# coding: utf-8 """ Creates networks clustered to ``{cluster}`` number of zones with aggregated buses, generators and transmission corridors. Relevant Settings ----------------- .. code:: yaml renewable: (keys) {technology}: potential: solving: solver: name: lines: length_factor: .. seealso:: Documentation of the configuration file ``config.yaml`` at :ref:`renewable_cf`, :ref:`solving_cf`, :ref:`lines_cf` Inputs ------ - ``resources/regions_onshore_{network}_s{simpl}.geojson``: confer :ref:`simplify` - ``resources/regions_offshore_{network}_s{simpl}.geojson``: confer :ref:`simplify` - ``resources/clustermaps_{network}_s{simpl}.h5``: confer :ref:`simplify` - ``networks/{network}_s{simpl}.nc``: confer :ref:`simplify` Outputs ------- - ``resources/regions_onshore_{network}_s{simpl}_{clusters}.geojson``: .. image:: ../img/regions_onshore_elec_s_X.png :scale: 33 % - ``resources/regions_offshore_{network}_s{simpl}_{clusters}.geojson``: .. image:: ../img/regions_offshore_elec_s_X.png :scale: 33 % - ``resources/clustermaps_{network}_s{simpl}_{clusters}.h5``: Mapping of buses and lines from ``networks/elec_s{simpl}.nc`` to ``networks/elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}.nc``; has keys ['/busmap', '/busmap_s', '/linemap', '/linemap_negative', '/linemap_positive'] - ``networks/{network}_s{simpl}_{clusters}.nc``: .. image:: ../img/elec_s_X.png :scale: 40 % Description ----------- .. note:: **Why is clustering used both in** ``simplify_network`` **and** ``cluster_network`` **?** Consider for example a network ``networks/elec_s100_50.nc`` in which ``simplify_network`` clusters the network to 100 buses and in a second step ``cluster_network``` reduces it down to 50 buses. In preliminary tests, it turns out, that the principal effect of changing spatial resolution is actually only partially due to the transmission network. It is more important to differentiate between wind generators with higher capacity factors from those with lower capacity factors, i.e. to have a higher spatial resolution in the renewable generation than in the number of buses. The two-step clustering allows to study this effect by looking at networks like ``networks/elec_s100_50m.nc``. Note the additional ``m`` in the ``{cluster}`` wildcard. So in the example network there are still up to 100 different wind generators. In combination these two features allow you to study the spatial resolution of the transmission network separately from the spatial resolution of renewable generators. **Is it possible to run the model without the** ``simplify_network`` **rule?** No, the network clustering methods in the PyPSA module `pypsa.networkclustering `_ do not work reliably with multiple voltage levels and transformers. .. tip:: The rule :mod:`cluster_all_networks` runs for all ``scenario`` s in the configuration file the rule :mod:`cluster_network`. """ import pandas as pd idx = pd.IndexSlice import logging logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) import os import numpy as np import scipy as sp from scipy.sparse.csgraph import connected_components import xarray as xr import geopandas as gpd import shapely import networkx as nx from shutil import copyfile from six import iteritems from six.moves import reduce import pyomo.environ as po import pypsa from pypsa.io import import_components_from_dataframe, import_series_from_dataframe from pypsa.networkclustering import (busmap_by_stubs, busmap_by_kmeans, _make_consense, get_clustering_from_busmap, aggregategenerators, aggregateoneport) def normed(x): return (x/x.sum()).fillna(0.) def weighting_for_country(n, x): conv_carriers = {'OCGT','CCGT','PHS', 'hydro'} gen = (n .generators.loc[n.generators.carrier.isin(conv_carriers)] .groupby('bus').p_nom.sum() .reindex(n.buses.index, fill_value=0.) + n .storage_units.loc[n.storage_units.carrier.isin(conv_carriers)] .groupby('bus').p_nom.sum() .reindex(n.buses.index, fill_value=0.)) load = n.loads_t.p_set.mean().groupby(n.loads.bus).sum() b_i = x.index g = normed(gen.reindex(b_i, fill_value=0)) l = normed(load.reindex(b_i, fill_value=0)) w= g + l return (w * (100. / w.max())).clip(lower=1.).astype(int) ## Plot weighting for Germany def plot_weighting(n, country, country_shape=None): n.plot(bus_sizes=(2*weighting_for_country(n.buses.loc[n.buses.country == country])).reindex(n.buses.index, fill_value=1)) if country_shape is not None: plt.xlim(country_shape.bounds[0], country_shape.bounds[2]) plt.ylim(country_shape.bounds[1], country_shape.bounds[3]) # # Determining the number of clusters per country def distribute_clusters(n, n_clusters, solver_name=None): if solver_name is None: solver_name = snakemake.config['solving']['solver']['name'] L = (n.loads_t.p_set.mean() .groupby(n.loads.bus).sum() .groupby([n.buses.country, n.buses.sub_network]).sum() .pipe(normed)) N = n.buses.groupby(['country', 'sub_network']).size() assert n_clusters >= len(N) and n_clusters <= N.sum(), \ "Number of clusters must be {} <= n_clusters <= {} for this selection of countries.".format(len(N), N.sum()) m = po.ConcreteModel() def n_bounds(model, *n_id): return (1, N[n_id]) m.n = po.Var(list(L.index), bounds=n_bounds, domain=po.Integers) m.tot = po.Constraint(expr=(po.summation(m.n) == n_clusters)) m.objective = po.Objective(expr=sum((m.n[i] - L.loc[i]*n_clusters)**2 for i in L.index), sense=po.minimize) opt = po.SolverFactory(solver_name) if not opt.has_capability('quadratic_objective'): logger.warn(f'The configured solver `{solver_name}` does not support quadratic objectives. Falling back to `ipopt`.') opt = po.SolverFactory('ipopt') results = opt.solve(m) assert results['Solver'][0]['Status'].key == 'ok', "Solver returned non-optimally: {}".format(results) return pd.Series(m.n.get_values(), index=L.index).astype(int) def busmap_for_n_clusters(n, n_clusters, solver_name, algorithm="kmeans", **algorithm_kwds): if algorithm == "kmeans": algorithm_kwds.setdefault('n_init', 1000) algorithm_kwds.setdefault('max_iter', 30000) algorithm_kwds.setdefault('tol', 1e-6) n.determine_network_topology() n_clusters = distribute_clusters(n, n_clusters, solver_name=solver_name) def reduce_network(n, buses): nr = pypsa.Network() nr.import_components_from_dataframe(buses, "Bus") nr.import_components_from_dataframe(n.lines.loc[n.lines.bus0.isin(buses.index) & n.lines.bus1.isin(buses.index)], "Line") return nr def busmap_for_country(x): prefix = x.name[0] + x.name[1] + ' ' logger.debug("Determining busmap for country {}".format(prefix[:-1])) if len(x) == 1: return pd.Series(prefix + '0', index=x.index) weight = weighting_for_country(n, x) if algorithm == "kmeans": return prefix + busmap_by_kmeans(n, weight, n_clusters[x.name], buses_i=x.index, **algorithm_kwds) elif algorithm == "spectral": return prefix + busmap_by_spectral_clustering(reduce_network(n, x), n_clusters[x.name], **algorithm_kwds) elif algorithm == "louvain": return prefix + busmap_by_louvain(reduce_network(n, x), n_clusters[x.name], **algorithm_kwds) else: raise ArgumentError("`algorithm` must be one of 'kmeans', 'spectral' or 'louvain'") return (n.buses.groupby(['country', 'sub_network'], group_keys=False, squeeze=True) .apply(busmap_for_country).rename('busmap')) def plot_busmap_for_n_clusters(n, n_clusters=50): busmap = busmap_for_n_clusters(n, n_clusters) cs = busmap.unique() cr = sns.color_palette("hls", len(cs)) n.plot(bus_colors=busmap.map(dict(zip(cs, cr)))) del cs, cr def clustering_for_n_clusters(n, n_clusters, aggregate_carriers=None, line_length_factor=1.25, potential_mode='simple', solver_name="cbc", algorithm="kmeans"): if potential_mode == 'simple': p_nom_max_strategy = np.sum elif potential_mode == 'conservative': p_nom_max_strategy = np.min else: raise AttributeError("potential_mode should