..
SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2019-2021 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
SPDX-License-Identifier: CC-BY-4.0
##########################################
Release Notes
##########################################
Synchronisation Release - Ukraine and Moldova (17th March 2022)
===============================================================
On March 16, 2022, the transmission networks of Ukraine and Moldova have
successfully been `synchronised with the continental European grid `_. We have taken
this as an opportunity to add the power systems of Ukraine and Moldova to
PyPSA-Eur. This includes:
.. image:: img/synchronisation.png
:width: 500
* the transmission network topology from the `ENTSO-E interactive map `_.
* existing power plants (incl. nuclear, coal, gas and hydro) from the `powerplantmatching `_ tool
* country-level load time series from ENTSO-E through the `OPSD platform `_, which are then distributed heuristically to substations by GDP and population density.
* wind and solar profiles based on ERA5 and SARAH-2 weather data
* hydro profiles based on historical `EIA generation data `_
* a simplified calculation of wind and solar potentials based on the `Copernicus Land Cover dataset `_.
* electrical characteristics of 750 kV transmission lines
The Crimean power system is currently disconnected from the main Ukrainian grid and, hence, not included.
This release is not on the ``master`` branch. It can be used with
.. code-block:: bash
git clone https://github.com/pypsa/pypsa-eur
git checkout synchronisation-release
Upcoming Release
================
* Add an efficiency factor of 88.55% to offshore wind capacity factors
as a proxy for wake losses. More rigorous modelling is `planned `_
[`#277 `_].
* The default deployment density of AC- and DC-connected offshore wind capacity is reduced from 3 MW/sqkm
to a more conservative estimate of 2 MW/sqkm [`#280 `_].
* Following discussion in `#285 `_ we have disabled the
correction factor for solar PV capacity factors by default while satellite data is used.
A correction factor of 0.854337 is recommended if reanalysis data like ERA5 is used.
* Resource definitions for memory usage now follow [Snakemake standard resource definition](https://snakemake.readthedocs.io/en/stable/snakefiles/rules.html#standard-resources) ```mem_mb`` rather than ``mem``.
* Network building is made deterministic by supplying a fixed random state to network clustering routines.
* New network topology extracted from the ENTSO-E interactive map.
* The unused argument ``simple_hvdc_costs`` in :mod:`add_electricity` was removed.
* Iterative solving with impedance updates is skipped if there are no expandable lines.
* Switch from Germany to Belgium for continuous integration and tutorial to save resources.
* Use updated SARAH-2 and ERA5 cutouts with slightly wider scope to east and additional variables.
* Fix crs bug. Change crs 4236 to 4326.
* Update rasterio version to correctly calculate exclusion raster
PyPSA-Eur 0.4.0 (22th September 2021)
=====================================
**New Features and Changes**
* With this release, we change the license from copyleft GPLv3 to the more
liberal MIT license with the consent of all contributors
[`#276 `_].
* Switch to the new major ``atlite`` release v0.2. The version upgrade comes
along with significant speed up for the rule ``build_renewable_profiles.py``
(~factor 2). A lot of the code which calculated the land-use availability is now
outsourced and does not rely on ``glaes``, ``geokit`` anymore. This facilitates
the environment building and version compatibility of ``gdal``, ``libgdal`` with
other packages [`#224 `_].
* Implemented changes to ``n.snapshot_weightings`` in new PyPSA version v0.18
(cf. `PyPSA/PyPSA/#227 `_)
[`#259 `_].
* Add option to pre-aggregate nodes without power injections (positive or
negative, i.e. generation or demand) to electrically closest nodes or neighbors
in ``simplify_network``. Defaults to ``False``. This affects nodes that are no
substations or have no offshore connection.
* In :mod:`simplify_network`, bus columns with no longer correct entries are
removed (symbol, tags, under_construction, substation_lv, substation_off)
[`#219 `_]
* Add option to include marginal costs of links representing fuel cells,
electrolysis, and battery inverters
[`#232 `_].
* The rule and script ``build_country_flh`` are removed as they are no longer
used or maintained.
* The connection cost of generators in :mod:`simplify_network` are now reported
in ``resources/connection_costs_s{simpl}.csv``
[`#261 `_].
* The tutorial cutout was renamed from ``cutouts/europe-2013-era5.nc`` to
``cutouts/be-03-2013-era5.nc`` to accomodate tutorial and productive
cutouts side-by-side.
