pypsa-eur/scripts/solve_sector_network.py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2020-2023 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
#
# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
"""
Solve network.
"""

import logging

import numpy as np
import pypsa
from _helpers import override_component_attrs, update_config_with_sector_opts
from vresutils.benchmark import memory_logger

logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
pypsa.pf.logger.setLevel(logging.WARNING)


def add_land_use_constraint(n):
    if "m" in snakemake.wildcards.clusters:
        _add_land_use_constraint_m(n)
    else:
        _add_land_use_constraint(n)


def _add_land_use_constraint(n):
    # warning: this will miss existing offwind which is not classed AC-DC and has carrier 'offwind'

    for carrier in ["solar", "onwind", "offwind-ac", "offwind-dc"]:
        ext_i = (n.generators.carrier == carrier) & ~n.generators.p_nom_extendable
        existing = (
            n.generators.loc[ext_i, "p_nom"]
            .groupby(n.generators.bus.map(n.buses.location))
            .sum()
        )
        existing.index += " " + carrier + "-" + snakemake.wildcards.planning_horizons
        n.generators.loc[existing.index, "p_nom_max"] -= existing

    # check if existing capacities are larger than technical potential
    existing_large = n.generators[
        n.generators["p_nom_min"] > n.generators["p_nom_max"]
    ].index
    if len(existing_large):
        logger.warning(
            f"Existing capacities larger than technical potential for {existing_large},\
                       adjust technical potential to existing capacities"
        )
        n.generators.loc[existing_large, "p_nom_max"] = n.generators.loc[
            existing_large, "p_nom_min"
        ]

    n.generators.p_nom_max.clip(lower=0, inplace=True)


def _add_land_use_constraint_m(n):
    # if generators clustering is lower than network clustering, land_use accounting is at generators clusters

    planning_horizons = snakemake.config["scenario"]["planning_horizons"]
    grouping_years = snakemake.config["existing_capacities"]["grouping_years"]
    current_horizon = snakemake.wildcards.planning_horizons

    for carrier in ["solar", "onwind", "offwind-ac", "offwind-dc"]:
        existing = n.generators.loc[n.generators.carrier == carrier, "p_nom"]
        ind = list(
            set(
                [
                    i.split(sep=" ")[0] + " " + i.split(sep=" ")[1]
                    for i in existing.index
                ]
            )
        )

        previous_years = [
            str(y)
            for y in planning_horizons + grouping_years
            if y < int(snakemake.wildcards.planning_horizons)
        ]

        for p_year in previous_years:
            ind2 = [
                i for i in ind if i + " " + carrier + "-" + p_year in existing.index
            ]
            sel_current = [i + " " + carrier + "-" + current_horizon for i in ind2]
            sel_p_year = [i + " " + carrier + "-" + p_year for i in ind2]
            n.generators.loc[sel_current, "p_nom_max"] -= existing.loc[
                sel_p_year
            ].rename(lambda x: x[:-4] + current_horizon)

    n.generators.p_nom_max.clip(lower=0, inplace=True)


def add_co2_sequestration_limit(n, limit=200):
    """
    Add a global constraint on the amount of Mt CO2 that can be sequestered.
    """
    n.carriers.loc["co2 stored", "co2_absorptions"] = -1
    n.carriers.co2_absorptions = n.carriers.co2_absorptions.fillna(0)

    limit = limit * 1e6
    for o in opts:
        if "seq" not in o:
            continue
        limit = float(o[o.find("seq") + 3 :]) * 1e6
        break

    n.add(
        "GlobalConstraint",
        "co2_sequestration_limit",
        sense="<=",
        constant=limit,
        type="primary_energy",
        carrier_attribute="co2_absorptions",
    )


def prepare_network(n, solve_opts=None, config=None):
    if "clip_p_max_pu" in solve_opts:
        for df in (
            n.generators_t.p_max_pu,
            n.generators_t.p_min_pu,
            n.storage_units_t.inflow,
        ):
            df.where(df > solve_opts["clip_p_max_pu"], other=0.0, inplace=True)

