From 63724279a465ae46959a9feb0fd8c93e21aa4761 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Fabian Neumann Date: Wed, 24 Nov 2021 16:01:58 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 01/51] Snakefile: export conda environment --- Snakefile | 9 +++++++++ 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+) diff --git a/Snakefile b/Snakefile index 76dca9ab..7d7acb70 100644 --- a/Snakefile +++ b/Snakefile @@ -411,6 +411,14 @@ rule copy_config: script: "scripts/copy_config.py" +rule copy_conda_env: + output: SDIR + '/configs/environment.yaml' + threads: 1 + resources: mem_mb=500 + benchmark: SDIR + "/benchmarks/copy_conda_env" + shell: "conda env export -f {output} --no-builds" + + rule make_summary: input: overrides="data/override_component_attrs", @@ -468,6 +476,7 @@ if config["foresight"] == "overnight": network=RDIR + "/prenetworks/elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}_lv{lv}_{opts}_{sector_opts}_{planning_horizons}.nc", costs=CDIR + "costs_{planning_horizons}.csv", config=SDIR + '/configs/config.yaml' + env=SDIR + '/configs/environment.yaml' output: RDIR + "/postnetworks/elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}_lv{lv}_{opts}_{sector_opts}_{planning_horizons}.nc" shadow: "shallow" log: From 80868e5f0fbbfabe2b0a57bf677649c3b8561a75 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Huang, Jiangyi" Date: Thu, 3 Nov 2022 13:46:20 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 02/51] Update make_summary.py The value for `na_action` needs to be "ignore" or "None". --- scripts/make_summary.py | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/scripts/make_summary.py b/scripts/make_summary.py index 8d5f4e48..f9c74c89 100644 --- a/scripts/make_summary.py +++ b/scripts/make_summary.py @@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ def calculate_supply(n, label, supply): for end in [col[3:] for col in c.df.columns if col[:3] == "bus"]: - items = c.df.index[c.df["bus" + end].map(bus_map, na_action=False)] + items = c.df.index[c.df["bus" + end].map(bus_map, na_action=None)] if len(items) == 0: continue @@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ def calculate_supply_energy(n, label, supply_energy): for end in [col[3:] for col in c.df.columns if col[:3] == "bus"]: - items = c.df.index[c.df["bus" + str(end)].map(bus_map, na_action=False)] + items = c.df.index[c.df["bus" + str(end)].map(bus_map, na_action=None)] if len(items) == 0: continue From 6c51152ab5280da05fd3a3eaa05d54ed0b67ad8b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Fabian Neumann Date: Thu, 10 Nov 2022 15:29:52 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 03/51] config: shipping now defaults to (synthetic) oil demand not hydrogen --- config.default.yaml | 9 +-------- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 8 deletions(-) diff --git a/config.default.yaml b/config.default.yaml index 4cf7f5fa..4078ee01 100644 --- a/config.default.yaml +++ b/config.default.yaml @@ -195,14 +195,7 @@ sector: agriculture_machinery_electric_efficiency: 0.3 # electricity per use shipping_average_efficiency: 0.4 #For conversion of fuel oil to propulsion in 2011 shipping_hydrogen_liquefaction: false # whether to consider liquefaction costs for shipping H2 demands - shipping_hydrogen_share: # 1 means all hydrogen FC - 2020: 0 - 2025: 0 - 2030: 0.05 - 2035: 0.15 - 2040: 0.3 - 2045: 0.6 - 2050: 1 + shipping_hydrogen_share: 0 time_dep_hp_cop: true #time dependent heat pump coefficient of performance heat_pump_sink_T: 55. # Celsius, based on DTU / large area radiators; used in build_cop_profiles.py # conservatively high to cover hot water and space heating in poorly-insulated buildings From 3815d0da619ac1c4d3ae37ce48d6a2992862e652 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Fabian Neumann Date: Thu, 10 Nov 2022 15:31:25 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 04/51] add release note --- doc/release_notes.rst | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/doc/release_notes.rst b/doc/release_notes.rst index 1eb33652..51c533f4 100644 --- a/doc/release_notes.rst +++ b/doc/release_notes.rst @@ -80,6 +80,8 @@ incorporates retrofitting options to hydrogen. * Updated `data bundle `_ that includes the hydrogan salt cavern storage potentials. +* Shipping demand now defaults to (synthetic) oil rather than liquefied hydrogen until 2050. + **Bugfixes** * The CO2 sequestration limit implemented as GlobalConstraint (introduced in the previous version) From ae8f601f0a1ed492da67a9986cd35e702a5e35d4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: euronion <42553970+euronion@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Mon, 14 Nov 2022 09:38:09 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 05/51] Fix relative imports from subworkflow PyPSA-EUR --- Snakefile | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/Snakefile b/Snakefile index 6b195d12..0b95d30d 100644 --- a/Snakefile +++ b/Snakefile @@ -256,9 +256,9 @@ rule build_biomass_potentials: enspreso_biomass=HTTP.remote("https://cidportal.