version: 0.6.0

logging_level: INFO

retrieve_sector_databundle: true

results_dir: results/
summary_dir: results
costs_dir: ../technology-data/outputs/
run: your-run-name  # use this to keep track of runs with different settings
foresight: overnight # options are overnight, myopic, perfect (perfect is not yet implemented)
# if you use myopic or perfect foresight, set the investment years in "planning_horizons" below

scenario:
  simpl: # only relevant for PyPSA-Eur
    - ''
  lv: # allowed transmission line volume expansion, can be any float >= 1.0 (today) or "opt"
    - 1.0
    - 1.5
  clusters: # number of nodes in Europe, any integer between 37 (1 node per country-zone) and several hundred
    - 45
    - 50
  opts: # only relevant for PyPSA-Eur
    - ''
  sector_opts: # this is where the main scenario settings are
    - Co2L0-3H-T-H-B-I-A-solar+p3-dist1
  # to really understand the options here, look in scripts/prepare_sector_network.py
  # Co2Lx specifies the CO2 target in x% of the 1990 values; default will give default (5%);
  # Co2L0p25 will give 25% CO2 emissions; Co2Lm0p05 will give 5% negative emissions
  # xH is the temporal resolution; 3H is 3-hourly, i.e. one snapshot every 3 hours
  # single letters are sectors: T for land transport, H for building heating,
  # B for biomass supply, I for industry, shipping and aviation,
  # A for agriculture, forestry and fishing
  # solar+c0.5 reduces the capital cost of solar to 50\% of reference value
  # solar+p3 multiplies the available installable potential by factor 3
  # co2 stored+e2 multiplies the potential of CO2 sequestration by a factor 2
  # dist{n} includes distribution grids with investment cost of n times cost in data/costs.csv
  # for myopic/perfect foresight cb states the carbon budget in GtCO2 (cumulative
  # emissions throughout the transition path in the timeframe determined by the
  # planning_horizons), be:beta decay; ex:exponential decay
  # cb40ex0 distributes a carbon budget of 40 GtCO2 following an exponential
  # decay with initial growth rate 0
  planning_horizons: # investment years for myopic and perfect; or costs year for overnight
    - 2030
  # for example, set to [2020, 2030, 2040, 2050] for myopic foresight

# CO2 budget as a fraction of 1990 emissions
# this is over-ridden if CO2Lx is set in sector_opts
# this is also over-ridden if cb is set in sector_opts
co2_budget:
  2020: 0.7011648746
  2025: 0.5241935484
  2030: 0.2970430108
  2035: 0.1500896057
  2040: 0.0712365591
  2045: 0.0322580645
  2050: 0

# snapshots are originally set in PyPSA-Eur/config.yaml but used again by PyPSA-Eur-Sec
snapshots:
  # arguments to pd.date_range
  start: "2013-01-01"
  end: "2014-01-01"
  closed: left # end is not inclusive

atlite:
  cutout: ../pypsa-eur/cutouts/europe-2013-era5.nc

# this information is NOT used but needed as an argument for
# pypsa-eur/scripts/add_electricity.py/load_costs in make_summary.py
electricity:
  max_hours:
    battery: 6
    H2: 168

# regulate what components with which carriers are kept from PyPSA-Eur;
# some technologies are removed because they are implemented differently
# (e.g. battery or H2 storage) or have different year-dependent costs
# in PyPSA-Eur-Sec
pypsa_eur:
  Bus:
    - AC
  Link:
    - DC
  Generator:
    - onwind
    - offwind-ac
    - offwind-dc
    - solar
    - ror
  StorageUnit:
    - PHS
    - hydro
  Store: []


energy:
  energy_totals_year: 2011
  base_emissions_year: 1990
  eurostat_report_year: 2016
  emissions: CO2 # "CO2" or "All greenhouse gases - (CO2 equivalent)"

biomass:
  year: 2030
  scenario: ENS_Med
  classes:
    solid biomass:
      - Agricultural waste
      - Fuelwood residues
      - Secondary Forestry residues - woodchips
      - Sawdust
      - Residues from landscape care
      - Municipal waste
    not included:
      - Sugar from sugar beet
      - Rape seed
      - "Sunflower, soya seed "
      - Bioethanol barley, wheat, grain maize, oats, other cereals and rye
      - Miscanthus, switchgrass, RCG
      - Willow
      - Poplar
      - FuelwoodRW
      - C&P_RW
    biogas:
      - Manure solid, liquid
      - Sludge


solar_thermal:
  clearsky_model: simple  # should be "simple" or "enhanced"?
  orientation:
    slope: 45.
    azimuth: 180.

