add regionalised hydrogen salt cavern storage potentials (#191)

* add regionalised hydrogen salt cavern storage potentials

* fix reading in salt-cavern potentials and typo in imports

* by default disable nearshore and offshore salt cavern potentials

Co-authored-by: lisazeyen <lisa.zeyen@web.de>

Snakefile

@@ -209,6 +209,19 @@ else:
     build_biomass_transport_costs_output = {}
 
 
+rule build_salt_cavern_potentials:
+    input:
+        salt_caverns="data/h2_salt_caverns_GWh_per_sqkm.geojson",
+        regions_onshore=pypsaeur("resources/regions_onshore_elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}.geojson"),
+        regions_offshore=pypsaeur("resources/regions_offshore_elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}.geojson"),
+    output:
+        h2_cavern_potential="resources/salt_cavern_potentials_s{simpl}_{clusters}.csv"
+    threads: 1
+    resources: mem_mb=2000
+    benchmark: "benchmarks/build_salt_cavern_potentials_s{simpl}_{clusters}"
+    script: "scripts/build_salt_cavern_potentials.py"
+
+
 rule build_ammonia_production:
     input:
         usgs="data/myb1-2017-nitro.xls"
@@ -357,7 +370,7 @@ rule prepare_sector_network:
         costs=CDIR + "costs_{planning_horizons}.csv",
         profile_offwind_ac=pypsaeur("resources/profile_offwind-ac.nc"),
         profile_offwind_dc=pypsaeur("resources/profile_offwind-dc.nc"),
-        h2_cavern="data/hydrogen_salt_cavern_potentials.csv",
+        h2_cavern="resources/salt_cavern_potentials_s{simpl}_{clusters}.csv",
         busmap_s=pypsaeur("resources/busmap_elec_s{simpl}.csv"),
         busmap=pypsaeur("resources/busmap_elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}.csv"),
         clustered_pop_layout="resources/pop_layout_elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}.csv",

config.default.yaml

@@ -238,6 +238,10 @@ sector:
   co2_network: false
   cc_fraction: 0.9  # default fraction of CO2 captured with post-combustion capture
   hydrogen_underground_storage: true
+  hydrogen_underground_storage_locations:
+    - onshore  # more than 50 km from sea
+    # - nearshore  # within 50 km of sea
+    # - offshore
   use_fischer_tropsch_waste_heat: true
   use_fuel_cell_waste_heat: true
   electricity_distribution_grid: false

doc/data.csv

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ co2 budgets,co2_budget.csv,CC BY 4.0,https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.11009
 existing heating potentials,existing_infrastructure/existing_heating_raw.csv,unknown,https://ec.europa.eu/energy/studies/mapping-and-analyses-current-and-future-2020-2030-heatingcooling-fuel-deployment_en?redir=1
 IRENA existing VRE capacities,existing_infrastructure/{solar|onwind|offwind}_capcity_IRENA.csv,unknown,https://www.irena.org/Statistics/Download-Data
 USGS ammonia production,myb1-2017-nitro.xls,unknown,https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nmic/nitrogen-statistics-and-information
-hydrogen salt cavern potentials,hydrogen_salt_cavern_potentials.csv,CC BY 4.0,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.12.161
+hydrogen salt cavern potentials,h2_salt_caverns_GWh_per_sqkm.geojson,CC BY 4.0,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.12.161 https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201910.0187.v1
 hotmaps industrial site database,Industrial_Database.csv,CC BY 4.0,https://gitlab.com/hotmaps/industrial_sites/industrial_sites_Industrial_Database
 Hotmaps building stock data,data_building_stock.csv,CC BY 4.0,https://gitlab.com/hotmaps/building-stock
 U-values Poland,u_values_poland.csv,unknown,https://data.europa.eu/euodp/de/data/dataset/building-stock-observatory

doc/release_notes.rst

@@ -8,6 +8,9 @@ Future release
 .. note::
   This unreleased version currently may require the master branches of PyPSA, PyPSA-Eur, and the technology-data repository.
 
+* Add regionalised hydrogen salt cavern storage potentials from `Technical Potential of Salt Caverns for Hydrogen Storage in Europe <https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201910.0187.v1>`_.
+
+
 PyPSA-Eur-Sec 0.6.0 (4 October 2021)
 ====================================
 

