From 59d213b4c0d897597e8b72e503555f572cd7d4f0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Adam-Dvorak1 <92300992+Adam-Dvorak1@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Fri, 19 Aug 2022 13:33:49 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 01/16] Biomass with Marta edits --- doc/supply_demand.rst | 21 +++++++++++++++------ 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) diff --git a/doc/supply_demand.rst b/doc/supply_demand.rst index 82fed45b..3d80d51d 100644 --- a/doc/supply_demand.rst +++ b/doc/supply_demand.rst @@ -255,23 +255,32 @@ Biomass demand ===================== -The desired scenario can be selected in the pypsa-eur-sec `configuration `_. The script for building the biomass potentials from the JREC ENSPRESO data base is located `here `_. Consult the script to see the keywords that specify the scenario options. +Biomass supply potentials for every NUTS2 region are taken from the `JRC ENSPRESO database `_ where data is available for various years (2010, 2020, 2030, 2040 and 2050) and different availability scenarios (low, medium, high). No biomass import from outside Europe is assumed. More information on the data set can be found `here `_. The data for NUTS2 regions is mapped to PyPSA-Eur-Sec model regions in proportion to the area overlap. -The `configuration `_ also allows the user to define how the various types of biomass are used in the model by using the categories : biogas, solid biomass, and not included. -Feedstocks categorized as biogas, typically manure and sludge waste, are available to the model as biogas (that is upgraded to biomethane). More details below. -Feedstocks categorized as solid biomass, e.g. secondary forest residues or municipal waste can be used directly or converted to gas or liquid fuels. More details below. +The desired scenario can be selected in the pypsa-eur-sec `configuration `_. The script for building the biomass potentials from the JRC ENSPRESO data base is located `here `_. Consult the script to see the keywords that specify the scenario options. + + +The `configuration `_ also allows the user to define how the various types of biomass are used in the model by using the following categories: biogas, solid biomass, and not included.Feedstocks categorized as biogas, typically manure and sludge waste, are available to the model as biogas, which can be upgraded to biomethane. Feedstocks categorized as solid biomass, e.g. secondary forest residues or municipal waste . are available for combustion in combined-heat-and power (CHP) plants and for medium temperature heat (below 500 °C) applications in industry. It can also converted to gas or liquid fuels. + Feedstocks labeled as not included are ignored by the model. -A `typical use case for biomass `_ would be the medium availability scenario for 2030 where only residues from agriculture and forestry as well as biodegradable municipal waste are considered as energy feedstocks. Fuel crops are avoided because they compete with scarce land for food production, while primary wood, as well as wood chips and pellets, are avoided because of concerns about sustainability . See the supporting materials of the `paper `_ for more details. + + +A `typical use case for biomass `_ would be the medium availability scenario for 2030 where only residues from agriculture and forestry as well as biodegradable municipal waste are considered as energy feedstocks. Fuel crops are avoided because they compete with scarce land for food production, while primary wood, as well as wood chips and pellets, are avoided because of concerns about sustainability. See the supporting materials of the `paper `_ for more details. + *Solid biomass conversion and use* -Solid biomass can be used directly to provide process heat up to 500 C in the industry. It can also be burnt in CHP plants and boilers associated with heating systems. These technologies are described elsewhere [link to heat and industry sections]. +Solid biomass can be used directly to provide process heat up to 500˚C in the industry. It can also be burned in CHP plants and boilers associated with heating systems. These technologies are described elsewhere [link to heat and industry sections]. + Solid biomass can be converted to syngas if the option is enabled in the `config file `_. In this case the model will enable the technology BioSNG both with and without the option for carbon capture [link to technology data]. + + Liquefaction of solid biomass `can be enabled `_ allowing the model to convert it into liquid hydrocarbons that can replace conventional oil products. This technology also comes with and without carbon capture [link to technology data]. + *Transport of solid biomass* The transport of solid biomass can either be assumed unlimited between countries or it can be associated with a country specific cost per MWh/km. In the config file these options are toggled `here `_. If the option is off, use of solid biomass is transport. If it is turned on, a biomass transport