# only relevant for foresight = myopic or perfect
existing_capacities:
  grouping_years: [1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2020, 2025, 2030]
  threshold_capacity: 10
  conventional_carriers:
    - lignite
    - coal
    - oil
    - uranium


sector:
  district_heating:
    potential: 0.6  # maximum fraction of urban demand which can be supplied by district heating
     # increase of today's district heating demand to potential maximum district heating share
     # progress = 0 means today's district heating share, progress = 1 means maximum fraction of urban demand is supplied by district heating
    progress: 1
      # 2020: 0.0
      # 2030: 0.3
      # 2040: 0.6
      # 2050: 1.0
    district_heating_loss: 0.15
  cluster_heat_buses: False # cluster residential and service heat buses to one to save memory
  bev_dsm_restriction_value: 0.75  #Set to 0 for no restriction on BEV DSM
  bev_dsm_restriction_time: 7  #Time at which SOC of BEV has to be dsm_restriction_value
  transport_heating_deadband_upper: 20.
  transport_heating_deadband_lower: 15.
  ICE_lower_degree_factor: 0.375  #in per cent increase in fuel consumption per degree above deadband
  ICE_upper_degree_factor: 1.6
  EV_lower_degree_factor: 0.98
  EV_upper_degree_factor: 0.63
  bev_dsm: true #turns on EV battery
  bev_availability: 0.5  #How many cars do smart charging
  bev_energy: 0.05  #average battery size in MWh
  bev_charge_efficiency: 0.9  #BEV (dis-)charging efficiency
  bev_plug_to_wheel_efficiency: 0.2 #kWh/km from EPA https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/ for Tesla Model S
  bev_charge_rate: 0.011 #3-phase charger with 11 kW
  bev_avail_max: 0.95
  bev_avail_mean: 0.8
  v2g: true #allows feed-in to grid from EV battery
  #what is not EV or FCEV is oil-fuelled ICE
  land_transport_fuel_cell_share: 0.15 # 1 means all FCEVs
    # 2020: 0
    # 2030: 0.05
    # 2040: 0.1
    # 2050: 0.15
  land_transport_electric_share: 0.85 # 1 means all EVs
    # 2020: 0
    # 2030: 0.25
    # 2040: 0.6
    # 2050: 0.85
  transport_fuel_cell_efficiency: 0.5
  transport_internal_combustion_efficiency: 0.3
  agriculture_machinery_electric_share: 0
  agriculture_machinery_fuel_efficiency: 0.7 # fuel oil per use
  agriculture_machinery_electric_efficiency: 0.3 # electricity per use
  shipping_average_efficiency: 0.4 #For conversion of fuel oil to propulsion in 2011
  shipping_hydrogen_liquefaction: false # whether to consider liquefaction costs for shipping H2 demands
  shipping_hydrogen_share: 1 # 1 means all hydrogen FC
    # 2020: 0
    # 2025: 0
    # 2030: 0.05
    # 2035: 0.15
    # 2040: 0.3
    # 2045: 0.6
    # 2050: 1
  time_dep_hp_cop: true #time dependent heat pump coefficient of performance
  heat_pump_sink_T: 55. # Celsius, based on DTU / large area radiators; used in build_cop_profiles.py
   # conservatively high to cover hot water and space heating in poorly-insulated buildings
  reduce_space_heat_exogenously: true  # reduces space heat demand by a given factor (applied before losses in DH)
  # this can represent e.g. building renovation, building demolition, or if
  # the factor is negative: increasing floor area, increased thermal comfort, population growth
  reduce_space_heat_exogenously_factor: 0.29 # per unit reduction in space heat demand
  # the default factors are determined by the LTS scenario from http://tool.european-calculator.eu/app/buildings/building-types-area/?levers=1ddd4444421213bdbbbddd44444ffffff11f411111221111211l212221
    # 2020: 0.10  # this results in a space heat demand reduction of 10%
    # 2025: 0.09  # first heat demand increases compared to 2020 because of larger floor area per capita
    # 2030: 0.09
    # 2035: 0.11
    # 2040: 0.16
    # 2045: 0.21
    # 2050: 0.29
  retrofitting :  # co-optimises building renovation to reduce space heat demand
    retro_endogen: false  # co-optimise space heat savings
    cost_factor: 1.0   # weight costs for building renovation
    interest_rate: 0.04  # for investment in building components
    annualise_cost: true  # annualise the investment costs
    tax_weighting: false   # weight costs depending on taxes in countries
    construction_index: true   # weight costs depending on labour/material costs per country
  tes: true
  tes_tau: # 180 day time constant for centralised, 3 day for decentralised
    decentral: 3
    central: 180
  boilers: true
  oil_boilers: false
  chp: true
  micro_chp: false
  solar_thermal: true
  solar_cf_correction: 0.788457  # =  >>> 1/1.2683
  marginal_cost_storage: 0. #1e-4
  methanation: true
  helmeth: true
  coal_cc: false
  dac: true
  co2_vent: false
  SMR: true
  co2_sequestration_potential: 200  #MtCO2/a sequestration potential for Europe
  co2_sequestration_cost: 10   #EUR/tCO2 for sequestration of CO2
  co2_network: false
  cc_fraction: 0.9  # default fraction of CO2 captured with post-combustion capture
  hydrogen_underground_storage: true
  hydrogen_underground_storage_locations:
    # - onshore  # more than 50 km from sea
    - nearshore  # within 50 km of sea
    # - offshore
  use_fischer_tropsch_waste_heat: true
  use_fuel_cell_waste_heat: true
  electricity_distribution_grid: true
  electricity_distribution_grid_cost_factor: 1.0  #multiplies cost in data/costs.csv
  electricity_grid_connection: true  # only applies to onshore wind and utility PV
  H2_network: true
  gas_network: false
  H2_retrofit: false  # if set to True existing gas pipes can be retrofitted to H2 pipes
  # according to hydrogen backbone strategy (April, 2020) p.15
  # https://gasforclimate2050.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/2020_European-Hydrogen-Backbone_Report.pdf
  # 60% of original natural gas capacity could be used in cost-optimal case as H2 capacity
  H2_retrofit_capacity_per_CH4: 0.6  # ratio for H2 capacity per original CH4 capacity of retrofitted pipelines
  gas_network_connectivity_upgrade: 1 # https://networkx.org/documentation/stable/reference/algorithms/generated/networkx.algorithms.connectivity.edge_augmentation.k_edge_augmentation.html#networkx.algorithms.connectivity.edge_augmentation.k_edge_augmentation
  gas_distribution_grid: true
  gas_distribution_grid_cost_factor: 1.0  #multiplies cost in data/costs.csv
  biomass_transport: false  # biomass transport between nodes
  conventional_generation: # generator : carrier
    OCGT: gas


