760h-T-H-B-I-A-dist1
  planning_horizons:
  - 2030
  - 2040
--- a/doc/release_notes.rst
+++ b/doc/release_notes.rst
@ -57,6 +57,8 @@ Upcoming Release

 * Add the option to customise map projection in plotting config.

+* The order of buses (bus0, bus1, ...) for DAC components has changed to meet the convention of the other components. Therefore, `bus0` refers to the electricity bus (input), `bus1` to the heat bus (input), 'bus2' to the CO2 atmosphere bus (input), and `bus3` to the CO2 storage bus (output).
+
 * The rule ``plot_network`` has been split into separate rules for plotting
  electricity, hydrogen and gas networks.

@ -64,6 +66,12 @@ Upcoming Release

 * The ``highs`` solver was added to the default environment file.

+* Various minor bugfixes to the perfect foresight workflow, though perfect foresight must still be considered experimental.
+
+* It is now possible to determine the directory for shared resources by setting `shared_resources` to a string.
+
+* A ``test.sh`` script was added to the repository to run the tests locally.
+
 * Default settings for recycling rates and primary product shares of high-value
  chemicals have been set in accordance with the values used in `Neumann et al.
  (2023) <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2023.06.016>`_ linearly interpolated
@ -78,6 +86,7 @@ Upcoming Release
  workflows with foresight "myopic" and still needs to be added foresight option
  "perfect".

+
 PyPSA-Eur 0.9.0 (5th January 2024)
 ==================================

--- a/rules/build_electricity.smk
+++ b/rules/build_electricity.smk
@ -401,18 +401,22 @@ rule add_electricity:
            if str(fn).startswith("data/")
        },
        base_network=RESOURCES + "networks/base.nc",
-        line_rating=RESOURCES + "networks/line_rating.nc"
+        line_rating=(
+            RESOURCES + "networks/line_rating.nc"
            if config["lines"]["dynamic_line_rating"]["activate"]
-        else RESOURCES + "networks/base.nc",
+            else RESOURCES + "networks/base.nc"
+        ),
        tech_costs=COSTS,
        regions=RESOURCES + "regions_onshore.geojson",
        powerplants=RESOURCES + "powerplants.csv",
        hydro_capacities=ancient("data/bundle/hydro_capacities.csv"),
        geth_hydro_capacities="data/geth2015_hydro_capacities.csv",
        unit_commitment="data/unit_commitment.csv",
-        fuel_price=RESOURCES + "monthly_fuel_price.csv"
+        fuel_price=(
+            RESOURCES + "monthly_fuel_price.csv"
            if config["conventional"]["dynamic_fuel_price"]
-        else [],
+            else []
+        ),
        load=RESOURCES + "load.csv",
        nuts3_shapes=RESOURCES + "nuts3_shapes.geojson",
        ua_md_gdp="data/GDP_PPP_30arcsec_v3_mapped_default.csv",
--- a/rules/build_sector.smk
+++ b/rules/build_sector.smk
@ -730,6 +730,40 @@ rule build_district_heat_share:
        "../scripts/build_district_heat_share.py"