* The flag ``keep_all_available_areas`` in the configuration for renewable
potentials was deprecated and now defaults to ``True``.
* Update dependencies in ``envs/environment.yaml``
[`#257 `_]
* Continuous integration testing switches to Github Actions from Travis CI
[`#252 `_].
* Documentation on readthedocs.io is now built with ``pip`` only and no longer
requires ``conda`` [`#267 `_].
* Use ``Citation.cff`` [`#273 `_].
**Bugs and Compatibility**
* Support for PyPSA v0.18 [`#268 `_].
* Minimum Python version set to ``3.8``.
* Removed ``six`` dependency [`#245 `_].
* Update :mod:`plot_network` and :mod:`make_summary` rules to latest PyPSA
versions [`#270 `_].
* Keep converter links to store components when using the ``ATK``
wildcard and only remove DC links [`#214 `_].
* Value for ``co2base`` in ``config.yaml`` adjusted to 1.487e9 t CO2-eq
(from 3.1e9 t CO2-eq). The new value represents emissions related to the
electricity sector for EU+UK+Balkan. The old value was too high and used when
the emissions wildcard in ``{opts}`` was used
[`#233 `_].
* Add escape in :mod:`base_network` if all TYNDP links are already
contained in the network
[`#246 `_].
* In :mod:`solve_operations_network` the optimised capacities are now
fixed for all extendable links, not only HVDC links
[`#244 `_].
* The ``focus_weights`` are now also considered when pre-clustering in
the :mod:`simplify_network` rule
[`#241 `_].
* in :mod:`build_renewable_profile` where offshore wind profiles could
no longer be created [`#249 `_].
* Lower expansion limit of extendable carriers is now set to the
existing capacity, i.e. ``p_nom_min = p_nom`` (0 before). Simultaneously, the
upper limit (``p_nom_max``) is now the maximum of the installed capacity
(``p_nom``) and the previous estimate based on land availability (``p_nom_max``)
[`#260 `_].
* Solving an operations network now includes optimized store capacities
as well. Before only lines, links, generators and storage units were considered
[`#269 `_].
* With ``load_shedding: true`` in the solving options of ``config.yaml``
load shedding generators are only added at the AC buses, excluding buses for H2
and battery stores [`#269 `_].
* Delete duplicated capital costs at battery discharge link
[`#240 `_].
* Propagate the solver log file name to the solver. Previously, the
PyPSA network solving functions were not told about the solver logfile specified
in the Snakemake file [`#247 `_]
PyPSA-Eur 0.3.0 (7th December 2020)
===================================
**New Features**
Using the ``{opts}`` wildcard for scenarios:
* An option is introduced which adds constraints such that each country or node produces on average a minimal share of its total consumption itself.
For example ``EQ0.5c`` set in the ``{opts}`` wildcard requires each country to produce on average at least 50% of its consumption. Additionally,
the option ``ATK`` requires autarky at each node and removes all means of power transmission through lines and links. ``ATKc`` only removes
cross-border transfer capacities.
[`#166 `_].
* Added an option to alter the capital cost (``c``) or installable potentials (``p``) of carriers by a factor via ``carrier+{c,p}factor`` in the ``{opts}`` wildcard.
This can be useful for exploring uncertain cost parameters.
Example: ``solar+c0.5`` reduces the capital cost of solar to 50% of original values
[`#167 `_, `#207 `_].
* Added an option to the ``{opts}`` wildcard that applies a time series segmentation algorithm based on renewables, hydro inflow and load time series
to produce a given total number of adjacent snapshots of varying lengths.
This feature is an alternative to downsampling the temporal resolution by simply averaging and
uses the `tsam `_ package
[`#186 `_].
More OPSD integration:
* Add renewable power plants from `OPSD `_ to the network for specified technologies.
This will overwrite the capacities calculated from the heuristic approach in :func:`estimate_renewable_capacities()`
[`#212 `_].
* Electricity consumption data is now retrieved directly from the `OPSD website `_ using the rule :mod:`build_load_data`.
The user can decide whether to take the ENTSO-E power statistics data (default) or the ENTSO-E transparency data
[`#211 `_].
Other:
* Added an option to use custom busmaps in rule :mod:`cluster_network`. To use this feature set ``enable: custom_busmap: true``.