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/ENSPRESO/ENSPRESO_BIOMASS.xlsx", keep_local=True), nuts2="data/nuts/NUTS_RG_10M_2013_4326_LEVL_2.geojson", # https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/distribution/v2/nuts/download/#nuts21 regions_onshore=pypsaeur("resources/regions_onshore_elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}.geojson"), - nuts3_population="../pypsa-eur/data/bundle/nama_10r_3popgdp.tsv.gz", - swiss_cantons="../pypsa-eur/data/bundle/ch_cantons.csv", - swiss_population="../pypsa-eur/data/bundle/je-e-21.03.02.xls", + nuts3_population=pypsaeur("data/bundle/nama_10r_3popgdp.tsv.gz"), + swiss_cantons=pypsaeur("data/bundle/ch_cantons.csv"), + swiss_population=pypsaeur("data/bundle/je-e-21.03.02.xls"), country_shapes=pypsaeur('resources/country_shapes.geojson') output: biomass_potentials_all='resources/biomass_potentials_all_s{simpl}_{clusters}.csv', From e1e18a50e75fa7b88638b7fdcf595a1b103ce456 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Fabian Hofmann Date: Wed, 16 Nov 2022 12:18:58 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 06/51] Fix input listing in Snakefile --- Snakefile | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/Snakefile b/Snakefile index 5ecba666..5dc26dd8 100644 --- a/Snakefile +++ b/Snakefile @@ -598,8 +598,8 @@ if config["foresight"] == "overnight": overrides="data/override_component_attrs", network=RDIR + "/prenetworks/elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}_lv{lv}_{opts}_{sector_opts}_{planning_horizons}.nc", costs=CDIR + "costs_{}.csv".format(config['costs']['year']), - config=SDIR + '/configs/config.yaml' - env=SDIR + '/configs/environment.yaml' + config=SDIR + '/configs/config.yaml', + env=SDIR + '/configs/environment.yaml', output: RDIR + "/postnetworks/elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}_lv{lv}_{opts}_{sector_opts}_{planning_horizons}.nc" shadow: "shallow" log: From e25fb02e9cff7249ae2f058e5686b815c0a0b3f5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Fabian Hofmann Date: Wed, 16 Nov 2022 12:44:28 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 07/51] CI: make coincbc and ipopt installed by conda --- .github/workflows/ci.yaml | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml index f528c28d..da984fd3 100644 --- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml +++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml @@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ jobs: - name: Add solver to environment run: | - echo -e " - coincbc\n - ipopt<3.13.3" >> ../pypsa-eur/envs/environment.yaml + echo -e "- coincbc\n- ipopt<3.13.3" >> ../pypsa-eur/envs/environment.yaml - name: Setup Mambaforge uses: conda-incubator/setup-miniconda@v2 From df4eb85a19078e32709d66f9b868222bdebc925c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Fabian Date: Fri, 18 Nov 2022 09:08:07 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 08/51] fix typos --- doc/data.csv | 4 ++-- doc/installation.rst | 2 +- doc/release_notes.rst | 2 +- doc/spatial_resolution.rst | 2 +- scripts/add_existing_baseyear.py | 6 +++--- scripts/build_industry_sector_ratios.py | 4 ++-- scripts/build_retro_cost.py | 16 ++++++++-------- scripts/helper.py | 2 +- scripts/plot_summary.py | 4 ++-- scripts/prepare_sector_network.py | 6 +++--- 10 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-) diff --git a/doc/data.csv b/doc/data.csv index 2c6ac8c8..49fbc536 100644 --- a/doc/data.csv +++ b/doc/data.csv @@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ Floor area missing in hotmaps building stock data,floor_area_missing.csv,unknown Comparative level investment,comparative_level_investment.csv,Eurostat,https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Comparative_price_levels_for_investment Electricity taxes,electricity_taxes_eu.csv,Eurostat,https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=nrg_pc_204&lang=en Building topologies and corresponding standard values,tabula-calculator-calcsetbuilding.csv,unknown,https://episcope.eu/fileadmin/tabula/public/calc/tabula-calculator.xlsx -Retrofitting thermal envelope costs for Germany,retro_cost_germany.csv,unkown,https://www.iwu.de/forschung/handlungslogiken/kosten-energierelevanter-bau-und-anlagenteile-bei-modernisierung/ +Retrofitting thermal envelope costs for Germany,retro_cost_germany.csv,unknown,https://www.iwu.de/forschung/handlungslogiken/kosten-energierelevanter-bau-und-anlagenteile-bei-modernisierung/ District heating most countries,jrc-idees-2015/,CC BY 4.0,https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/potencia/jrc-idees,, -District heating missing countries,district_heat_share.csv,unkown,https://www.euroheat.org/knowledge-hub/country-profiles,, +District heating missing countries,district_heat_share.csv,unknown,https://www.euroheat.org/knowledge-hub/country-profiles,, diff --git a/doc/installation.rst b/doc/installation.rst index 6637cdfd..f5cb7c7a 100644 --- a/doc/installation.rst +++ b/doc/installation.rst @@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ The requirements are the same as `PyPSA-Eur xarray version >= 0.15.1, you will need the latest master branch of atlite version 0.0.2. -You can create an enviroment using the environment.yaml file in pypsa-eur/envs: +You can create an environment using the environment.yaml file in pypsa-eur/envs: .. code:: bash diff --git a/doc/release_notes.rst b/doc/release_notes.rst index 