+rule build_existing_heating_distribution:
+    params:
+        baseyear=config["scenario"]["planning_horizons"][0],
+        sector=config["sector"],
+        existing_capacities=config["existing_capacities"],
+    input:
+        existing_heating="data/existing_infrastructure/existing_heating_raw.csv",
+        clustered_pop_layout=RESOURCES + "pop_layout_elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}.csv",
+        clustered_pop_energy_layout=RESOURCES
+        + "pop_weighted_energy_totals_s{simpl}_{clusters}.csv",
+        district_heat_share=RESOURCES
+        + "district_heat_share_elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}_{planning_horizons}.csv",
+    output:
+        existing_heating_distribution=RESOURCES
+        + "existing_heating_distribution_elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}_{planning_horizons}.csv",
+    wildcard_constraints:
+        planning_horizons=config["scenario"]["planning_horizons"][0],  #only applies to baseyear
+    threads: 1
+    resources:
+        mem_mb=2000,
+    log:
+        LOGS
+        + "build_existing_heating_distribution_elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}_{planning_horizons}.log",
+    benchmark:
+        (
+            BENCHMARKS
+            + "build_existing_heating_distribution/elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}_{planning_horizons}"
+        )
+    conda:
+        "../envs/environment.yaml"
+    script:
+        "../scripts/build_existing_heating_distribution.py"
+
+
 rule prepare_sector_network:
    params:
        co2_budget=config["co2_budget"],
@ -763,15 +797,19 @@ rule prepare_sector_network:
        dsm_profile=RESOURCES + "dsm_profile_s{simpl}_{clusters}.csv",
        co2_totals_name=RESOURCES + "co2_totals.csv",
        co2="data/bundle-sector/eea/UNFCCC_v23.csv",
-        biomass_potentials=RESOURCES
+        biomass_potentials=(
+            RESOURCES
            + "biomass_potentials_s{simpl}_{clusters}_"
            + "{}.csv".format(config["biomass"]["year"])
            if config["foresight"] == "overnight"
            else RESOURCES
-        + "biomass_potentials_s{simpl}_{clusters}_{planning_horizons}.csv",
-        costs="data/costs_{}.csv".format(config["costs"]["year"])
+            + "biomass_potentials_s{simpl}_{clusters}_{planning_horizons}.csv"
+        ),
+        costs=(
+            "data/costs_{}.csv".format(config["costs"]["year"])
            if config["foresight"] == "overnight"
-        else "data/costs_{planning_horizons}.csv",
+            else "data/costs_{planning_horizons}.csv"
+        ),
        profile_offwind_ac=RESOURCES + "profile_offwind-ac.nc",
        profile_offwind_dc=RESOURCES + "profile_offwind-dc.nc",
        h2_cavern=RESOURCES + "salt_cavern_potentials_s{simpl}_{clusters}.csv",
@ -797,18 +835,21 @@ rule prepare_sector_network:
        cop_air_total=RESOURCES + "cop_air_total_elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}.nc",
        cop_air_rural=RESOURCES + "cop_air_rural_elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}.nc",
        cop_air_urban=RESOURCES + "cop_air_urban_elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}.nc",
-        solar_thermal_total=RESOURCES
-        + "solar_thermal_total_elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}.nc"
+        solar_thermal_total=(
+            RESOURCES + "solar_thermal_total_elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}.nc"
            if config["sector"]["solar_thermal"]
-        else [],
-        solar_thermal_urban=RESOURCES
-        + "solar_thermal_urban_elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}.nc"
+            else []
+        ),
+        solar_thermal_urban=(
+            RESOURCES + "solar_thermal_urban_elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}.nc"
            if config["sector"]["solar_thermal"]
-        else [],
-        solar_thermal_rural=RESOURCES
-        + "solar_thermal_rural_elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}.nc"
+            else []
+        ),
+        solar_thermal_rural=(
+            RESOURCES + "solar_thermal_rural_elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}.nc"
            if config["sector"]["solar_thermal"]
-        else [],
+            else []
+        ),
    output:
        RESULTS
        + "prenetworks/elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}_l{ll}_{opts}_{sector_opts}_{planning_horizons}.nc",
--- a/rules/collect.smk
+++ b/rules/collect.smk
@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ rule prepare_elec_networks:
    input:
        expand(
            RESOURCES + "networks/elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}_ec_l{ll}_{opts}.nc",
-            **config["scenario"]
+            **config["scenario"],
        ),


@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ rule prepare_sector_networks:
        expand(
            RESULTS
            + "prenetworks/elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}_l{ll}_{opts}_{sector_opts}_{planning_horizons}.nc",
-            **config["scenario"]
+            **config["scenario"],
        ),


@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ rule solve_elec_networks:
    input:
        expand(
            RESULTS + "networks/elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}_ec_l{ll}_{opts}.nc",
-            **config["scenario"]
+            **config["scenario"],
        ),


@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ rule solve_sector_networks:
        expand(
            RESULTS
            + "postnetworks/elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}_l{ll}_{opts}_{sector_opts}_{planning_horizons}.nc",
-            **config["scenario"]
+            **config["scenario"],
        ),


@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ rule solve_sector_networks_perfect:
        expand(
            RESULTS
            + "postnetworks/elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}_l{ll}_{opts}_{sector_opts}_brownfield_all_years.nc",
-            **config["scenario"]
+            **config["scenario"],
        ),