scripts/build_salt_cavern_potentials.py

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+"""
+Build salt cavern potentials for hydrogen storage.
+
+Technical Potential of Salt Caverns for Hydrogen Storage in Europe
+CC-BY 4.0
+https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201910.0187.v1
+https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.12.161
+
+Figure 6. Distribution of potential salt cavern sites across Europe with their corresponding
+energy densities (cavern storage potential divided by the volume).
+
+Figure 7. Total cavern storage potential in European countries
+classified as onshore, offshore and within 50 km of shore.
+
+The regional distribution is taken from the map (Figure 6) and scaled to the
+capacities from the bar chart split by nearshore (<50km from sea),
+onshore (>50km from sea), offshore (Figure 7).
+"""
+
+
+import geopandas as gpd
+import pandas as pd
+
+
+def concat_gdf(gdf_list, crs='EPSG:4326'):
+    """Concatenate multiple geopandas dataframes with common coordinate reference system (crs)."""
+    return gpd.GeoDataFrame(pd.concat(gdf_list), crs=crs)
+
+
+def load_bus_regions(onshore_path, offshore_path):
+    """Load pypsa-eur on- and offshore regions and concat."""
+
+    bus_regions_offshore = gpd.read_file(offshore_path)
+    bus_regions_onshore = gpd.read_file(onshore_path)
+    bus_regions = concat_gdf([bus_regions_offshore, bus_regions_onshore])
+    bus_regions = bus_regions.dissolve(by='name', aggfunc='sum')
+
+    return bus_regions
+
+
+def area(gdf):
+    """Returns area of GeoDataFrame geometries in square kilometers."""
+    return gdf.to_crs(epsg=3035).area.div(1e6)
+
+
+def salt_cavern_potential_by_region(caverns, regions):
+
+    # calculate area of caverns shapes
+    caverns["area_caverns"] = area(caverns)
+
+    overlay = gpd.overlay(regions.reset_index(), caverns, keep_geom_type=True)
+
+    # calculate share of cavern area inside region
+    overlay["share"] = area(overlay) / overlay["area_caverns"]
+
+    overlay["e_nom"] = overlay.eval("capacity_per_area * share * area_caverns / 1000") # TWh
+
+    caverns_regions = overlay.groupby(['name', "storage_type"]).e_nom.sum().unstack("storage_type")
+    
+    return caverns_regions
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    if 'snakemake' not in globals():
+        from helper import mock_snakemake
+        snakemake = mock_snakemake('build_salt_cavern_potentials', simpl='', clusters='37')
+
+
+    fn_onshore = snakemake.input.regions_onshore
+    fn_offshore = snakemake.input.regions_offshore
+
+    regions = load_bus_regions(fn_onshore, fn_offshore)
+
+    caverns = gpd.read_file(snakemake.input.salt_caverns)  # GWh/sqkm
+
+    caverns_regions = salt_cavern_potential_by_region(caverns, regions)
+
+    caverns_regions.to_csv(snakemake.output.h2_cavern_potential)

scripts/prepare_sector_network.py

@@ -1040,26 +1040,27 @@ def add_storage(n, costs):
         lifetime=costs.at['fuel cell', 'lifetime']
     )
 
-    cavern_nodes = pd.DataFrame()
+    cavern_types = snakemake.config["sector"]["hydrogen_underground_storage_locations"]
+    h2_caverns = pd.read_csv(snakemake.input.h2_cavern, index_col=0)[cavern_types].sum(axis=1)
+
+    # only use sites with at least 2 TWh potential
+    h2_caverns = h2_caverns[h2_caverns > 2]
+    
+    # convert TWh to MWh
+    h2_caverns = h2_caverns * 1e6
+
+    # clip at 1000 TWh for one location
+    h2_caverns.clip(upper=1e9, inplace=True)
+
     if options['hydrogen_underground_storage']:
-         h2_salt_cavern_potential = pd.read_csv(snakemake.input.h2_cavern, index_col=0, squeeze=True)
-         h2_cavern_ct = h2_salt_cavern_potential[~h2_salt_cavern_potential.isna()]
-         cavern_nodes = pop_layout[pop_layout.ct.isin(h2_cavern_ct.index)]
 
         h2_capital_cost = costs.at["hydrogen storage underground", "fixed"]
 
-         # assumptions: weight storage potential in a country by population
-         # TODO: fix with real geographic potentials
-         # convert TWh to MWh with 1e6
-         h2_pot = h2_cavern_ct.loc[cavern_nodes.ct]
-         h2_pot.index = cavern_nodes.index
-         h2_pot = h2_pot * cavern_nodes.fraction * 1e6
-
         n.madd("Store",
-            cavern_nodes.index + " H2 Store",
-            bus=cavern_nodes.index + " H2",
+            h2_caverns.index + " H2 Store",
+            bus=h2_caverns.index + " H2",
             e_nom_extendable=True,
-            e_nom_max=h2_pot.values,
+            e_nom_max=h2_caverns.values,
             e_cyclic=True,
             carrier="H2 Store",
             capital_cost=h2_capital_cost
@@ -1067,7 +1068,7 @@ def add_storage(n, costs):
 
     # hydrogen stored overground (where not already underground)
     h2_capital_cost = costs.at["hydrogen storage tank incl. compressor", "fixed"]
-    nodes_overground = cavern_nodes.index.symmetric_difference(nodes)
+    nodes_overground = h2_caverns.index.symmetric_difference(nodes)
 
     n.madd("Store",
         nodes_overground + " H2 Store",