51c533f4..51e9b43d 100644 --- a/doc/release_notes.rst +++ b/doc/release_notes.rst @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ incorporates retrofitting options to hydrogen. * New rule ``cluster_gas_network`` that clusters the gas transmission network data to the model resolution. Cross-regional pipeline capacities are aggregated - (while pressure and diameter compability is ignored), intra-regional pipelines + (while pressure and diameter compatibility is ignored), intra-regional pipelines are dropped. Lengths are recalculated based on the regions' centroids. * With the option ``sector: gas_network:``, the existing gas network is diff --git a/doc/spatial_resolution.rst b/doc/spatial_resolution.rst index d410065a..ff11cc39 100644 --- a/doc/spatial_resolution.rst +++ b/doc/spatial_resolution.rst @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ The total number of nodes for Europe is set in the ``config.yaml`` file under ``clusters``. The number of nodes can vary between 37, the number of independent countries / synchronous areas, and several hundred. With 200-300 nodes the model needs 100-150 GB RAM to solve -with a commerical solver like Gurobi. +with a commercial solver like Gurobi. Not all of the sectors are at the full nodal resolution, and some diff --git a/scripts/add_existing_baseyear.py b/scripts/add_existing_baseyear.py index 0c60288a..e5b7e1d1 100644 --- a/scripts/add_existing_baseyear.py +++ b/scripts/add_existing_baseyear.py @@ -165,11 +165,11 @@ def add_power_capacities_installed_before_baseyear(n, grouping_years, costs, bas df_agg.loc[biomass_i, 'DateOut'] = df_agg.loc[biomass_i, 'DateOut'].fillna(dateout) - # drop assets which are already phased out / decomissioned + # drop assets which are already phased out / decommissioned phased_out = df_agg[df_agg["DateOut"] Euro/MWh capital_cost = retro_data.loc[(ct, sec), ("cost")] * floor_area_node / \ @@ -2565,7 +2565,7 @@ def set_temporal_aggregation(n, opts, solver_name): if m is not None: n = average_every_nhours(n, m.group(0)) break - # representive snapshots + # representative snapshots m = re.match(r"(^\d+)sn$", o, re.IGNORECASE) if m is not None: sn = int(m[1]) From 6b5b8b2d3ba7c91f2c6b88a20201b6f04788d572 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: martavp <30744159+martavp@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Mon, 21 Nov 2022 18:09:36 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 09/51] Update doc/myopic.rst Co-authored-by: energyLS <89515385+energyLS@users.noreply.github.com> --- doc/myopic.rst | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/doc/myopic.rst b/doc/myopic.rst index dd2802b4..3bca1ea9 100644 --- a/doc/myopic.rst +++ b/doc/myopic.rst @@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ Grouping years indicates the bins limits for grouping the existing capacities of **threshold capacity** -If for a technology, node, and grouping bin, the capacity is lower than threshold_capacity, it is ignored +If for a technology, node, and grouping bin, the capacity is lower than threshold_capacity, it is ignored. ``threshold_capacity: 10`` From b20130eb2f6eeec3f683ea12235528c584f6ebd2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: martavp <30744159+martavp@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Mon, 21 Nov 2022 18:09:51 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 10/51] Update doc/myopic.rst Co-authored-by: energyLS <89515385+energyLS@users.noreply.github.com> --- doc/myopic.rst | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/doc/myopic.rst b/doc/myopic.rst index 3bca1ea9..ef36f025 100644 --- a/doc/myopic.rst +++ b/doc/myopic.rst @@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ If for a technology, node, and grouping bin, the capacity is lower than threshol **conventional carriers** -conventional carriers indicate carriers used in the existing conventional technologies +Conventional carriers indicate carriers used in the existing conventional technologies. conventional_carriers: From 24ea8448dac92334a024f0802bf1ef43f4adb724 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: martavp <30744159+martavp@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Mon, 21 Nov 2022 18:10:11 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 11/51] Update doc/myopic.rst Co-authored-by: energyLS <89515385+energyLS@users.noreply.github.com> --- doc/myopic.rst | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/doc/myopic.rst b/doc/myopic.rst index ef36f025..d207e8af 100644 --- a/doc/myopic.rst +++ b/doc/myopic.rst @@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ Conventional carriers indicate carriers used in the existing conventional techno Options ============= The total carbon budget for the entire transition path can be indicated in the `sector_opts `_ in ``config.yaml``. The carbon budget can be split among the ``planning_horizons`` following an exponential or beta decay. -E.g. ``'cb40ex0'`` splits a carbon budget equal to 40 GtCO_2 following an exponential decay whose initial linear growth rate $r$ is zero +E.g. ``'cb40ex0'`` splits a carbon budget equal to 40 GtCO_2 following an exponential decay whose initial linear growth rate $r$ is zero. They can also follow some