@ -73,11 +73,11 @@ rule validate_elec_networks:
        expand(
            RESULTS
            + "figures/.statistics_plots_elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}_ec_l{ll}_{opts}",
-            **config["scenario"]
+            **config["scenario"],
        ),
        expand(
            RESULTS
            + "figures/.validation_{kind}_plots_elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}_ec_l{ll}_{opts}",
            **config["scenario"],
-            kind=["production", "prices", "cross_border"]
+            kind=["production", "prices", "cross_border"],
        ),
--- a/rules/postprocess.smk
+++ b/rules/postprocess.smk
@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ if config["foresight"] != "perfect":
    rule plot_hydrogen_network:
        params:
            plotting=config["plotting"],
+            foresight=config["foresight"],
        input:
            network=RESULTS
            + "postnetworks/elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}_l{ll}_{opts}_{sector_opts}_{planning_horizons}.nc",
@ -152,38 +153,44 @@ rule make_summary:
    input:
        expand(
            RESULTS + "maps/power-network-s{simpl}-{clusters}.pdf",
-            **config["scenario"]
+            **config["scenario"],
        ),
        networks=expand(
            RESULTS
            + "postnetworks/elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}_l{ll}_{opts}_{sector_opts}_{planning_horizons}.nc",
-            **config["scenario"]
+            **config["scenario"],
        ),
-        costs="data/costs_{}.csv".format(config["costs"]["year"])
+        costs=(
+            "data/costs_{}.csv".format(config["costs"]["year"])
            if config["foresight"] == "overnight"
-        else "data/costs_{}.csv".format(config["scenario"]["planning_horizons"][0]),
+            else "data/costs_{}.csv".format(config["scenario"]["planning_horizons"][0])
+        ),
        ac_plot=expand(
            RESULTS + "maps/power-network-s{simpl}-{clusters}.pdf",
-            **config["scenario"]
+            **config["scenario"],
        ),
        costs_plot=expand(
            RESULTS
            + "maps/elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}_l{ll}_{opts}_{sector_opts}-costs-all_{planning_horizons}.pdf",
-            **config["scenario"]
+            **config["scenario"],
        ),
        h2_plot=expand(
+            (
                RESULTS
                + "maps/elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}_l{ll}_{opts}_{sector_opts}-h2_network_{planning_horizons}.pdf"
                if config["sector"]["H2_network"]
-            else [],
-            **config["scenario"]
+                else []
+            ),
+            **config["scenario"],
        ),
        ch4_plot=expand(
+            (
                RESULTS
                + "maps/elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}_l{ll}_{opts}_{sector_opts}-ch4_network_{planning_horizons}.pdf"
                if config["sector"]["gas_network"]
-            else [],
-            **config["scenario"]
+                else []
+            ),
+            **config["scenario"],
        ),
    output:
        nodal_costs=RESULTS + "csvs/nodal_costs.csv",
--- a/rules/retrieve.smk
+++ b/rules/retrieve.smk
@ -191,9 +191,11 @@ if config["enable"]["retrieve"]:
        input:
            HTTP.remote(
                "data.open-power-system-data.org/time_series/{version}/time_series_60min_singleindex.csv".format(
-                    version="2019-06-05"
+                    version=(
+                        "2019-06-05"
                        if config["snapshots"]["end"] < "2019"
                        else "2020-10-06"
+                    )
                ),
                keep_local=True,
                static=True,
--- a/rules/solve_myopic.smk
+++ b/rules/solve_myopic.smk
@ -3,40 +3,6 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT


-rule build_existing_heating_distribution:
-    params:
-        baseyear=config["scenario"]["planning_horizons"][0],
-        sector=config["sector"],
-        existing_capacities=config["existing_capacities"],
-    input:
-        existing_heating="data/existing_infrastructure/existing_heating_raw.csv",
-        clustered_pop_layout=RESOURCES + "pop_layout_elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}.csv",
-        clustered_pop_energy_layout=RESOURCES
-        + "pop_weighted_energy_totals_s{simpl}_{clusters}.csv",
-        district_heat_share=RESOURCES
-        + "district_heat_share_elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}_{planning_horizons}.csv",
-    output:
-        existing_heating_distribution=RESOURCES
-        + "existing_heating_distribution_elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}_{planning_horizons}.csv",
-    wildcard_constraints:
-        planning_horizons=config["scenario"]["planning_horizons"][0],  #only applies to baseyear
-    threads: 1
-    resources:
-        mem_mb=2000,
-    log:
-        LOGS
-        + "build_existing_heating_distribution_elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}_{planning_horizons}.log",
-    benchmark:
-        (
-            BENCHMARKS
-            + "build_existing_heating_distribution/elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}_{planning_horizons}"
-        )
-    conda:
-        "../envs/environment.yaml"
-    script:
-        "../scripts/build_existing_heating_distribution.py"
-
-
 rule add_existing_baseyear:
    params:
        baseyear=config["scenario"]["planning_horizons"][0],
--- a/rules/solve_perfect.smk
+++ b/rules/solve_perfect.smk
@ -45,38 +45,6 @@ rule add_existing_baseyear:
        "../scripts/add_existing_baseyear.py"


-rule add_brownfield:
-    params:
-        H2_retrofit=config["sector"]["H2_retrofit"],
-        H2_retrofit_capacity_per_CH4=config["sector"]["H2_retrofit_capacity_per_CH4"],
-        threshold_capacity=config["existing_capacities"]["threshold_capacity"],
-    input:
-        network=RESULTS
-        + "prenetworks/elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}_l{ll}_{opts}_{sector_opts}_{planning_horizons}.nc",
-        network_p=solved_previous_horizon,  #solved network at previous time step
-        costs="data/costs_{planning_horizons}.csv",
-        cop_soil_total=RESOURCES + "cop_soil_total_elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}.nc",
-        cop_air_total=RESOURCES + "cop_air_total_elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}.nc",
-    output:
-        RESULTS
-        + "prenetworks-brownfield/elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}_l{ll}_{opts}_{sector_opts}_{planning_horizons}.nc",
-    threads: 4
-    resources:
-        mem_mb=10000,
-    log:
-        LOGS
-        + "add_brownfield_elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}_l{ll}_{opts}_{sector_opts}_{planning_horizons}.log",
-    benchmark:
-        (
-            BENCHMARKS
-            + "add_brownfield/elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}_l{ll}_{opts}_{sector_opts}_{planning_horizons}"
-        )
-    conda:
-        "../envs/environment.yaml"
-    script:
-        "../scripts/add_brownfield.py"
-
-
 rule prepare_perfect_foresight:
    input:
        **{
@ -192,6 +160,3 @@ rule make_summary_perfect:
        "../envs/environment.yaml"
    script:
        "../scripts/make_summary_perfect.py"
-
-
-ruleorder: add_existing_baseyear > add_brownfield
--- a/scripts/add_electricity.py
+++ b/scripts/add_electricity.py
@ -178,6 +178,15 @@ def sanitize_carriers(n, config):
    n.carriers["color"] = n.carriers.color.where(n.carriers.color != "", colors)