network will be `created `_ between all nodes. This network resembles road transport of biomass and the cost of transportation is a variable cost which is proportional to distance and a country specific cost per MWh/km. The latter is `estimated `_ from the country specific costs per ton/km used in the publication `“The JRC-EU-TIMES model. Bioenergy potentials for EU and neighbouring countries” `_. From 6e2a6c8a5e03a157ab0269abad3684a8d801aacd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Adam-Dvorak1 <92300992+Adam-Dvorak1@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Fri, 19 Aug 2022 13:37:51 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 02/16] Small edit to heating --- doc/supply_demand.rst | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/doc/supply_demand.rst b/doc/supply_demand.rst index 3d80d51d..d7ce274a 100644 --- a/doc/supply_demand.rst +++ b/doc/supply_demand.rst @@ -58,7 +58,9 @@ Further information are given in the publication : *Water heating* Hot water demand is assumed to be constant throughout the year. + *Urban and rural heating* + For every country, heat demand is split between low and high population density areas. These country-level totals are then distributed to each region in proportion to their rural and urban populations respectively. Urban areas with dense heat demand can be supplied with large-scale district heating systems. The percent of urban heat demand that can be supplied by district heating networks as well as lump-sum losses in district heating systems is exogenously determined in the `Config file `_. *Cooling demand* From 8c738437df6a193b99b99caebe881b4f642f0755 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Adam-Dvorak1 <92300992+Adam-Dvorak1@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Fri, 19 Aug 2022 13:53:52 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 03/16] Test of link to other section --- doc/supply_demand.rst | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/doc/supply_demand.rst b/doc/supply_demand.rst index d7ce274a..fccbc3b7 100644 --- a/doc/supply_demand.rst +++ b/doc/supply_demand.rst @@ -405,3 +405,5 @@ plants, and directly from the air (DAC). Carbon dioxide can be used as an input for methanation and Fischer-Tropsch fuels, or it can be sequestered underground. + +[Heat demand](#heat-demand) From 0a7c3bbb86524fcfe0b1f23ecb5658cf25941a03 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Adam-Dvorak1 <92300992+Adam-Dvorak1@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Fri, 19 Aug 2022 13:54:38 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 04/16] Testing --- doc/supply_demand.rst | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/doc/supply_demand.rst b/doc/supply_demand.rst index fccbc3b7..7eb9a23c 100644 --- a/doc/supply_demand.rst +++ b/doc/supply_demand.rst @@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ Also unlike PyPSA-Eur, PyPSA-Eur-Sec subtracts existing electrified heating from The remaining electricity demand for households and services is distributed inside each country proportional to GDP and population. -Heat demand -============================= +#Heat demand + Building heating in residential and services sectors is resolved regionally, both for individual buildings and district heating systems, which include different supply options [To do:link to next section] Annual heat demands per country are retrieved from `JRC-IDEES `_ and split into space and water heating. For space heating, the annual demands are converted to daily values based on the population-weighted Heating Degree Day (HDD) using the `atlite tool `_, where space heat demand is proportional to the difference between the daily average ambient temperature (read from `ERA5 `_) and a threshold temperature above which space heat demand is zero. A threshold temperature of 15 °C is assumed by default. The daily space heat demand is distributed to the hours of the day following heat demand profiles from `BDEW `_. These differ for weekdays and weekends/holidays and between residential and services demand. From 44248986c22e48e2970f8f421e6b04a165fd4ce9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Adam-Dvorak1 <92300992+Adam-Dvorak1@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Fri, 19 Aug 2022 13:55:00 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 05/16] Testing --- doc/supply_demand.rst | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/doc/supply_demand.rst b/doc/supply_demand.rst index 7eb9a23c..d90533fd 100644 --- a/doc/supply_demand.rst +++ b/doc/supply_demand.rst @@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ Also unlike PyPSA-Eur, PyPSA-Eur-Sec subtracts existing electrified heating from The remaining electricity demand for households and services is distributed inside each country proportional to GDP and population. -#Heat demand +# Heat demand Building heating in residential and services sectors is resolved regionally, both for individual buildings and district heating systems, which