industry:
  St_primary_fraction: 0.3 # fraction of steel produced via primary route versus secondary route (scrap+EAF); today fraction is 0.6
    # 2020: 0.6
    # 2025: 0.55
    # 2030: 0.5
    # 2035: 0.45
    # 2040: 0.4
    # 2045: 0.35
    # 2050: 0.3
  DRI_fraction: 1 # fraction of the primary route converted to DRI + EAF
    # 2020: 0
    # 2025: 0
    # 2030: 0.05
    # 2035: 0.2
    # 2040: 0.4
    # 2045: 0.7
    # 2050: 1
  H2_DRI: 1.7   #H2 consumption in Direct Reduced Iron (DRI),  MWh_H2,LHV/ton_Steel from 51kgH2/tSt in Vogl et al (2018) doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.279
  elec_DRI: 0.322   #electricity consumption in Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) shaft, MWh/tSt HYBRIT brochure https://ssabwebsitecdn.azureedge.net/-/media/hybrit/files/hybrit_brochure.pdf
  Al_primary_fraction: 0.2 # fraction of aluminium produced via the primary route versus scrap; today fraction is 0.4
    # 2020: 0.4
    # 2025: 0.375
    # 2030: 0.35
    # 2035: 0.325
    # 2040: 0.3
    # 2045: 0.25
    # 2050: 0.2
  MWh_CH4_per_tNH3_SMR: 10.8 # 2012's demand from https://ec.europa.eu/docsroom/documents/4165/attachments/1/translations/en/renditions/pdf
  MWh_elec_per_tNH3_SMR: 0.7 # same source, assuming 94-6% split methane-elec of total energy demand 11.5 MWh/tNH3
  MWh_H2_per_tNH3_electrolysis: 6.5 # from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2018.04.017, around 0.197 tH2/tHN3 (>3/17 since some H2 lost and used for energy)
  MWh_elec_per_tNH3_electrolysis: 1.17 # from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2018.04.017 Table 13 (air separation and HB)
  NH3_process_emissions: 24.5 # in MtCO2/a from SMR for H2 production for NH3 from UNFCCC for 2015 for EU28
  petrochemical_process_emissions: 25.5 # in MtCO2/a for petrochemical and other from UNFCCC for 2015 for EU28
  HVC_primary_fraction: 1. # fraction of today's HVC produced via primary route
  HVC_mechanical_recycling_fraction: 0. # fraction of today's HVC produced via mechanical recycling
  HVC_chemical_recycling_fraction: 0. # fraction of today's HVC produced via chemical recycling
  HVC_production_today: 52. # MtHVC/a from DECHEMA (2017), Figure 16, page 107; includes ethylene, propylene and BTX
  MWh_elec_per_tHVC_mechanical_recycling: 0.547 # from SI of https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105010, Table S5, for HDPE, PP, PS, PET. LDPE would be 0.756.
  MWh_elec_per_tHVC_chemical_recycling: 6.9 # Material Economics (2019), page 125; based on pyrolysis and electric steam cracking
  chlorine_production_today: 9.58 # MtCl/a from DECHEMA (2017), Table 7, page 43
  MWh_elec_per_tCl: 3.6 # DECHEMA (2017), Table 6, page 43
  MWh_H2_per_tCl: -0.9372  # DECHEMA (2017), page 43; negative since hydrogen produced in chloralkali process
  methanol_production_today: 1.5 # MtMeOH/a from DECHEMA (2017), page 62
  MWh_elec_per_tMeOH: 0.167 # DECHEMA (2017), Table 14, page 65
  MWh_CH4_per_tMeOH: 10.25 # DECHEMA (2017), Table 14, page 65
  hotmaps_locate_missing: false
  reference_year: 2015
  # references:
  # DECHEMA (2017): https://dechema.de/dechema_media/Downloads/Positionspapiere/Technology_study_Low_carbon_energy_and_feedstock_for_the_European_chemical_industry-p-20002750.pdf
  # Material Economics (2019): https://materialeconomics.com/latest-updates/industrial-transformation-2050