+def sanitize_locations(n):
+    n.buses["x"] = n.buses.x.where(n.buses.x != 0, n.buses.location.map(n.buses.x))
+    n.buses["y"] = n.buses.y.where(n.buses.y != 0, n.buses.location.map(n.buses.y))
+    n.buses["country"] = n.buses.country.where(
+        n.buses.country.ne("") & n.buses.country.notnull(),
+        n.buses.location.map(n.buses.country),
+    )
+
+
 def add_co2_emissions(n, costs, carriers):
    """
    Add CO2 emissions to the network's carriers attribute.
@ -288,7 +297,7 @@ def attach_load(n, regions, load, nuts3_shapes, ua_md_gdp, countries, scaling=1.

    ua_md_gdp = pd.read_csv(ua_md_gdp, dtype={"name": "str"}).set_index("name")

-    logger.info(f"Load data scaled with scalling factor {scaling}.")
+    logger.info(f"Load data scaled by factor {scaling}.")
    opsd_load *= scaling

    nuts3 = gpd.read_file(nuts3_shapes).set_index("index")
@ -327,7 +336,9 @@ def attach_load(n, regions, load, nuts3_shapes, ua_md_gdp, countries, scaling=1.
        axis=1,
    )

-    n.madd("Load", substation_lv_i, bus=substation_lv_i, p_set=load)
+    n.madd(
+        "Load", substation_lv_i, bus=substation_lv_i, p_set=load
+    )  # carrier="electricity"


 def update_transmission_costs(n, costs, length_factor=1.0):
@ -508,8 +519,8 @@ def attach_conventional_generators(
                    snakemake.input[f"conventional_{carrier}_{attr}"], index_col=0
                ).iloc[:, 0]
                bus_values = n.buses.country.map(values)
-                n.generators[attr].update(
-                    n.generators.loc[idx].bus.map(bus_values).dropna()
+                n.generators.update(
+                    {attr: n.generators.loc[idx].bus.map(bus_values).dropna()}
                )
            else:
                # Single value affecting all generators of technology k indiscriminantely of country
@ -753,8 +764,8 @@ def attach_OPSD_renewables(n: pypsa.Network, tech_map: Dict[str, List[str]]) ->
        caps = caps.groupby(["bus"]).Capacity.sum()
        caps = caps / gens_per_bus.reindex(caps.index, fill_value=1)

-        n.generators.p_nom.update(gens.bus.map(caps).dropna())
-        n.generators.p_nom_min.update(gens.bus.map(caps).dropna())
+        n.generators.update({"p_nom": gens.bus.map(caps).dropna()})
+        n.generators.update({"p_nom_min": gens.bus.map(caps).dropna()})


 def estimate_renewable_capacities(
--- a/scripts/add_existing_baseyear.py
+++ b/scripts/add_existing_baseyear.py
@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ def add_build_year_to_new_assets(n, baseyear):
            "series"
        ) & n.component_attrs[c.name].status.str.contains("Input")
        for attr in n.component_attrs[c.name].index[selection]:
-            c.pnl[attr].rename(columns=rename, inplace=True)
+            c.pnl[attr] = c.pnl[attr].rename(columns=rename)


 def add_existing_renewables(df_agg):
--- a/scripts/add_extra_components.py
+++ b/scripts/add_extra_components.py
@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ import numpy as np
 import pandas as pd
 import pypsa
 from _helpers import configure_logging
-from add_electricity import load_costs, sanitize_carriers
+from add_electricity import load_costs, sanitize_carriers, sanitize_locations

 idx = pd.IndexSlice

@ -100,10 +100,9 @@ def attach_stores(n, costs, extendable_carriers):
    n.madd("Carrier", carriers)

    buses_i = n.buses.index
-    bus_sub_dict = {k: n.buses[k].values for k in ["x", "y", "country"]}

    if "H2" in carriers:
-        h2_buses_i = n.madd("Bus", buses_i + " H2", carrier="H2", **bus_sub_dict)
+        h2_buses_i = n.madd("Bus", buses_i + " H2", carrier="H2", location=buses_i)

        n.madd(
            "Store",
@ -143,7 +142,7 @@ def attach_stores(n, costs, extendable_carriers):

    if "battery" in carriers:
        b_buses_i = n.madd(
-            "Bus", buses_i + " battery", carrier="battery", **bus_sub_dict
+            "Bus", buses_i + " battery", carrier="battery", location=buses_i
        )

        n.madd(
@ -246,6 +245,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
    attach_hydrogen_pipelines(n, costs, extendable_carriers)