include different supply options [To do:link to next section] Annual heat demands per country are retrieved from `JRC-IDEES `_ and split into space and water heating. For space heating, the annual demands are converted to daily values based on the population-weighted Heating Degree Day (HDD) using the `atlite tool `_, where space heat demand is proportional to the difference between the daily average ambient temperature (read from `ERA5 `_) and a threshold temperature above which space heat demand is zero. A threshold temperature of 15 °C is assumed by default. The daily space heat demand is distributed to the hours of the day following heat demand profiles from `BDEW `_. These differ for weekdays and weekends/holidays and between residential and services demand. From fbb6acdc7cf5d520c5a56ac985f36c0f7ce55988 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Adam-Dvorak1 <92300992+Adam-Dvorak1@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Fri, 19 Aug 2022 13:58:59 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 06/16] Update supply_demand.rst --- doc/supply_demand.rst | 5 +++-- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/doc/supply_demand.rst b/doc/supply_demand.rst index d90533fd..2cb30795 100644 --- a/doc/supply_demand.rst +++ b/doc/supply_demand.rst @@ -36,7 +36,8 @@ Also unlike PyPSA-Eur, PyPSA-Eur-Sec subtracts existing electrified heating from The remaining electricity demand for households and services is distributed inside each country proportional to GDP and population. -# Heat demand +Heat demand +=========== Building heating in residential and services sectors is resolved regionally, both for individual buildings and district heating systems, which include different supply options [To do:link to next section] Annual heat demands per country are retrieved from `JRC-IDEES `_ and split into space and water heating. For space heating, the annual demands are converted to daily values based on the population-weighted Heating Degree Day (HDD) using the `atlite tool `_, where space heat demand is proportional to the difference between the daily average ambient temperature (read from `ERA5 `_) and a threshold temperature above which space heat demand is zero. A threshold temperature of 15 °C is assumed by default. The daily space heat demand is distributed to the hours of the day following heat demand profiles from `BDEW `_. These differ for weekdays and weekends/holidays and between residential and services demand. @@ -406,4 +407,4 @@ plants, and directly from the air (DAC). Carbon dioxide can be used as an input for methanation and Fischer-Tropsch fuels, or it can be sequestered underground. -[Heat demand](#heat-demand) +test From e68105584c61898c6bce07c8754ccd50ea2d0c9b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Adam-Dvorak1 <92300992+Adam-Dvorak1@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Fri, 19 Aug 2022 14:00:10 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 07/16] Update supply_demand.rst --- doc/supply_demand.rst | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/doc/supply_demand.rst b/doc/supply_demand.rst index 2cb30795..4f74f58c 100644 --- a/doc/supply_demand.rst +++ b/doc/supply_demand.rst @@ -407,4 +407,4 @@ plants, and directly from the air (DAC). Carbon dioxide can be used as an input for methanation and Fischer-Tropsch fuels, or it can be sequestered underground. -test +[test] From 44db7bc23343ea593c448c71f8358ede74d18ee4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Adam-Dvorak1 <92300992+Adam-Dvorak1@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Fri, 19 Aug 2022 14:02:27 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 08/16] Update supply_demand.rst --- doc/supply_demand.rst | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/doc/supply_demand.rst b/doc/supply_demand.rst index 4f74f58c..47c6416e 100644 --- a/doc/supply_demand.rst +++ b/doc/supply_demand.rst @@ -407,4 +407,4 @@ plants, and directly from the air (DAC). Carbon dioxide can be used as an input for methanation and Fischer-Tropsch fuels, or it can be sequestered underground. -[test] +[test] doc/supply_demand.rst From 5d5ecd73b6f6773a8b4e96a6fe9a5bfa7f4659f4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Adam-Dvorak1 <92300992+Adam-Dvorak1@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Fri, 19 Aug 2022 14:06:18 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 09/16] Update supply_demand.rst --- doc/supply_demand.rst | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/doc/supply_demand.rst b/doc/supply_demand.rst index 47c6416e..7273d926 100644 --- a/doc/supply_demand.rst +++ b/doc/supply_demand.rst @@ -407,4 +407,4 @@ plants, and directly from the air (DAC). Carbon dioxide can be used as an input for methanation and Fischer-Tropsch fuels, or it can be sequestered underground. -[test] doc/supply_demand.rst +[test] (supply_demand.rst?plain=1#L405) From 18c31495a8ebc9f747bc98f82c7f8701cab68dae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Adam-Dvorak1 <92300992+Adam-Dvorak1@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Wed, 24 Aug 2022 09:43:22 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 10/16] Remove test --- doc/supply_demand.rst | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/doc/supply_demand.rst b/doc/supply_demand.rst index 7273d926..ff1ce5a0 100644 --- a/doc/supply_demand.rst +++ b/doc/supply_demand.rst @@ -407,4 +407,4 @@ plants, and directly from the air (DAC). Carbon dioxide can be used as an input for methanation and Fischer-Tropsch fuels, or it can be sequestered underground. -[test] (supply_demand.rst?plain=1#L405) + From d859738b7d92ab557e607f151f3a7214ad8cb3d6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Adam-Dvorak1 <92300992+Adam-Dvorak1@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Wed, 24 Aug 2022 09:45:34 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 11/16] Incorporating Marta changes --- doc/supply_demand.rst | 35 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----- 1 file changed, 30 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/doc/supply_demand.rst b/doc/supply_demand.rst index ff1ce5a0..72a4c3a2 100644 --- a/doc/supply_demand.rst +++ b/doc/supply_demand.rst @@ -400,11 +400,36 @@ The user can toggle if the energy demand for liquefaction of the hydrogen used f Carbon dioxide capture, usage and sequestration (CCU/S) ========================================================= -Carbon dioxide can be captured from industry process emissions, -emissions related to industry process heat, combined heat and power -plants, and directly from the air (DAC). +PyPSA-Eur-Sec includes carbon capture from air (i.e., direct air capture (DAC)), electricity generators, and industrial facilities. It furthermore includes carbon dioxide storage and transport, the usage of carbon dioxide in synthetic methane and oil products, as well as the sequestration of carbon dioxide underground. -Carbon dioxide can be used as an input for methanation and -Fischer-Tropsch fuels, or it can be sequestered underground. +**Carbon dioxide capture** +For the following point source emissions, carbon capture is applicable: +• Industry process emissions, e.g., from limestone in cement production + +• Methane or biomass used for process heat in the industry + +• Hydrogen production by SMR + +• CHP plants using biomass or methane + +• `Coal power plants `_. + +Point source emissions are captured assuming a capture rate, e.g. 90%, which can be specified in the `config file `_. The electricity and heat demand of process emission carbon capture +is currently ignored. + +DAC (if `included `_) includes the adsorption phase where electricity and heat consumptionsare required to assist the adsorption process and regenerate the adsorbent. It also includes the drying and compression of CO2 prior to storage which consumes electricity and rejects heat. + +*Carbon dioxide usage* + +Captured CO2 can be used to produce synthetic methane and synthetic oil products (e.g. +naphtha). If captured carbon is used, the CO2 emissions of the synthetic fuels are net-neutral. + +*Carbon dioxide sequestration* + +Captured CO2 can also be sequestered underground up to an annual sequestration limit of 200 MtCO2/a. This limit can be chosen in the `config file `_. As stored carbon dioxide is modelled as a single node for Europe, CO2 transport constraints are neglected. Since CO2 sequestration is an immature technology, the cost assumption is defined in the `config file `_. + +*Carbon dioxide transport* + +Carbon dioxide can be modelled as a single node for Europe (in this case, CO2 transport constraints are neglected). A network for modelling the transport of CO2 among the different nodes can also be created if selected in the `config file `_. From 66a465aad7fc618103f03edfb13d2c23f02ccfad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Adam-Dvorak1 <92300992+Adam-Dvorak1@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Wed, 24 Aug 2022 10:08:59 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 12/16] Eq insert in iron and steel --- doc/supply_demand.rst | 4 ++++ 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+) diff --git a/doc/supply_demand.rst b/doc/supply_demand.rst index c3fe4cbf..c0cf2f4e 100644 --- a/doc/supply_demand.rst +++ b/doc/supply_demand.rst @@ -357,6 +357,10 @@ Inside each country the industrial demand is then distributed using the `Hotmaps *Iron and Steel* +$$CO_2 + C→ 2 CO$$ +$$ 3 Fe_2O_3 + CO → 2 Fe_3O_4 + CO$$ +$$Fe_3O_4 + CO −−−→ 3 FeO + CO_2$$ +$$FeO + CO −−−→ Fe + CO_2$$ *Chemicals Industry* From 1727fc79991955f3706dd32d7c1ed883bb91c6b7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Adam-Dvorak1 <92300992+Adam-Dvorak1@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Wed, 24 Aug 2022 10:12:23 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 13/16] Equation edits --- doc/supply_demand.rst | 17 +++++++++++++---- 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/doc/supply_demand.rst b/doc/supply_demand.rst