diff --git a/doc/supply_demand.rst b/doc/supply_demand.rst index 78773682..27328a3b 100644 --- a/doc/supply_demand.rst +++ b/doc/supply_demand.rst @@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ The remaining electricity demand for households and services is distributed insi Heat demand =========== -Building heating in residential and services sectors is resolved regionally, both for individual buildings and district heating systems, which include different supply options [To do:link to next section] +Building heating in residential and services sectors is resolved regionally, both for individual buildings and district heating systems, which include different supply options (see :ref:`heat-supply`.) Annual heat demands per country are retrieved from `JRC-IDEES `_ and split into space and water heating. For space heating, the annual demands are converted to daily values based on the population-weighted Heating Degree Day (HDD) using the `atlite tool `_, where space heat demand is proportional to the difference between the daily average ambient temperature (read from `ERA5 `_) and a threshold temperature above which space heat demand is zero. A threshold temperature of 15 °C is assumed by default. The daily space heat demand is distributed to the hours of the day following heat demand profiles from `BDEW `_. These differ for weekdays and weekends/holidays and between residential and services demand. *Space heating* @@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ In practice, in PyPSA-Eur-Sec, there are heat demand buses to which the correspo 4) Residential rural heat: heating for residential buildings in rural areas with low population density. 5) Services rural heat: heating for residential services buildings in rural areas with low population density. Heat demand from agriculture sector is also included here. - +.. _heat-supply: Heat supply ======================= @@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ Different supply options are available depending on whether demand is met centra *Urban central heat* -For large-scale district heating systems the following options are available: combined heat and power (CHP) plants consuming gas or biomass from waste and residues with and without carbon capture (CC), large- scale air-sourced heat pumps, gas and oil boilers, resistive heaters, and fuel cell CHPs. Additionally, waste heat from the `Fischer-Tropsch `_ and `Sabatier `_ processes for the production of synthetic hydrocarbons can supply district heating systems. +For large-scale district heating systems the following options are available: combined heat and power (CHP) plants consuming gas or biomass from waste and residues with and without carbon capture (CC), large- scale air-sourced heat pumps, gas and oil boilers, resistive heaters, and fuel cell CHPs. Additionally, waste heat from the `Fischer-Tropsch `_ and `Sabatier `_ processes for the production of synthetic hydrocarbons can supply district heating systems. For more setailed explanation of these processes, see :ref:`Oil-based products supply` and :ref:`Methane supply` *Residential and Urban decentral heat* @@ -228,6 +228,7 @@ Methane demand Methane is used in individual and large-scale gas boilers, in CHP plants with and without carbon capture, in OCGT and CCGT power plants, and in some industry subsectors for the provision of high temperature heat[LINK TO INDUSTRY OVERVIEW]. Methane is not used in the trans- port sector because of engine slippage. +.. _Methane supply: Methane supply =================================== @@ -300,6 +301,7 @@ Oil-based products demand Naphtha is used as a feedstock in the chemicals industry[LINK TO CHEMICAL INDUSTRY]. Furthermore, kerosene is used as transport fuel in the aviation sector[LINK TO AVIATION SECTOR]. Non-electrified agriculture machinery also consumes gasoline. Land transport [LINK TO LAND TRANSPORT] that is not electrified or converted into using H2-fuel cells also consumes oil-based products. While there is regional distribution of demand, the carrier is copperplated in the model, which means that transport costs and constraints are neglected. +.. _Oil-based products supply: Oil-based products supply ========================