    sanitize_carriers(n, snakemake.config)
+    sanitize_locations(n)

    n.meta = dict(snakemake.config, **dict(wildcards=dict(snakemake.wildcards)))
    n.export_to_netcdf(snakemake.output[0])
--- a/scripts/base_network.py
+++ b/scripts/base_network.py
@ -138,7 +138,9 @@ def _load_buses_from_eg(eg_buses, europe_shape, config_elec):
    )

    buses["carrier"] = buses.pop("dc").map({True: "DC", False: "AC"})
-    buses["under_construction"] = buses["under_construction"].fillna(False).astype(bool)
+    buses["under_construction"] = buses.under_construction.where(
+        lambda s: s.notnull(), False
+    ).astype(bool)

    # remove all buses outside of all countries including exclusive economic zones (offshore)
    europe_shape = gpd.read_file(europe_shape).loc[0, "geometry"]
@ -525,9 +527,9 @@ def _set_countries_and_substations(n, config, country_shapes, offshore_shapes):
    gb = buses.loc[substation_b].groupby(
        ["x", "y"], as_index=False, group_keys=False, sort=False
    )
-    bus_map_low = gb.apply(prefer_voltage, "min")
+    bus_map_low = gb.apply(prefer_voltage, "min", include_groups=False)
    lv_b = (bus_map_low == bus_map_low.index).reindex(buses.index, fill_value=False)
-    bus_map_high = gb.apply(prefer_voltage, "max")
+    bus_map_high = gb.apply(prefer_voltage, "max", include_groups=False)
    hv_b = (bus_map_high == bus_map_high.index).reindex(buses.index, fill_value=False)

    onshore_b = pd.Series(False, buses.index)
--- a/scripts/build_biomass_potentials.py
+++ b/scripts/build_biomass_potentials.py
@ -132,14 +132,14 @@ def disaggregate_nuts0(bio):
    pop = build_nuts_population_data()

    # get population in nuts2
-    pop_nuts2 = pop.loc[pop.index.str.len() == 4]
+    pop_nuts2 = pop.loc[pop.index.str.len() == 4].copy()
    by_country = pop_nuts2.total.groupby(pop_nuts2.ct).sum()
-    pop_nuts2.loc[:, "fraction"] = pop_nuts2.total / pop_nuts2.ct.map(by_country)
+    pop_nuts2["fraction"] = pop_nuts2.total / pop_nuts2.ct.map(by_country)

    # distribute nuts0 data to nuts2 by population
    bio_nodal = bio.loc[pop_nuts2.ct]
    bio_nodal.index = pop_nuts2.index
-    bio_nodal = bio_nodal.mul(pop_nuts2.fraction, axis=0)
+    bio_nodal = bio_nodal.mul(pop_nuts2.fraction, axis=0).astype(float)

    # update inplace
    bio.update(bio_nodal)
--- a/scripts/build_gas_network.py
+++ b/scripts/build_gas_network.py
@ -114,13 +114,11 @@ def prepare_dataset(
    df["p_nom_diameter"] = df.diameter_mm.apply(diameter_to_capacity)
    ratio = df.p_nom / df.p_nom_diameter
    not_nordstream = df.max_pressure_bar < 220
-    df.p_nom.update(
-        df.p_nom_diameter.where(
+    df["p_nom"] = df.p_nom_diameter.where(
        (df.p_nom <= 500)
        | ((ratio > correction_threshold_p_nom) & not_nordstream)
        | ((ratio < 1 / correction_threshold_p_nom) & not_nordstream)
    )
-    )

    # lines which have way too discrepant line lengths
    # get assigned haversine length * length factor
@ -130,13 +128,11 @@ def prepare_dataset(
        axis=1,
    )
    ratio = df.eval("length / length_haversine")
-    df["length"].update(
-        df.length_haversine.where(
+    df["length"] = df.length_haversine.where(
        (df["length"] < 20)
        | (ratio > correction_threshold_length)
        | (ratio < 1 / correction_threshold_length)
    )
-    )

    return df

--- a/scripts/build_line_rating.py
+++ b/scripts/build_line_rating.py
@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ def calculate_line_rating(n, cutout):
    -------
    xarray DataArray object with maximal power.
    """
-    relevant_lines = n.lines[~n.lines["underground"]]
+    relevant_lines = n.lines[~n.lines["underground"]].copy()
    buses = relevant_lines[["bus0", "bus1"]].values
    x = n.buses.x
    y = n.buses.y
--- a/scripts/build_population_layouts.py
+++ b/scripts/build_population_layouts.py
@ -83,6 +83,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":

        # correct for imprecision of Iinv*I
        pop_ct = nuts3.loc[nuts3.country == ct, "pop"].sum()
+        if pop_cells_ct.sum() != 0:
            pop_cells_ct *= pop_ct / pop_cells_ct.sum()

        # The first low density grid cells to reach rural fraction are rural
--- a/scripts/build_retro_cost.py
+++ b/scripts/build_retro_cost.py
@ -297,8 +297,8 @@ def prepare_building_stock_data():
        errors="ignore",
    )