    if solve_opts.get("load_shedding"):
        # intersect between macroeconomic and surveybased willingness to pay
        # http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fenrg.2015.00055/full
        n.add("Carrier", "Load")
        n.madd(
            "Generator",
            n.buses.index,
            " load",
            bus=n.buses.index,
            carrier="load",
            sign=1e-3,  # Adjust sign to measure p and p_nom in kW instead of MW
            marginal_cost=1e2,  # Eur/kWh
            p_nom=1e9,  # kW
        )

    if solve_opts.get("noisy_costs"):
        for t in n.iterate_components():
            # if 'capital_cost' in t.df:
            #    t.df['capital_cost'] += 1e1 + 2.*(np.random.random(len(t.df)) - 0.5)
            if "marginal_cost" in t.df:
                np.random.seed(174)
                t.df["marginal_cost"] += 1e-2 + 2e-3 * (
                    np.random.random(len(t.df)) - 0.5
                )

        for t in n.iterate_components(["Line", "Link"]):
            np.random.seed(123)
            t.df["capital_cost"] += (
                1e-1 + 2e-2 * (np.random.random(len(t.df)) - 0.5)
            ) * t.df["length"]

    if solve_opts.get("nhours"):
        nhours = solve_opts["nhours"]
        n.set_snapshots(n.snapshots[:nhours])
        n.snapshot_weightings[:] = 8760.0 / nhours

    if snakemake.config["foresight"] == "myopic":
        add_land_use_constraint(n)

    if n.stores.carrier.eq("co2 stored").any():
        limit = config["sector"].get("co2_sequestration_potential", 200)
        add_co2_sequestration_limit(n, limit=limit)

    return n


def add_battery_constraints(n):
    """
    Add constraint ensuring that charger = discharger:
        1 * charger_size - efficiency * discharger_size = 0
    """
    discharger_bool = n.links.index.str.contains("battery discharger")
    charger_bool = n.links.index.str.contains("battery charger")

    dischargers_ext = n.links[discharger_bool].query("p_nom_extendable").index
    chargers_ext = n.links[charger_bool].query("p_nom_extendable").index

    eff = n.links.efficiency[dischargers_ext].values
    lhs = (
        n.model["Link-p_nom"].loc[chargers_ext]
        - n.model["Link-p_nom"].loc[dischargers_ext] * eff
    )

    n.model.add_constraints(lhs == 0, name="Link-charger_ratio")


def add_chp_constraints(n):
    electric = (
        n.links.index.str.contains("urban central")
        & n.links.index.str.contains("CHP")
        & n.links.index.str.contains("electric")
    )
    heat = (
        n.links.index.str.contains("urban central")
        & n.links.index.str.contains("CHP")
        & n.links.index.str.contains("heat")
    )

    electric_ext = n.links[electric].query("p_nom_extendable").index
    heat_ext = n.links[heat].query("p_nom_extendable").index

    electric_fix = n.links[electric].query("~p_nom_extendable").index
    heat_fix = n.links[heat].query("~p_nom_extendable").index

    p = n.model["Link-p"]  # dimension: [time, link]

    # output ratio between heat and electricity and top_iso_fuel_line for extendable
    if not electric_ext.empty:
        p_nom = n.model["Link-p_nom"]

        lhs = (
            p_nom.loc[electric_ext]
            * (n.links.p_nom_ratio * n.links.efficiency)[electric_ext].values
            - p_nom.loc[heat_ext] * n.links.efficiency[heat_ext].values
        )
        n.model.add_constraints(lhs == 0, name="chplink-fix_p_nom_ratio")

        rename = {"Link-ext": "Link"}
        lhs = (
            p.loc[:, electric_ext]
            + p.loc[:, heat_ext]
            - p_nom.rename(rename).loc[electric_ext]
        )
        n.model.add_constraints(lhs <= 0, name="chplink-top_iso_fuel_line_ext")

    # top_iso_fuel_line for fixed
    if not electric_fix.empty:
        lhs = p.loc[:, electric_fix] + p.loc[:, heat_fix]
        rhs = n.links.p_nom[electric_fix]
        n.model.add_constraints(lhs <= rhs, name="chplink-top_iso_fuel_line_fix")