user-specified path, if defined `here `_. The paper `Speed of technological transformations required in Europe to achieve different climate goals (2022) `__ defines CO_2 budgets corresponding to global temperature increases (1.5C – 2C) as response to the emissions. Here, global carbon budgets are converted to European budgets assuming equal-per capita distribution which translates into a 6.43% share for Europe. The carbon budgets are in this paper distributed hroughout the transition paths assuming an exponential decay. Emissions e(t) in every year t are limited by From cfcf5cf4900baeda664ba1430950263489911d4c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: martavp <30744159+martavp@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Mon, 21 Nov 2022 18:10:31 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 12/51] Update doc/myopic.rst Co-authored-by: energyLS <89515385+energyLS@users.noreply.github.com> --- doc/myopic.rst | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/doc/myopic.rst b/doc/myopic.rst index d207e8af..40326516 100644 --- a/doc/myopic.rst +++ b/doc/myopic.rst @@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ Options The total carbon budget for the entire transition path can be indicated in the `sector_opts `_ in ``config.yaml``. The carbon budget can be split among the ``planning_horizons`` following an exponential or beta decay. E.g. ``'cb40ex0'`` splits a carbon budget equal to 40 GtCO_2 following an exponential decay whose initial linear growth rate $r$ is zero. They can also follow some user-specified path, if defined `here `_. -The paper `Speed of technological transformations required in Europe to achieve different climate goals (2022) `__ defines CO_2 budgets corresponding to global temperature increases (1.5C – 2C) as response to the emissions. Here, global carbon budgets are converted to European budgets assuming equal-per capita distribution which translates into a 6.43% share for Europe. The carbon budgets are in this paper distributed hroughout the transition paths assuming an exponential decay. Emissions e(t) in every year t are limited by +The paper `Speed of technological transformations required in Europe to achieve different climate goals (2022) `__ defines CO_2 budgets corresponding to global temperature increases (1.5C – 2C) as response to the emissions. Here, global carbon budgets are converted to European budgets assuming equal-per capita distribution which translates into a 6.43% share for Europe. The carbon budgets are in this paper distributed throughout the transition paths assuming an exponential decay. Emissions e(t) in every year t are limited by $e(t) = e_0 (1+ (r+m)t) e^(-mt)$ From bf374c75be6c6bb9bc5ae8c48abac6d86b3c2f54 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: martavp <30744159+martavp@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Mon, 21 Nov 2022 18:10:48 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 13/51] Update doc/spatial_resolution.rst Co-authored-by: energyLS <89515385+energyLS@users.noreply.github.com> --- doc/spatial_resolution.rst | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/doc/spatial_resolution.rst b/doc/spatial_resolution.rst index 24efcb12..3df4dc28 100644 --- a/doc/spatial_resolution.rst +++ b/doc/spatial_resolution.rst @@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ Here are some examples of how spatial resolution is set for different sectors in • Industry demand (heat, chemicals, etc.) : Modeled as nodal, distributed in each country based on locations of industry from HotMaps database. • Hydrogen network: Modeled as nodal (if activated in the `Config `_ file). -• Methane network: It can be modeled as a single node for Europe or it can be nodally resolved if activated in the `config file `_ . One node can be considered reasonable since future demand is expected to be low and no bottlenecks are expected. Also, the nodally resolved methane grid is based on SciGRID_gas data. +• Methane network: It can be modeled as a single node for Europe or it can be nodally resolved if activated in the `config `_. One node can be considered reasonable since future demand is expected to be low and no bottlenecks are expected. Also, the nodally resolved methane grid is based on SciGRID_gas data. • Solid biomass: It can be modeled as a single node for Europe or it can be nodally resolved if activated in the `config file `_. Nodal modeling includes modeling biomass potential per country (given per country, then distributed by population density within) and the transport of solid biomass between countries. From ab71254aeb3fb5afc33de7cda419853251bc6c5f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: martavp <30744159+martavp@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Mon, 21 Nov 2022 18:11:03 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 14/51] Update doc/spatial_resolution.rst Co-authored-by: energyLS <89515385+energyLS@users.noreply.github.com> --- doc/spatial_resolution.rst | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/doc/spatial_resolution.rst b/doc/spatial_resolution.rst index 3df4dc28..9b0f9f4c 100644 --- a/doc/spatial_resolution.rst +++ b/doc/spatial_resolution.rst @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ Here are some examples of how spatial resolution is set for different sectors in • Methane network: It can be modeled as a single node for Europe or it can be nodally resolved if activated in the `config `_. One node can be considered reasonable since future demand is expected to be low and no bottlenecks are expected. Also, the nodally resolved methane grid is based on SciGRID_gas data. -• Solid biomass: It can be modeled as a single node for Europe or it can be nodally resolved if activated in the `config file `_. Nodal modeling includes modeling biomass potential per country (given per country, then distributed by population density within) and the transport of solid biomass between countries. +• Solid biomass: It can be modeled as a single node for Europe or it can be nodally resolved if activated in the `config `_. Nodal modeling includes modeling biomass potential per country (given per country, then distributed by population density within) and the transport of solid biomass between countries. • CO2: It can be modeled as a single node for Europe or it can be nodally resolved with CO2 transport pipelines if activated in the `config file `_ . It should mentioned that in single node mode a transport and storage cost is added for sequestered CO2, the cost of which can be adjusted in the `Config `_ file. From c935ed151bf53dff3023669bf846cbfcce51d886 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: martavp <30744159+martavp@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Mon, 21 Nov 2022 18:11:20 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 15/51] Update doc/spatial_resolution.rst Co-authored-by: energyLS <89515385+energyLS@users.noreply.github.com> --- doc/spatial_resolution.rst | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/doc/spatial_resolution.rst b/doc/spatial_resolution.rst index 9b0f9f4c..726038c9 100644 --- a/doc/spatial_resolution.rst +++ b/doc/spatial_resolution.rst @@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ Here are some examples of how spatial resolution is set for different sectors in • Solid biomass: It can be modeled as a single node for Europe or it can be nodally resolved if activated in the `config `_. Nodal modeling includes modeling biomass potential per country (given per country, then distributed by population density within) and the transport of solid biomass between countries. -• CO2: It can be modeled as a single node for Europe or it can be nodally resolved with CO2 transport pipelines if activated in the `config file `_ . It should mentioned that in single node mode a transport and storage cost is added for sequestered CO2, the cost of which can be adjusted in the `Config `_ file. +• CO2: It can be modeled as a single node for Europe or it can be nodally resolved with CO2 transport pipelines if activated in the `config `_. It should mentioned that in single node mode a transport and storage cost is added for sequestered CO2, the cost of which can be adjusted in the `config `_. • Liquid hydrocarbons: Modeled as a single node for Europe, since transport costs for liquids are low and no bottlenecks are expected. From 8ab2d5f0e63b7c4cf9106ff8bfea27732b7faad0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: martavp <30744159+martavp@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Mon, 21 Nov 2022 18:11:33 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 16/51] Update doc/spatial_resolution.rst Co-authored-by: energyLS <89515385+energyLS@users.noreply.github.com> --- doc/spatial_resolution.rst | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/doc/spatial_resolution.rst b/doc/spatial_resolution.rst index 726038c9..8e3239da 100644 --- a/doc/spatial_resolution.rst +++ b/doc/spatial_resolution.rst @@ -42,6 +42,6 @@ Here are some examples of how spatial resolution is set for different sectors in **Electricity distribution network** -Contrary to the transmission grid, the grid topology at the distribution level (at and below 110 kV) is not included due to the very high computational burden. However, a link per node can be used (if activated in the `Config `_ file) to represent energy transferred between distribution and transmission levels at every node. In essence, the total energy capacity connecting the transmission grid and the low-voltage level is optimized. The cost assumptions for this link can be adjusted in Config file `options `_ , and is currently assumed to be 500 eur/kW. +Contrary to the transmission grid, the grid topology at the distribution level (at and below 110 kV) is not included due to the very high computational burden. However, a link per node can be used (if activated in the `Config `_ file) to represent energy transferred between distribution and transmission levels at every node. In essence, the total energy capacity connecting the transmission grid and the low-voltage level is optimized. The cost assumptions for this link can be adjusted in Config file `options `_ , and is currently assumed to be 500 Eur/kW. Rooftop PV, heat pumps, resistive heater, home batteries chargers for passenger EVs, as well as individual heating technologies (heat pumps and resistive heaters) are connected to low-voltage level. All the remaining