index c0cf2f4e..ec5c8201 100644 --- a/doc/supply_demand.rst +++ b/doc/supply_demand.rst @@ -357,10 +357,19 @@ Inside each country the industrial demand is then distributed using the `Hotmaps *Iron and Steel* -$$CO_2 + C→ 2 CO$$ -$$ 3 Fe_2O_3 + CO → 2 Fe_3O_4 + CO$$ -$$Fe_3O_4 + CO −−−→ 3 FeO + CO_2$$ -$$FeO + CO −−−→ Fe + CO_2$$ + +$$ +CO_2 + C→ 2 CO +$$ +$$ +3 Fe_2O_3 + CO → 2 Fe_3O_4 + CO +$$ +$$ +Fe_3O_4 + CO −−−→ 3 FeO + CO_2 +$$ +$$ +FeO + CO −−−→ Fe + CO_2 +$$ *Chemicals Industry* From 35c2e5354e7dd1dcde97c15c7440f21a05998499 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Adam-Dvorak1 <92300992+Adam-Dvorak1@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Wed, 24 Aug 2022 10:13:01 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 14/16] Equation edits --- doc/supply_demand.rst | 3 +++ 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+) diff --git a/doc/supply_demand.rst b/doc/supply_demand.rst index ec5c8201..f7041ad4 100644 --- a/doc/supply_demand.rst +++ b/doc/supply_demand.rst @@ -361,12 +361,15 @@ Inside each country the industrial demand is then distributed using the `Hotmaps $$ CO_2 + C→ 2 CO $$ + $$ 3 Fe_2O_3 + CO → 2 Fe_3O_4 + CO $$ + $$ Fe_3O_4 + CO −−−→ 3 FeO + CO_2 $$ + $$ FeO + CO −−−→ Fe + CO_2 $$ From 8afa575a0c83e9f40fc793f45d2623cf705c6146 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Adam-Dvorak1 <92300992+Adam-Dvorak1@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Wed, 24 Aug 2022 10:46:05 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 15/16] Equation edits --- doc/supply_demand.rst | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/doc/supply_demand.rst b/doc/supply_demand.rst index f7041ad4..26db7fd0 100644 --- a/doc/supply_demand.rst +++ b/doc/supply_demand.rst @@ -358,6 +358,7 @@ Inside each country the industrial demand is then distributed using the `Hotmaps *Iron and Steel* + $$ CO_2 + C→ 2 CO $$ From 0f6c2cd479c16819c25572494815d22740e7a87e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Adam-Dvorak1 <92300992+Adam-Dvorak1@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Tue, 30 Aug 2022 14:18:31 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 16/16] Inserting iron section --- doc/supply_demand.rst | 36 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---- 1 file changed, 32 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/doc/supply_demand.rst b/doc/supply_demand.rst index 26db7fd0..81b09850 100644 --- a/doc/supply_demand.rst +++ b/doc/supply_demand.rst @@ -358,8 +358,11 @@ Inside each country the industrial demand is then distributed using the `Hotmaps *Iron and Steel* - -$$ +Two alternative routes are used today to manufacture steel in Europe. The primary route (integrated steelworks) represents 60% of steel production, while the secondary route (electric arc furnaces, EAF), represents the other 40% `(Lechtenböhmer et. al) `_. + +The primary route uses blast furnaces in which coke is used to reduce iron ore into molten iron, which is then converted into steel: + +$$ CO_2 + C→ 2 CO $$ @@ -368,12 +371,37 @@ $$ $$ $$ -Fe_3O_4 + CO −−−→ 3 FeO + CO_2 +Fe_3O_4 + CO → 3 FeO + CO_2 $$ $$ -FeO + CO −−−→ Fe + CO_2 +FeO + CO→ Fe + CO_2 $$ + +The primary route of steelmaking implies large process emissions of 0.22 t $_{CO_2}$ /t of steel, amounting to 7% of global greenhouse gas emissions `(Vogl et. al) `_. + +In the secondary route, electric arc furnaces are used to melt scrap metal. This limits the CO$_2$ emissions to the burning of graphite electrodes `(Friedrichsen et. al) `_, and reduces process emissions to 0.03 t $_{CO_2}$ /t of steel. + +We assume that the primary route can be replaced by a third route in 2050, using direct reduced iron (DRI) and subsequent processing in an EAF. + +$$ +3 Fe_2O_3 + H_2→ 2 Fe_3O_4 + H_2O +$$ + +$$ +Fe_3O_4 +H_2 →3FeO+H_2O +$$ + +$$ +FeO + H_2 → Fe + H_2O +$$ + +This circumvents the process emissions associated with the use of coke. For hydrogen- based DRI, we assume energy requirements of 1.7 MWh $_{H_2}$ /t steel `(Vogl et. al) `_ and 0.322 MWh $_{el}$ /t steel `(HYBRIT 2016) `_. + + +The share of steel produced via the primary route is exogenously set in the `config file `_. The share of steel obtained via hydrogen-based DRI plus EAF is also set exogenously in the `config file `_. The remaining share is manufactured through the secondary route using scrap metal in EAF. Bioenergy as alternative to coke in blast furnaces is not considered in the model (`Mandova et.al `_, `Suopajärvi et.al `_). + +For the remaining subprocesses in this sector, the following transformations are assumed. Methane is used as energy source for the smelting process. Activities associated with furnaces, refining and rolling, and product finishing are electrified assuming the current efficiency values for these cases. These transformations result in changes in process emissions as outlined in the process emissions figure presented in the industry overview section (add link to the overview section). *Chemicals Industry*