-    u_values.subsector.replace(rename_sectors, inplace=True)
-    u_values.btype.replace(rename_sectors, inplace=True)
+    u_values["subsector"] = u_values.subsector.replace(rename_sectors)
+    u_values["btype"] = u_values.btype.replace(rename_sectors)

    # for missing weighting of surfaces of building types assume MFH
    u_values["assumed_subsector"] = u_values.subsector
@ -306,8 +306,8 @@ def prepare_building_stock_data():
        ~u_values.subsector.isin(rename_sectors.values()), "assumed_subsector"
    ] = "MFH"

-    u_values.country_code.replace({"UK": "GB"}, inplace=True)
-    u_values.bage.replace({"Berfore 1945": "Before 1945"}, inplace=True)
+    u_values["country_code"] = u_values.country_code.replace({"UK": "GB"})
+    u_values["bage"] = u_values.bage.replace({"Berfore 1945": "Before 1945"})
    u_values = u_values[~u_values.bage.isna()]

    u_values.set_index(["country_code", "subsector", "bage", "type"], inplace=True)
--- a/scripts/cluster_network.py
+++ b/scripts/cluster_network.py
@ -488,7 +488,9 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
                    gens.efficiency, bins=[0, low, high, 1], labels=labels
                ).astype(str)
                carriers += [f"{c} {label} efficiency" for label in labels]
-                n.generators.carrier.update(gens.carrier + " " + suffix + " efficiency")
+                n.generators.update(
+                    {"carrier": gens.carrier + " " + suffix + " efficiency"}
+                )
        aggregate_carriers = carriers

    if n_clusters == len(n.buses):
--- a/scripts/make_summary.py
+++ b/scripts/make_summary.py
@ -507,7 +507,7 @@ def calculate_weighted_prices(n, label, weighted_prices):
        if carrier in ["H2", "gas"]:
            load = pd.DataFrame(index=n.snapshots, columns=buses, data=0.0)
        else:
-            load = n.loads_t.p_set[buses]
+            load = n.loads_t.p_set[buses.intersection(n.loads.index)]

        for tech in value:
            names = n.links.index[n.links.index.to_series().str[-len(tech) :] == tech]
@ -560,7 +560,10 @@ def calculate_market_values(n, label, market_values):
        )
        revenue = dispatch * n.buses_t.marginal_price[buses]

-        market_values.at[tech, label] = revenue.sum().sum() / dispatch.sum().sum()
+        if total_dispatch := dispatch.sum().sum():
+            market_values.at[tech, label] = revenue.sum().sum() / total_dispatch
+        else:
+            market_values.at[tech, label] = np.nan

    ## Now do market value of links ##

@ -583,7 +586,10 @@ def calculate_market_values(n, label, market_values):

            revenue = dispatch * n.buses_t.marginal_price[buses]

-            market_values.at[tech, label] = revenue.sum().sum() / dispatch.sum().sum()
+            if total_dispatch := dispatch.sum().sum():
+                market_values.at[tech, label] = revenue.sum().sum() / total_dispatch
+            else:
+                market_values.at[tech, label] = np.nan

    return market_values

--- a/scripts/make_summary_perfect.py
+++ b/scripts/make_summary_perfect.py
@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ def calculate_energy(n, label, energy):
                totals[no_bus] = float(
                    n.component_attrs[c.name].loc["p" + port, "default"]
                )
-                c_energies -= totals.groupby(c.df.carrier, axis=1).sum()
+                c_energies -= totals.T.groupby(c.df.carrier).sum().T

        c_energies = pd.concat([c_energies.T], keys=[c.list_name])

@ -376,9 +376,8 @@ def calculate_supply_energy(n, label, supply_energy):
                .groupby(level=0)
                .sum()
                .multiply(c.df.loc[items, "sign"])
-                .groupby(c.df.loc[items, "carrier"], axis=1)
+                .T.groupby(c.df.loc[items, "carrier"])
                .sum()
-                .T
            )
            s = pd.concat([s], keys=[c.list_name])
            s = pd.concat([s], keys=[i])
@ -525,9 +524,12 @@ def calculate_weighted_prices(n, label, weighted_prices):
        #    stores[stores > 0.] = 0.
        #    load += -stores

+        if total_load := load.sum().sum():
            weighted_prices.loc[carrier, label] = (
                load * n.buses_t.marginal_price[buses]
-        ).sum().sum() / load.sum().sum()
+            ).sum().sum() / total_load
+        else:
+            weighted_prices.loc[carrier, label] = np.nan

        if carrier[:5] == "space":
            print(load * n.buses_t.marginal_price[buses])
@ -562,7 +564,10 @@ def calculate_market_values(n, label, market_values):

        revenue = dispatch * n.buses_t.marginal_price[buses]

-        market_values.at[tech, label] = revenue.sum().sum() / dispatch.sum().sum()
+        if total_dispatch := dispatch.sum().sum():
+            market_values.at[tech, label] = revenue.sum().sum() / total_dispatch
+        else:
+            market_values.at[tech, label] = np.nan