costs:
  lifetime: 25 #default lifetime
  # From a Lion Hirth paper, also reflects average of Noothout et al 2016
  discountrate: 0.07
  # [EUR/USD] ECB: https://www.ecb.europa.eu/stats/exchange/eurofxref/html/eurofxref-graph-usd.en.html # noqa: E501
  USD2013_to_EUR2013: 0.7532

  # Marginal and capital costs can be overwritten
  # capital_cost:
  #   onwind: 500
  marginal_cost:
    solar: 0.01
    onwind: 0.015
    offwind: 0.015
    hydro: 0.
    H2: 0.
    battery: 0.

  emission_prices: # only used with the option Ep (emission prices)
    co2: 0.

  lines:
    length_factor: 1.25 #to estimate offwind connection costs


solving:
  #tmpdir: "path/to/tmp"
  options:
    formulation: kirchhoff
    clip_p_max_pu: 1.e-2
    load_shedding: false
    noisy_costs: true
    skip_iterations: true
    track_iterations: false
    min_iterations: 4
    max_iterations: 6
    keep_shadowprices:
      - Bus
      - Line
      - Link
      - Transformer
      - GlobalConstraint
      - Generator
      - Store
      - StorageUnit

  solver:
    name: gurobi
    threads: 4
    method: 2 # barrier
    crossover: 0
    BarConvTol: 1.e-6
    Seed: 123
    AggFill: 0
    PreDual: 0
    GURO_PAR_BARDENSETHRESH: 200
    #FeasibilityTol: 1.e-6

    #name: cplex
    #threads: 4
    #lpmethod: 4 # barrier
    #solutiontype: 2 # non basic solution, ie no crossover
    #barrier_convergetol: 1.e-5
    #feasopt_tolerance: 1.e-6
  mem: 30000 #memory in MB; 20 GB enough for 50+B+I+H2; 100 GB for 181+B+I+H2


