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@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ The basic supply (left column) and demand (right column) options in the model ar
.. image:: ../graphics/multisector_figure.png .. image:: ../graphics/multisector_figure.png
.. _Electricity supply and demand:
Electricity supply and demand Electricity supply and demand
============================= =============================
@ -185,8 +185,8 @@ Further information are given in the study by Zeyen et al. : `Mitigating heat de
Hydrogen demand Hydrogen demand
============================= =============================
Hydrogen is consumed in the industry sector (link to industry) to produce ammonia [link to ammonia industry section] and direct reduced iron (DRI) [link to DRI industry section]. Hydrogen is also consumed to produce synthetic methane [link to section “Methane supply”] and liquid hydrocarbons [link to fossil-oil based supply”] which have multiple uses in industry and other sectors. Hydrogen is consumed in the industry sector (see :ref:`Industry demand`) to produce ammonia (see :ref:`Chemicals Industry`) and direct reduced iron (DRI) (see :ref:`Iron and Steel`). Hydrogen is also consumed to produce synthetic methane (see :ref:`Methane supply`) and liquid hydrocarbons (see :ref:`Oil-based products supply`) which have multiple uses in industry and other sectors.
Hydrogen is also used for transport applications (link to transport), where it is exogenously fixed. It is used in `heavy-duty land transport <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/config.default.yaml#L181>`_ and as liquified hydrogen in the shipping sector [add link to shipping sector]. Furthermore, stationary fuel cells may re-electrify hydrogen (with waste heat as a byproduct) to balance renewable fluctuations [Add a link to the section where we describe the Electricity sector and how storage is modelled there]. The waste heat from the stationary fuel cells can be used in `district-heating systems <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/config.default.yaml#L256>`_. Hydrogen is also used for transport applications (see :ref:`Transportation`), where it is exogenously fixed. It is used in `heavy-duty land transport <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/config.default.yaml#L181>`_ and as liquified hydrogen in the shipping sector (see :ref:`Shipping`). Furthermore, stationary fuel cells may re-electrify hydrogen (with waste heat as a byproduct) to balance renewable fluctuations (see :ref:`Electricity supply and demand`). The waste heat from the stationary fuel cells can be used in `district-heating systems <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/config.default.yaml#L256>`_.
Hydrogen supply Hydrogen supply
============================= =============================
@ -318,6 +318,7 @@ with costs as included from the `technology-data repository <https://github.com/
Liquid hydrocarbons are assumed to be transported freely among the model region since future demand is predicted to be low, transport costs for liquids are low and no bottlenecks are expected. Liquid hydrocarbons are assumed to be transported freely among the model region since future demand is predicted to be low, transport costs for liquids are low and no bottlenecks are expected.
.. _Industry demand:
Industry demand Industry demand
================ ================
@ -357,7 +358,6 @@ Inside each country the industrial demand is then distributed using the `Hotmaps
.. image:: ../graphics/hotmaps.png .. image:: ../graphics/hotmaps.png
.. _Iron and Steel:
*Iron and Steel* *Iron and Steel*
@ -406,8 +406,6 @@ The share of steel produced via the primary route is exogenously set in the `con
For the remaining subprocesses in this sector, the following transformations are assumed. Methane is used as energy source for the smelting process. Activities associated with furnaces, refining and rolling, and product finishing are electrified assuming the current efficiency values for these cases. These transformations result in changes in process emissions as outlined in the process emissions figure presented in the industry overview section (add link to the overview section). For the remaining subprocesses in this sector, the following transformations are assumed. Methane is used as energy source for the smelting process. Activities associated with furnaces, refining and rolling, and product finishing are electrified assuming the current efficiency values for these cases. These transformations result in changes in process emissions as outlined in the process emissions figure presented in the industry overview section (add link to the overview section).
.. _Chemicals Industry:
*Chemicals Industry* *Chemicals Industry*
The chemicals industry includes a wide range of diverse industries, including the production of basic organic compounds (olefins, alcohols, aromatics), basic inorganic compounds (ammonia, chlorine), polymers (plastics), and end-user products (cosmetics, pharmaceutics). The chemicals industry includes a wide range of diverse industries, including the production of basic organic compounds (olefins, alcohols, aromatics), basic inorganic compounds (ammonia, chlorine), polymers (plastics), and end-user products (cosmetics, pharmaceutics).
@ -427,8 +425,6 @@ $$
The Haber-Bosch process is not explicitly represented in the model, such that demand for ammonia enters the model as a demand for hydrogen ( $6.5 MWh_{H_2}$ / t $_{NH_3}$ ) and electricity ( $1.17 MWh_{el}$ /t $_{NH_3}$ ) (see `Wang et. al <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2018.04.017>`_). Today, natural gas dominates in Europe as the source for the hydrogen used in the Haber-Bosch process, but the model can choose among the various hydrogen supply options described in the hydrogen section (LINK TO HYDROGEN SUPPLY) The Haber-Bosch process is not explicitly represented in the model, such that demand for ammonia enters the model as a demand for hydrogen ( $6.5 MWh_{H_2}$ / t $_{NH_3}$ ) and electricity ( $1.17 MWh_{el}$ /t $_{NH_3}$ ) (see `Wang et. al <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2018.04.017>`_). Today, natural gas dominates in Europe as the source for the hydrogen used in the Haber-Bosch process, but the model can choose among the various hydrogen supply options described in the hydrogen section (LINK TO HYDROGEN SUPPLY)
.. _Transportation:
Transportation Transportation
========================= =========================
Annual energy demands for land transport, aviation and shipping for every country are retrieved from `JRC-IDEES data set <http://data.europa.eu/89h/jrc-10110-10001>`_. Below, the details of how each of these categories are treated is explained. Annual energy demands for land transport, aviation and shipping for every country are retrieved from `JRC-IDEES data set <http://data.europa.eu/89h/jrc-10110-10001>`_. Below, the details of how each of these categories are treated is explained.
@ -465,7 +461,6 @@ All land transport that is not specified to be either BEV or FCEV will be treate
The ‘demand for aviation <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/scripts/prepare_sector_network.py#L2193>`_ includes international and domestic use. It is modeled as an oil demand since aviation consumes kerosene. This can be produced synthetically or have fossil-origin [link to oil product]. The ‘demand for aviation <https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur-sec/blob/3daff49c9999ba7ca7534df4e587e1d516044fc3/scripts/prepare_sector_network.py#L2193>`_ includes international and domestic use. It is modeled as an oil demand since aviation consumes kerosene. This can be produced synthetically or have fossil-origin [link to oil product].
.. _Shipping:
*Shipping* *Shipping*