Then, the rule looks for custom busmaps at ``data/custom_busmap_elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}.csv``,
which should have the same format as ``resources/busmap_elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}.csv``.
i.e. the index should contain the buses of ``networks/elec_s{simpl}.nc``
[`#193 `_].
* Line and link capacities can be capped in the ``config.yaml`` at ``lines: s_nom_max:`` and ``links: p_nom_max``:
[`#166 `_].
* Added Google Cloud Platform tutorial (for Windows users)
[`#177 `_].
**Changes**
* Don't remove capital costs from lines and links, when imposing a line volume limit (``lv``) or a line cost limit (``lc``).
Previously, these were removed to move the expansion in direction of the limit
[`#183 `_].
* The mappings for clustered lines and buses produced by the :mod:`simplify_network` and :mod:`cluster_network` rules
changed from Hierarchical Data Format (``.h5``) to Comma-Separated Values format (``.csv``) for ease of use.
[`#198 `_]
* The N-1 security margin for transmission lines is now fixed to a provided value in ``config.yaml``,
removing an undocumented linear interpolation between 0.5 and 0.7 in the range between 37 and 200 nodes.
[`#199 `_].
* Modelling hydrogen and battery storage with Store and Link components is now the default,
rather than using StorageUnit components with fixed power-to-energy ratio
[`#205 `_].
* Use ``mamba`` (https://github.com/mamba-org/mamba) for faster Travis CI builds
[`#196 `_].
* Multiple smaller changes: Removed unused ``{network}`` wildcard, moved environment files to dedicated ``envs`` folder,
removed sector-coupling components from configuration files, updated documentation colors, minor refactoring and code cleaning
[`#190 `_].
**Bugs and Compatibility**
* Add compatibility for pyomo 5.7.0 in :mod:`cluster_network` and :mod:`simplify_network`
[`#172 `_].
* Fixed a bug for storage units such that individual store and dispatch efficiencies are correctly taken account of rather than only their round-trip efficiencies.
In the cost database (``data/costs.csv``) the efficiency of battery inverters should be stated as per discharge/charge rather than per roundtrip
[`#202 `_].
* Corrected exogenous emission price setting (in ``config: cost: emission price:``),
which now correctly accounts for the efficiency and effective emission of the generators
[`#171 `_].
* Corrected HVDC link connections (a) between Norway and Denmark and (b) mainland Italy, Corsica (FR) and Sardinia (IT)
as well as for East-Western and Anglo-Scottish interconnectors
[`#181 `_, `#206 `_].
* Fix bug of clustering ``offwind-{ac,dc}`` generators in the option of high-resolution generators for renewables.
Now, there are more sites for ``offwind-{ac,dc}`` available than network nodes.
Before, they were clustered to the resolution of the network (``elec_s1024_37m.nc``: 37 network nodes, 1024 generators)
[`#191 `_].
* Raise a warning if ``tech_colors`` in the config are not defined for all carriers
[`#178 `_].
PyPSA-Eur 0.2.0 (8th June 2020)
==================================
* The optimization is now performed using the ``pyomo=False`` setting in the :func:`pypsa.lopf.network_lopf`. This speeds up the solving process significantly and consumes much less memory. The inclusion of additional constraints were adjusted to the new implementation. They are all passed to the :func:`network_lopf` function via the ``extra_functionality`` argument. The rule ``trace_solve_network`` was integrated into the rule :mod:`solve_network` and can be activated via configuration with ``solving: options: track_iterations: true``. The charging and discharging capacities of batteries modelled as store-link combination are now coupled [`#116 `_].
* An updated extract of the `ENTSO-E Transmission System Map `_ (including Malta) was added to the repository using the `GridKit `_ tool. This tool has been updated to retrieve up-to-date map extracts using a single `script `_. The update extract features 5322 buses, 6574 lines, 46 links. [`#118 `_].
* Added `FSFE REUSE `_ compliant license information. Documentation now licensed under CC-BY-4.0 [`#160 `_].
* Added a 30 minute `video introduction `_ and a 20 minute `video tutorial `_
* Networks now store a color and a nicely formatted name for each carrier, accessible via ``n.carrier['color']`` and ``n.carrier['nice_name'] ``(networks after ``elec.nc``).
* Added an option to skip iterative solving usually performed to update the line impedances of expanded lines at ``solving: options: skip_iterations:``.