plotting:
  map:
    boundaries: [-11, 30, 34, 71]
    color_geomap:
      ocean: white
      land: whitesmoke
  eu_node_location:
    x: -5.5
    y: 46.
  costs_max: 1000
  costs_threshold: 1
  energy_max: 20000
  energy_min: -20000
  energy_threshold: 50
  vre_techs:
    - onwind
    - offwind-ac
    - offwind-dc
    - solar
    - ror
  renewable_storage_techs:
    - PHS
    - hydro
  conv_techs:
    - OCGT
    - CCGT
    - Nuclear
    - Coal
  storage_techs:
    - hydro+PHS
    - battery
    - H2
  load_carriers:
    - AC load
  AC_carriers:
    - AC line
    - AC transformer
  link_carriers:
    - DC line
    - Converter AC-DC
  heat_links:
    - heat pump
    - resistive heater
    - CHP heat
    - CHP electric
    - gas boiler
    - central heat pump
    - central resistive heater
    - central CHP heat
    - central CHP electric
    - central gas boiler
  heat_generators:
    - gas boiler
    - central gas boiler
    - solar thermal collector
    - central solar thermal collector
  tech_colors:
    # wind
    onwind: "#235ebc"
    onshore wind: "#235ebc"
    offwind: "#6895dd"
    offshore wind: "#6895dd"
    offwind-ac: "#6895dd"
    offshore wind (AC): "#6895dd"
    offwind-dc: "#74c6f2"
    offshore wind (DC): "#74c6f2"
    # water
    hydro: '#298c81'
    hydro reservoir: '#298c81'
    ror: '#3dbfb0'
    run of river: '#3dbfb0'
    hydroelectricity: '#298c81'
    PHS: '#51dbcc'
    wave: '#a7d4cf'
    # solar
    solar: "#f9d002"
    solar PV: "#f9d002"
    solar thermal: '#ffbf2b'
    solar rooftop: '#ffea80'
    # gas
    OCGT: '#e0986c'
    OCGT marginal: '#e0986c'
    OCGT-heat: '#e0986c'
    gas boiler: '#db6a25'
    gas boilers: '#db6a25'
    gas boiler marginal: '#db6a25'
    gas: '#e05b09'
    fossil gas: '#e05b09'
    natural gas: '#e05b09'
    CCGT: '#a85522'
    CCGT marginal: '#a85522'
    gas for industry co2 to atmosphere: '#692e0a'
    gas for industry co2 to stored: '#8a3400'
    gas for industry: '#853403'
    gas for industry CC: '#692e0a'
    gas pipeline: '#ebbca0'
    gas pipeline new: '#a87c62'
    # oil
    oil: '#c9c9c9'
    oil boiler: '#adadad'
    agriculture machinery oil: '#949494'
    shipping oil: "#808080"
    land transport oil: '#afafaf'
    # nuclear
    Nuclear: '#ff8c00'
    Nuclear marginal: '#ff8c00'
    nuclear: '#ff8c00'
    uranium: '#ff8c00'
    # coal
    Coal: '#545454'
    coal: '#545454'
    Coal marginal: '#545454'
    solid: '#545454'
    Lignite: '#826837'
    lignite: '#826837'
    Lignite marginal: '#826837'
    # biomass
    biogas: '#e3d37d'
    biomass: '#baa741'
    solid biomass: '#baa741'
    solid biomass transport: '#baa741'
    solid biomass for industry: '#7a6d26'
    solid biomass for industry CC: '#47411c'
    solid biomass for industry co2 from atmosphere: '#736412'
    solid biomass for industry co2 to stored: '#47411c'