    ## Now do market value of links ##

@ -585,7 +590,10 @@ def calculate_market_values(n, label, market_values):

            revenue = dispatch * n.buses_t.marginal_price[buses]

-            market_values.at[tech, label] = revenue.sum().sum() / dispatch.sum().sum()
+            if total_dispatch := dispatch.sum().sum():
+                market_values.at[tech, label] = revenue.sum().sum() / total_dispatch
+            else:
+                market_values.at[tech, label] = np.nan

    return market_values

--- a/scripts/plot_hydrogen_network.py
+++ b/scripts/plot_hydrogen_network.py
@ -36,7 +36,9 @@ def group_pipes(df, drop_direction=False):
        lambda x: f"H2 pipeline {x.bus0.replace(' H2', '')} -> {x.bus1.replace(' H2', '')}",
        axis=1,
    )
-    return df.groupby(level=0).agg({"p_nom_opt": sum, "bus0": "first", "bus1": "first"})
+    return df.groupby(level=0).agg(
+        {"p_nom_opt": "sum", "bus0": "first", "bus1": "first"}
+    )


 def plot_h2_map(n, regions):
--- a/scripts/plot_power_network.py
+++ b/scripts/plot_power_network.py
@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ def plot_map(

        logger.debug(f"{comp}, {costs}")

-    costs = costs.groupby(costs.columns, axis=1).sum()
+    costs = costs.T.groupby(costs.columns).sum().T

    costs.drop(list(costs.columns[(costs == 0.0).all()]), axis=1, inplace=True)

--- a/scripts/prepare_network.py
+++ b/scripts/prepare_network.py
@ -269,8 +269,8 @@ def set_line_nom_max(
        hvdc = n.links.index[n.links.carrier == "DC"]
        n.links.loc[hvdc, "p_nom_max"] = n.links.loc[hvdc, "p_nom"] + p_nom_max_ext

-    n.lines.s_nom_max.clip(upper=s_nom_max_set, inplace=True)
-    n.links.p_nom_max.clip(upper=p_nom_max_set, inplace=True)
+    n.lines["s_nom_max"] = n.lines.s_nom_max.clip(upper=s_nom_max_set)
+    n.links["p_nom_max"] = n.links.p_nom_max.clip(upper=p_nom_max_set)


 if __name__ == "__main__":
--- a/scripts/prepare_perfect_foresight.py
+++ b/scripts/prepare_perfect_foresight.py
@ -162,15 +162,17 @@ def concat_networks(years):
        add_build_year_to_new_assets(network, year)

        # static ----------------------------------
-        # (1) add buses and carriers
-        for component in network.iterate_components(["Bus", "Carrier"]):
-            df_year = component.df
-            # get missing assets
-            missing = get_missing(df_year, n, component.list_name)
-            import_components_from_dataframe(n, missing, component.name)
-        # (2) add generators, links, stores and loads
        for component in network.iterate_components(
-            ["Generator", "Link", "Store", "Load", "Line", "StorageUnit"]
+            [
+                "Bus",
+                "Carrier",
+                "Generator",
+                "Link",
+                "Store",
+                "Load",
+                "Line",
+                "StorageUnit",
+            ]
        ):
            df_year = component.df.copy()
            missing = get_missing(df_year, n, component.list_name)
@ -199,8 +201,13 @@ def concat_networks(years):
                    pnl[k].loc[pnl_year.index, pnl_year.columns] = pnl_year

                else:
-                    # this is to avoid adding multiple times assets with
-                    # infinite lifetime as ror
+                    # For components that aren't new, we just extend
+                    # time-varying data from the previous investment
+                    # period.
+                    if i > 0:
+                        pnl[k].loc[(year,)] = pnl[k].loc[(years[i - 1],)].values
+
+                    # Now, add time-varying data for new components.
                    cols = pnl_year.columns.difference(pnl[k].columns)
                    pnl[k] = pd.concat([pnl[k], pnl_year[cols]], axis=1)

@ -214,7 +221,7 @@ def concat_networks(years):
    # set investment periods
    n.investment_periods = n.snapshots.levels[0]
    # weighting of the investment period -> assuming last period same weighting as the period before
-    time_w = n.investment_periods.to_series().diff().shift(-1).fillna(method="ffill")
+    time_w = n.investment_periods.to_series().diff().shift(-1).ffill()
    n.investment_period_weightings["years"] = time_w
    # set objective weightings
    objective_w = get_investment_weighting(
--- a/scripts/prepare_sector_network.py
+++ b/scripts/prepare_sector_network.py
@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ import pandas as pd
 import pypsa
 import xarray as xr
 from _helpers import update_config_with_sector_opts
-from add_electricity import calculate_annuity, sanitize_carriers
+from add_electricity import calculate_annuity, sanitize_carriers, sanitize_locations
 from build_energy_totals import build_co2_totals, build_eea_co2, build_eurostat_co2
 from networkx.algorithms import complement
 from networkx.algorithms.connectivity.edge_augmentation import k_edge_augmentation
@ -551,6 +551,17 @@ def patch_electricity_network(n):
    n.loads_t.p_set.rename(lambda x: x.strip(), axis=1, inplace=True)