* ``snakemake`` rules for retrieving cutouts and the natura raster can now be disabled independently from their respective rules to build them; via ``config.*yaml`` [`#136 `_].
* Removed the ``id`` column for custom power plants in ``data/custom_powerplants.csv`` to avoid custom power plants with conflicting ids getting attached to the wrong bus [`#131 `_].
* Add option ``renewables: {carrier}: keep_all_available_areas:`` to use all availabe weather cells for renewable profile and potential generation. The default ignores weather cells where only less than 1 MW can be installed [`#150 `_].
* Added a function ``_helpers.load_network()`` which loads a network with overridden components specified in ``snakemake.config['override_components']`` [`#128 `_].
* Bugfix in :mod:`base_network` which now finds all closest links, not only the first entry [`#143 `_].
* Bugfix in :mod:`cluster_network` which now skips recalculation of link parameters if there are no links [`#149 `_].
* Added information on pull requests to contribution guidelines [`#151 `_].
* Improved documentation on open-source solver setup and added usage warnings.
* Updated ``conda`` environment regarding ``pypsa``, ``pyproj``, ``gurobi``, ``lxml``. This release requires PyPSA v0.17.0.
PyPSA-Eur 0.1.0 (9th January 2020)
==================================
This is the first release of PyPSA-Eur, a model of the European power system at the transmission network level. Recent changes include:
* Documentation on installation, workflows and configuration settings is now available online at `pypsa-eur.readthedocs.io `_ [`#65 `_].
* The ``conda`` environment files were updated and extended [`#81 `_].
* The power plant database was updated with extensive filtering options via ``pandas.query`` functionality [`#84 `_ and `#94 `_].
* Continuous integration testing with `Travis CI `_ is now included for Linux, Mac and Windows [`#82 `_].
* Data dependencies were moved to `zenodo `_ and are now versioned [`#60 `_].
* Data dependencies are now retrieved directly from within the snakemake workflow [`#86 `_].
* Emission prices can be added to marginal costs of generators through the keyworks ``Ep`` in the ``{opts}`` wildcard [`#100 `_].
* An option is introduced to add extendable nuclear power plants to the network [`#98 `_].
* Focus weights can now be specified for particular countries for the network clustering, which allows to set a proportion of the total number of clusters for particular countries [`#87 `_].
* A new rule :mod:`add_extra_components` allows to add additional components to the network only after clustering. It is thereby possible to model storage units (e.g. battery and hydrogen) in more detail via a combination of ``Store``, ``Link`` and ``Bus`` elements [`#97 `_].
* Hydrogen pipelines (including cost assumptions) can now be added alongside clustered network connections in the rule :mod:`add_extra_components` . Set ``electricity: extendable_carriers: Link: [H2 pipeline]`` and ensure hydrogen storage is modelled as a ``Store``. This is a first simplified stage [`#108 `_].
* Logfiles for all rules of the ``snakemake`` workflow are now written in the folder ``log/`` [`#102 `_].
* The new function ``_helpers.mock_snakemake`` creates a ``snakemake`` object which mimics the actual ``snakemake`` object produced by workflow by parsing the ``Snakefile`` and setting all paths for inputs, outputs, and logs. This allows running all scripts within a (I)python terminal (or just by calling ``python ``) and thereby facilitates developing and debugging scripts significantly [`#107 `_].
Release Process
===============
* Checkout a new release branch ``git checkout -b release-v0.x.x``.
* Finalise release notes at ``doc/release_notes.rst``.
* Update ``envs/environment.fixed.yaml`` via
``conda env export -n pypsa-eur -f envs/environment.fixed.yaml --no-builds``
from an up-to-date `pypsa-eur` environment.
* Update version number in ``doc/conf.py`` and ``*config.*.yaml``.
* Open, review and merge pull request for branch ``release-v0.x.x``.
Make sure to close issues and PRs or the release milestone with it (e.g. closes #X).
* Tag a release on Github via ``git tag v0.x.x``, ``git push``, ``git push --tags``. Include release notes in the tag message.
* Upload code to `zenodo code repository `_ with `MIT license `_.
* Create pre-built networks for ``config.default.yaml`` by running ``snakemake -j 1 extra_components_all_networks``.
* Upload pre-built networks to `zenodo data repository `_ with `CC BY 4.0 `_ license.
* Send announcement on the `PyPSA and PyPSA-Eur mailing list `_.