be one of 'simple' or 'conservative', " "but is '{}'".format(potential_mode)) clustering = get_clustering_from_busmap( n, busmap_for_n_clusters(n, n_clusters, solver_name, algorithm), bus_strategies=dict(country=_make_consense("Bus", "country")), aggregate_generators_weighted=True, aggregate_generators_carriers=aggregate_carriers, aggregate_one_ports=["Load", "StorageUnit"], line_length_factor=line_length_factor, generator_strategies={'p_nom_max': p_nom_max_strategy} ) return clustering def save_to_geojson(s, fn): if os.path.exists(fn): os.unlink(fn) df = s.reset_index() schema = {**gpd.io.file.infer_schema(df), 'geometry': 'Unknown'} df.to_file(fn, driver='GeoJSON', schema=schema) def cluster_regions(busmaps, input=None, output=None): if input is None: input = snakemake.input if output is None: output = snakemake.output busmap = reduce(lambda x, y: x.map(y), busmaps[1:], busmaps[0]) for which in ('regions_onshore', 'regions_offshore'): regions = gpd.read_file(getattr(input, which)).set_index('name') geom_c = regions.geometry.groupby(busmap).apply(shapely.ops.cascaded_union) regions_c = gpd.GeoDataFrame(dict(geometry=geom_c)) regions_c.index.name = 'name' save_to_geojson(regions_c, getattr(output, which)) if __name__ == "__main__": # Detect running outside of snakemake and mock snakemake for testing if 'snakemake' not in globals(): from vresutils.snakemake import MockSnakemake, Dict snakemake = MockSnakemake( wildcards=Dict(network='elec', simpl='', clusters='45'), input=Dict( network='networks/{network}_s{simpl}.nc', regions_onshore='resources/regions_onshore_{network}_s{simpl}.geojson', regions_offshore='resources/regions_offshore_{network}_s{simpl}.geojson', clustermaps='resources/clustermaps_{network}_s{simpl}.h5' ), output=Dict( network='networks/{network}_s{simpl}_{clusters}.nc', regions_onshore='resources/regions_onshore_{network}_s{simpl}_{clusters}.geojson', regions_offshore='resources/regions_offshore_{network}_s{simpl}_{clusters}.geojson', clustermaps='resources/clustermaps_{network}_s{simpl}_{clusters}.h5' ) ) logging.basicConfig(level=snakemake.config['logging_level']) n = pypsa.Network(snakemake.input.network) renewable_carriers = pd.Index([tech for tech in n.generators.carrier.unique() if tech.split('-', 2)[0] in snakemake.config['renewable']]) if snakemake.wildcards.clusters.endswith('m'): n_clusters = int(snakemake.wildcards.clusters[:-1]) aggregate_carriers = pd.Index(n.generators.carrier.unique()).difference(renewable_carriers) else: n_clusters = int(snakemake.wildcards.clusters) aggregate_carriers = None # All if n_clusters == len(n.buses): # Fast-path if no clustering is necessary busmap = n.buses.index.to_series() linemap = n.lines.index.to_series() clustering = pypsa.networkclustering.Clustering(n, busmap, linemap, linemap, pd.Series(dtype='O')) else: line_length_factor = snakemake.config['lines']['length_factor'] def consense(x): v = x.iat[0] assert ((x == v).all() or x.isnull().all()), ( "The `potential` configuration option must agree for all renewable carriers, for now!" ) return v potential_mode = consense(pd.Series([snakemake.config['renewable'][tech]['potential'] for tech in renewable_carriers])) clustering = clustering_for_n_clusters(n, n_clusters, aggregate_carriers, line_length_factor=line_length_factor, potential_mode=potential_mode, solver_name=snakemake.config['solving']['solver']['name']) clustering.network.export_to_netcdf(snakemake.output.network) with pd.HDFStore(snakemake.output.clustermaps, mode='w') as store: with pd.HDFStore(snakemake.input.clustermaps, mode='r') as clustermaps: for attr in clustermaps.keys(): store.put(attr, clustermaps[attr], format="table", index=False) for attr in ('busmap', 'linemap', 'linemap_positive', 'linemap_negative'): store.put(attr, getattr(clustering, attr), format="table", index=False) cluster_regions((clustering.busmap,))