+def add_eu_bus(n, x=-5.5, y=46):
+    """
+    Add EU bus to the network.
+
+    This cosmetic bus serves as a reference point for the location of
+    the EU buses in the plots and summaries.
+    """
+    n.add("Bus", "EU", location="EU", x=x, y=y, carrier="none")
+    n.add("Carrier", "none")
+
+
 def add_co2_tracking(n, costs, options):
    # minus sign because opposite to how fossil fuels used:
    # CH4 burning puts CH4 down, atmosphere up
@ -715,27 +726,27 @@ def add_dac(n, costs):
    heat_buses = n.buses.index[n.buses.carrier.isin(heat_carriers)]
    locations = n.buses.location[heat_buses]

-    efficiency2 = -(
+    electricity_input = (
        costs.at["direct air capture", "electricity-input"]
        + costs.at["direct air capture", "compression-electricity-input"]
-    )
-    efficiency3 = -(
+    )  # MWh_el / tCO2
+    heat_input = (
        costs.at["direct air capture", "heat-input"]
        - costs.at["direct air capture", "compression-heat-output"]
-    )
+    )  # MWh_th / tCO2

    n.madd(
        "Link",
        heat_buses.str.replace(" heat", " DAC"),
-        bus0="co2 atmosphere",
-        bus1=spatial.co2.df.loc[locations, "nodes"].values,
-        bus2=locations.values,
-        bus3=heat_buses,
+        bus0=locations.values,
+        bus1=heat_buses,
+        bus2="co2 atmosphere",
+        bus3=spatial.co2.df.loc[locations, "nodes"].values,
        carrier="DAC",
-        capital_cost=costs.at["direct air capture", "fixed"],
-        efficiency=1.0,
-        efficiency2=efficiency2,
-        efficiency3=efficiency3,
+        capital_cost=costs.at["direct air capture", "fixed"] / electricity_input,
+        efficiency=-heat_input / electricity_input,
+        efficiency2=-1 / electricity_input,
+        efficiency3=1 / electricity_input,
        p_nom_extendable=True,
        lifetime=costs.at["direct air capture", "lifetime"],
    )
@ -1010,6 +1021,7 @@ def insert_electricity_distribution_grid(n, costs):
        "Store",
        nodes + " home battery",
        bus=nodes + " home battery",
+        location=nodes,
        e_cyclic=True,
        e_nom_extendable=True,
        carrier="home battery",
@ -3599,6 +3611,8 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
        for carrier in conventional:
            add_carrier_buses(n, carrier)

+    add_eu_bus(n)
+
    add_co2_tracking(n, costs, options)

    add_generation(n, costs)
@ -3738,5 +3752,6 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
    n.meta = dict(snakemake.config, **dict(wildcards=dict(snakemake.wildcards)))

    sanitize_carriers(n, snakemake.config)
+    sanitize_locations(n)

    n.export_to_netcdf(snakemake.output[0])
--- a/scripts/solve_network.py
+++ b/scripts/solve_network.py
@ -418,7 +418,7 @@ def add_CCL_constraints(n, config):
    Example
    -------
    scenario:
-        opts: [Co2L-CCL-24H]
+        opts: [Co2L-CCL-24h]
    electricity:
        agg_p_nom_limits: data/agg_p_nom_minmax.csv
    """
@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ def add_EQ_constraints(n, o, scaling=1e-1):
    Example
    -------
    scenario:
-        opts: [Co2L-EQ0.7-24H]
+        opts: [Co2L-EQ0.7-24h]

    Require each country or node to on average produce a minimal share
    of its total electricity consumption itself. Example: EQ0.7c demands each country
@ -527,7 +527,7 @@ def add_BAU_constraints(n, config):
    Example
    -------
    scenario:
-        opts: [Co2L-BAU-24H]
+        opts: [Co2L-BAU-24h]
    electricity:
        BAU_mincapacities:
            solar: 0
@ -564,7 +564,7 @@ def add_SAFE_constraints(n, config):
    config.yaml requires to specify opts:

    scenario:
-        opts: [Co2L-SAFE-24H]
+        opts: [Co2L-SAFE-24h]
    electricity:
        SAFE_reservemargin: 0.1
    Which sets a reserve margin of 10% above the peak demand.
--- a/test.sh
+++ b/test.sh
@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2021-2024 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0
+
+snakemake -call solve_elec_networks --configfile config/test/config.electricity.yaml --rerun-triggers=mtime && \
+snakemake -call all --configfile config/test/config.overnight.yaml --rerun-triggers=mtime && \
+snakemake -call all --configfile config/test/config.myopic.yaml --rerun-triggers=mtime && \
+snakemake -call all --configfile config/test/config.perfect.yaml --rerun-triggers=mtime