    # back-pressure
    if not electric.empty:
        lhs = (
            p.loc[:, heat] * (n.links.efficiency[heat] * n.links.c_b[electric].values)
            - p.loc[:, electric] * n.links.efficiency[electric]
        )
        n.model.add_constraints(lhs <= rhs, name="chplink-backpressure")


def add_pipe_retrofit_constraint(n):
    """
    Add constraint for retrofitting existing CH4 pipelines to H2 pipelines.
    """
    gas_pipes_i = n.links.query("carrier == 'gas pipeline' and p_nom_extendable").index
    h2_retrofitted_i = n.links.query(
        "carrier == 'H2 pipeline retrofitted' and p_nom_extendable"
    ).index

    if h2_retrofitted_i.empty or gas_pipes_i.empty:
        return

    p_nom = n.model["Link-p_nom"]

    CH4_per_H2 = 1 / n.config["sector"]["H2_retrofit_capacity_per_CH4"]
    lhs = p_nom.loc[gas_pipes_i] + CH4_per_H2 * p_nom.loc[h2_retrofitted_i]
    rhs = n.links.p_nom[gas_pipes_i].rename_axis("Link-ext")

    n.model.add_constraints(lhs == rhs, name="Link-pipe_retrofit")


def extra_functionality(n, snapshots):
    add_battery_constraints(n)
    add_pipe_retrofit_constraint(n)


def solve_network(n, config, opts="", **kwargs):
    set_of_options = config["solving"]["solver"]["options"]
    solver_options = (
        config["solving"]["solver_options"][set_of_options] if set_of_options else {}
    )
    solver_name = config["solving"]["solver"]["name"]
    cf_solving = config["solving"]["options"]
    track_iterations = cf_solving.get("track_iterations", False)
    min_iterations = cf_solving.get("min_iterations", 4)
    max_iterations = cf_solving.get("max_iterations", 6)

    # add to network for extra_functionality
    n.config = config
    n.opts = opts

    skip_iterations = cf_solving.get("skip_iterations", False)
    if not n.lines.s_nom_extendable.any():
        skip_iterations = True
        logger.info("No expandable lines found. Skipping iterative solving.")

    if skip_iterations:
        status, condition = n.optimize(
            solver_name=solver_name,
            extra_functionality=extra_functionality,
            **solver_options,
            **kwargs,
        )
    else:
        status, condition = n.optimize.optimize_transmission_expansion_iteratively(
            solver_name=solver_name,
            track_iterations=track_iterations,
            min_iterations=min_iterations,
            max_iterations=max_iterations,
            extra_functionality=extra_functionality,
            **solver_options,
            **kwargs,
        )

    if status != "ok":
        logger.warning(
            f"Solving status '{status}' with termination condition '{condition}'"
        )

    return n


# %%
if __name__ == "__main__":
    if "snakemake" not in globals():
        from _helpers import mock_snakemake

        snakemake = mock_snakemake(
            "solve_network_myopic",
            simpl="",
            opts="",
            clusters="45",
            ll="v1.0",
            sector_opts="8760H-T-H-B-I-A-solar+p3-dist1",
            planning_horizons="2020",
        )

    logging.basicConfig(
        filename=snakemake.log.python, level=snakemake.config["logging"]["level"]
    )

    update_config_with_sector_opts(snakemake.config, snakemake.wildcards.sector_opts)

    tmpdir = snakemake.config["solving"].get("tmpdir")
    if tmpdir is not None:
        from pathlib import Path

        Path(tmpdir).mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
    opts = snakemake.wildcards.sector_opts.split("-")
    solve_opts = snakemake.config["solving"]["options"]

    fn = getattr(snakemake.log, "memory", None)
    with memory_logger(filename=fn, interval=30.0) as mem:
        overrides = override_component_attrs(snakemake.input.overrides)
        n = pypsa.Network(snakemake.input.network, override_component_attrs=overrides)

        n = prepare_network(n, solve_opts, config=snakemake.config)

        n = solve_network(
            n, config=snakemake.config, opts=opts, log_fn=snakemake.log.solver
        )

        if "lv_limit" in n.global_constraints.index:
            n.line_volume_limit = n.global_constraints.at["lv_limit", "constant"]
            n.line_volume_limit_dual = n.global_constraints.at["lv_limit", "mu"]

        n.meta = dict(snakemake.config, **dict(wildcards=dict(snakemake.wildcards)))
        n.export_to_netcdf(snakemake.output[0])

    logger.info("Maximum memory usage: {}".format(mem.mem_usage))