    # power transmission
    lines: '#6c9459'
    transmission lines: '#6c9459'
    electricity distribution grid: '#97ad8c'
    # electricity demand
    Electric load: '#110d63'
    electric demand: '#110d63'
    electricity: '#110d63'
    industry electricity: '#2d2a66'
    industry new electricity: '#2d2a66'
    agriculture electricity: '#494778'
    # battery + EVs
    battery: '#ace37f'
    battery storage: '#ace37f'
    home battery: '#80c944'
    home battery storage: '#80c944'
    BEV charger: '#baf238'
    V2G: '#e5ffa8'
    land transport EV: '#baf238'
    Li ion: '#baf238'
    # hot water storage
    water tanks: '#e69487'
    hot water storage: '#e69487'
    hot water charging: '#e69487'
    hot water discharging: '#e69487'
    # heat demand
    Heat load: '#cc1f1f'
    heat: '#cc1f1f'
    heat demand: '#cc1f1f'
    rural heat: '#ff5c5c'
    central heat: '#cc1f1f'
    decentral heat: '#750606'
    low-temperature heat for industry: '#8f2727'
    process heat: '#ff0000'
    agriculture heat: '#d9a5a5'
    # heat supply
    heat pumps: '#2fb537'
    heat pump: '#2fb537'
    air heat pump: '#36eb41'
    ground heat pump: '#2fb537'
    Ambient: '#98eb9d'
    CHP: '#8a5751'
    CHP CC: '#634643'
    CHP heat: '#8a5751'
    CHP electric: '#8a5751'
    district heating: '#e8beac'
    resistive heater: '#d8f9b8'
    retrofitting: '#8487e8'
    building retrofitting: '#8487e8'
    # hydrogen
    H2 for industry: "#f073da"
    H2 for shipping: "#ebaee0"
    H2: '#bf13a0'
    hydrogen: '#bf13a0'
    SMR: '#870c71'
    SMR CC: '#4f1745'
    H2 liquefaction: '#d647bd'
    hydrogen storage: '#bf13a0'
    H2 storage: '#bf13a0'
    land transport fuel cell: '#6b3161'
    H2 pipeline: '#f081dc'
    H2 pipeline retrofitted: '#ba99b5'
    H2 Fuel Cell: '#c251ae'
    H2 Electrolysis: '#ff29d9'
    # syngas
    Sabatier: '#9850ad'
    methanation: '#c44ce6'
    methane: '#c44ce6'
    helmeth: '#e899ff'
    # synfuels
    Fischer-Tropsch: '#25c49a'
    liquid: '#25c49a'
    kerosene for aviation: '#a1ffe6'
    naphtha for industry: '#57ebc4'
    # co2
    CC: '#f29dae'
    CCS: '#f29dae'
    CO2 sequestration: '#f29dae'
    DAC: '#ff5270'
    co2 stored: '#f2385a'
    co2: '#f29dae'
    co2 vent: '#ffd4dc'
    CO2 pipeline: '#f5627f'
    # emissions
    process emissions CC: '#000000'
    process emissions: '#222222'
    process emissions to stored: '#444444'
    process emissions to atmosphere: '#888888'
    oil emissions: '#aaaaaa'
    shipping oil emissions: "#555555"
    land transport oil emissions: '#777777'
    agriculture machinery oil emissions: '#333333'
    # other
    shipping: '#03a2ff'
    power-to-heat: '#2fb537'
    power-to-gas: '#c44ce6'
    power-to-H2: '#ff29d9'
    power-to-liquid: '#25c49a'
    gas-to-power/heat: '#ee8340'
    waste: '#e3d37d'
    other: '#000000'