generation and storage technologies are connected to the transmission grid. In practice, this means that the distribution grid capacity is only extended if it is necessary to balance the mismatch between local generation and demand. From f83be559e4c95bea2a527e460e305e74a00e1604 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: martavp <30744159+martavp@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Mon, 21 Nov 2022 18:12:00 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 17/51] Update doc/technology_assumptions.rst Co-authored-by: energyLS <89515385+energyLS@users.noreply.github.com> --- doc/technology_assumptions.rst | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/doc/technology_assumptions.rst b/doc/technology_assumptions.rst index 2a42420e..82edf3c3 100644 --- a/doc/technology_assumptions.rst +++ b/doc/technology_assumptions.rst @@ -6,4 +6,4 @@ Technology and cost assumptions *Techno-Economic Assumptions* -For the technological assumptions (cost,efficiency, lifetime, etc.), we take estimates for the investment year specified in the `config file `_. Many of those come from a database published by the Danish Energy Agency (`DEA `_). Assumptions are maintained at the `technology data repository `_. +For the technological assumptions (cost, efficiency, lifetime, etc.), we take estimates for the investment year specified in the `config `_. Many of those come from a database published by the Danish Energy Agency (`DEA `_). Assumptions are maintained at the `technology data repository `_. From 7cc336e89e95bf9b06d6d8001cf57d4dd853ef03 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: martavp Date: Mon, 21 Nov 2022 18:21:53 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 18/51] Update myopic.rst --- doc/myopic.rst | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/doc/myopic.rst b/doc/myopic.rst index 40326516..0fe72388 100644 --- a/doc/myopic.rst +++ b/doc/myopic.rst @@ -11,7 +11,9 @@ The myopic approach was initially developed and used in the paper `Early decarbo The current code applies the myopic approach to generators, storage technologies and links in the power sector. It furthermore applies it to the space and water heating sector (e.g., the share of district heating and reduced space heat demand), industry processes (e.g., steel, direct reduced iron, and aluminum production via primary route), the share of fuel cell and battery electric vehicles in land transport, and the hydrogen share in shipping (see :doc:`supply_demand` for further information). The following subjects within the land transport and biomass currently do not evolve with the myopic approach: -- The percentage of electric vehicles that allow demand-side management and vehicle-to-grid services + +- The percentage of electric vehicles that allow demand-side management and vehicle-to-grid services. + - The annual biomass potential (default year and scenario for which potential is taken is 2030, defined `here `_) Configuration From bfdc333858e16d6458d08cec0301239638ff6e6a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Adam-Dvorak1 <92300992+Adam-Dvorak1@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Wed, 23 Nov 2022 13:52:11 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 19/51] Testing math format --- doc/supply_demand.rst | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/doc/supply_demand.rst b/doc/supply_demand.rst index 03160f8e..3162644f 100644 --- a/doc/supply_demand.rst +++ b/doc/supply_demand.rst @@ -124,7 +124,8 @@ Pypsa-eur-sec allows individual buildings to make use of `micro gas CHPs `_ file). Generally, the COP will be lower during winter when temperatures are low. Because the ambient temperature is more volatile than the soil temperature, the COP of ground-sourced heat pumps is less variable. Moreover, the COP depends on the difference between the source and sink temperatures: -$$ Δ T = T_(sink) − T_(source) $$ +.. math:: + Δ T = T_(sink) − T_(source) For the sink water temperature Tsink we assume 55 °C [`Config `_ file] For the time- and location-dependent source temperatures Tsource, we rely on the `ERA5 `_ reanalysis weather data. The temperature differences are converted into COP time series using results from a regression analysis performed in the study by `Stafell et al. `_. For air-sourced heat pumps (ASHP), we use the function: From 14f88652bfa11a95a5b98643205bf065e83517cb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Adam-Dvorak1 <92300992+Adam-Dvorak1@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Wed, 23 Nov 2022 13:57:02 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 20/51] Test math --- doc/supply_demand.rst | 5 +++++ 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+) diff --git a/doc/supply_demand.rst b/doc/supply_demand.rst index 3162644f..e99ae532 100644 --- a/doc/supply_demand.rst +++ b/doc/supply_demand.rst @@ -612,3 +612,8 @@ Captured $CO_2$ can also be sequestered underground up to an annual sequestratio *Carbon dioxide transport* Carbon dioxide can be modelled as a single node for Europe (in this case, $CO_2$ transport constraints are neglected). A network for modelling the transport of $CO_2$ among the different nodes can also be created if selected in the `config file `_. + + +Test |H20| + +|H2O| replace:: H\ :sub:`2`\ O From 2eef75e0f91857de458dad8967fddd05baa5d338 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Adam-Dvorak1 <92300992+Adam-Dvorak1@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Wed, 23 Nov 2022 13:57:28 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 21/51] Update supply_demand.rst --- doc/supply_demand.rst | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/doc/supply_demand.rst b/doc/supply_demand.rst index e99ae532..f3e2a293 100644 --- a/doc/supply_demand.rst +++ b/doc/supply_demand.rst @@ -614,6 +614,6 @@ Captured $CO_2$ can also be sequestered underground up to an annual sequestratio Carbon dioxide can be modelled as a single node for Europe (in this case, $CO_2$ transport constraints are neglected). A network for modelling the transport of $CO_2$ among the different nodes can also be created if selected in the `config file `_. -Test |H20| +Test |H2O| |H2O| replace:: H\ :sub:`2`\ O From 63ad6d42bf0b406424a4bdb1c56a8fb71a9f4471 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Adam-Dvorak1 <92300992+Adam-Dvorak1@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Wed, 23 Nov 2022 13:58:04 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 22/51] Update supply_demand.rst --- doc/supply_demand.rst | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/doc/supply_demand.rst b/doc/supply_demand.rst index f3e2a293..e43b69c5 100644 --- a/doc/supply_demand.rst +++ b/doc/supply_demand.rst @@ -616,4 +616,4 @@ Carbon dioxide can be modelled as a single node for Europe (in this case, $CO_2$ Test |H2O| -|H2O| replace:: H\ :sub:`2`\ O +..|H2O| replace:: H\ :sub:`2`\ O From cb8a64503672b2e90290a46b1bb2324597f27f7e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Adam-Dvorak1 <92300992+Adam-Dvorak1@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Wed, 23 Nov 2022 13:58:35 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 23/51] Test --- doc/supply_demand.rst | 6 ++++-- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/doc/supply_demand.rst b/doc/supply_demand.rst index e43b69c5..ec316959 100644 --- a/doc/supply_demand.rst +++ b/doc/supply_demand.rst @@ -4,6 +4,10 @@ Supply and demand ########################################## + +Test |H2O| + +.. |H2O| replace:: H\ :sub:`2`\ O An initial orientation to the supply and demand options in the model PyPSA-Eur-Sec can be found in the description of the model PyPSA-Eur-Sec-30 in the paper `Synergies of sector coupling and @@ -614,6 +618,4 @@ Captured $CO_2$ can also be sequestered underground up to an annual sequestratio Carbon dioxide can be modelled as a single node for Europe (in this case, $CO_2$ transport constraints are neglected). A network for modelling the transport of $CO_2$ among the different nodes can also be created if selected in the `config file `_. -Test |H2O| -..|H2O| replace:: H\ :sub:`2`\ O From 98cac560acc5c0a88d5df890024855a488f0d889 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Adam-Dvorak1 <92300992+Adam-Dvorak1@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Wed, 23 Nov 2022 14:01:28 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 24/51] Test --- doc/supply_demand.rst | 8 ++++++++ 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+) diff --git a/doc/supply_demand.rst b/doc/supply_demand.rst index ec316959..c7542dd2 100644 --- a/doc/supply_demand.rst +++ b/doc/supply_demand.rst @@ -6,8 +6,16 @@ Supply and demand Test |H2O| +|CH4| +3|H2| .. |H2O| replace:: H\ :sub:`2`\ O +.. |CH4| replace:: CH\ :sub:`4` +.. |H2| replace:: H\ :sub:`2` + + + +CH_4 + H_2O → CO + 3H_2 An initial orientation to the supply and demand options in the model PyPSA-Eur-Sec can be found in the description of the model PyPSA-Eur-Sec-30 in the paper `Synergies of sector coupling and From 6c7727e3aa8fbbdf873fa23e65ba5d559193dbbd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Adam-Dvorak1 <92300992+Adam-Dvorak1@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Wed, 23 Nov 2022 14:01:57 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 25/51] Update supply_demand.rst --- doc/supply_demand.rst | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/doc/supply_demand.rst b/doc/supply_demand.rst index c7542dd2..ddc2f2af 100644 --- a/doc/supply_demand.rst +++ b/doc/supply_demand.rst @@ -7,7 +7,9 @@ Supply and demand Test |H2O| |CH4| -3|H2| +3 |H2| + +This is a test .. |H2O| replace:: H\ :sub:`2`\ O .. |CH4| replace:: CH\ :sub:`4` From ecf1df8b5004772c5a53c66d2e4b78bfce4679f4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Adam-Dvorak1 <92300992+Adam-Dvorak1@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Wed, 23 Nov 2022 14:07:45 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 26/51] Test --- doc/supply_demand.rst | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/doc/supply_demand.rst b/doc/supply_demand.rst index ddc2f2af..d90c1fb7 100644 --- a/doc/supply_demand.rst +++ b/doc/supply_demand.rst @@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ Test |H2O| This is a test +\ce{(2Na+,SO4^2- ) + (Ba^2+, 2Cl- ) -> BaSO4 v + 2NaCl} + .. |H2O| replace:: H\ :sub:`2`\ O .. |CH4| replace:: CH\ :sub:`4` .. |H2| replace:: H\ :sub:`2` From ba184321b148784ee3ffba59b03ffd28a47a31ae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Adam-Dvorak1 <92300992+Adam-Dvorak1@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Wed, 23 Nov 2022 14:08:59 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 27/51] Update supply_demand.rst --- doc/supply_demand.rst | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/doc/supply_demand.rst b/doc/supply_demand.rst index d90c1fb7..b0692cb5 100644 --- a/doc/supply_demand.rst +++ b/doc/supply_demand.rst @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Test |H2O| This is a test -\ce{(2Na+,SO4^2- ) + (Ba^2+, 2Cl- ) -> BaSO4 v + 2NaCl} +.. math:: \ce{(2Na+,SO4^2- ) + (Ba^2+, 2Cl- ) -> BaSO4 v + 2NaCl} .. |H2O| replace:: H\ :sub:`2`\ O .. |CH4| replace:: CH\ :sub:`4` From 556cec5c171891d896e15612e0a9d262cd98ef06 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Adam-Dvorak1 <92300992+Adam-Dvorak1@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Wed, 23 Nov 2022 14:09:21 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 28/51] test --- doc/supply_demand.rst | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/doc/supply_demand.rst b/doc/supply_demand.rst index b0692cb5..e786f76f 100644 --- a/doc/supply_demand.rst +++ b/doc/supply_demand.rst @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Test |H2O| This is a test -.. math:: \ce{(2Na+,SO4^2- ) + (Ba^2+, 2Cl- ) -> BaSO4 v + 2NaCl} +.. chemistry:: \ce{(2Na+,SO4^2- ) + (Ba^2+, 2Cl- ) -> BaSO4 v + 2NaCl} .. |H2O| replace:: H\ :sub:`2`\ O .. |CH4| replace:: CH\ :sub:`4` From 2ba44b1749f9b8486f2c5a3e64c2e60b07196349 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Adam-Dvorak1 <92300992+Adam-Dvorak1@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Wed, 23 Nov 2022 14:11:51 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 29/51] Update supply_demand.rst --- doc/supply_demand.rst | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/doc/supply_demand.rst b/doc/supply_demand.rst index e786f76f..fd1d5ba9 100644 --- a/doc/supply_demand.rst +++ b/doc/supply_demand.rst @@ -11,7 +11,8 @@ Test |H2O| This is a test -.. chemistry:: \ce{(2Na+,SO4^2- ) + (Ba^2+, 2Cl- ) -> BaSO4 v + 2NaCl} +.. math:: + CH_4 + H_2O → CO + 3H_2 .. |H2O| replace:: H\ :sub:`2`\ O .. |CH4| replace:: CH\ :sub:`4` From 928420ef3e0a8f1555c770c72a64a0f00101c653 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Adam-Dvorak1 <92300992+Adam-Dvorak1@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Wed, 23 Nov 2022 14:12:51 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 30/51] Update supply_demand.rst --- doc/supply_demand.rst | 5 ++++- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/doc/supply_demand.rst b/doc/supply_demand.rst index fd1d5ba9..95a6de84 100644 --- a/doc/supply_demand.rst +++ b/doc/supply_demand.rst @@ -12,7 +12,10 @@ Test |H2O| This is a test .. math:: - CH_4 + H_2O → CO + 3H_2 + CH_4 + H_2O→ CO + 3H_2 + +.. math:: + \frac{ \sum_{t=0}^{N}f(t,k) }{N} .. |H2O| replace:: H\ :sub:`2`\ O .. |CH4| replace:: CH\ :sub:`4` From 12b5ad1e3d544a20b3b7871c5f69e8ed5bcb64f4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Adam-Dvorak1 <92300992+Adam-Dvorak1@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Wed, 23 Nov 2022 15:53:39 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 31/51] Replacing $$ with rst format (.. math ::) etc --- .DS_Store | Bin 6148 -> 8196 bytes doc/supply_demand.rst | 175 +++++++++++++++++++----------------------- 2 files changed, 79 insertions(+), 96 deletions(-) diff --git a/.DS_Store b/.DS_Store index cf668474c9a23e74cdf380962f760fd969b9c902..99404b432a9093cff772d5d8725c724f554624c1 100644 GIT binary patch literal 8196 zcmeHMJ&)5s5FIBulITE60a7Yt3Ca_fJ0heLO$ec(#C#M11v`!s3&(3E4nc|{TtiDk zcj6BqQBfj6b2M}a@gtz8;;nZRvi6w{4vAf9_ic7&Jnx>@>r9S_jP}gkBdQZo1)XDU z8^bY;+j-Blf?PQdG!RezaL?+qahUPc3t9oKfL1^&pcT*x{3{CJoy}V%=e;kidejPN z1^!C~`1xR>b8JbB1tv!ahNJ`lmav>O%xioCG$pnq#sXnMGejs*gc`EMFhn@kP3hN? z7z-5PWXR&fkeLlxp%_VaT;ELG$!H1GqgFsGkX3-!?j^cJL-Ht6>i5I1pEhk{*6BDt zbFhX-Enfb3`r(>tcYkXSM;pHlyhbEZd6kz&G$TjJPN(l=JyIOrA3RAoq^>h&3X>c! zg^xINO5~DF5!nipZ=;uBvbL!l=ty$duy1D1+LgTDV_cew$jhkj%%`DL_^lKA-ZW}7 zJ{yH%Y3o$ETrF>xA6O$cw<0^5P22XQ%Rk*_%y(9E+qvrv=Dph4>nwEdvehcKNHpV#Aa%;aCAXjs_&^2?G^@WoAW7iFA!_b6pm)GHkF#4_%&H3@tc z46(x5Rj{KcxSJvNmPdV>Dtx*Z-yG+YVz#=snQNsu=K3jYyD?H?&riW-0!|@zn#yYH z=wsF+hg0f0IgC)$Ccjl9%4`y!!pmRnSc< zaB>P1Md~`Q|8L~~{(o`=b!M%AR^X2-V3aymr;RkLuXX8+yw*0+AENWd{bGSh2!^B_ j2PWk>aQzQM%uTrRn3lv?AXd=y7lA|uJ!l2~sscX&f~ygC delta 254 zcmZp1XfcprU|?W$DortDU=RQ@Ie-{MGjdE!6q~50D9QxlfW(Rml5+BsfV}NV1rrmO zPd1QY(O_msVaR7lPAW&1%*iY+F)+Bs$i&RT%Er#Y&cV$wdAnek4hJU(XS{%Tb+ws+ zj)I}NajlL*wWSe|ZDMRzTg%BIs;qAv6rY`wo0s1?*-A)WybEX<)P}O)qP(2^ymXLb zHYQ52EoSH75M&1OfIxs7NVtNWyfN`R^JIP*O9hZH(9s~bgJ>2I4dj442l6k&=6Iet F%mAV6FJ1ru diff --git a/doc/supply_demand.rst b/doc/supply_demand.rst index 95a6de84..a341eef5 100644 --- a/doc/supply_demand.rst +++ b/doc/supply_demand.rst @@ -1,29 +1,8 @@ -.. _supply_demand: ########################################## Supply and demand ########################################## - -Test |H2O| -|CH4| -3 |H2| - -This is a test - -.. math:: - CH_4 + H_2O→ CO + 3H_2 - -.. math:: - \frac{ \sum_{t=0}^{N}f(t,k) }{N} - -.. |H2O| replace:: H\ :sub:`2`\ O -.. |CH4| replace:: CH\ :sub:`4` -.. |H2| replace:: H\ :sub:`2` - - - -CH_4 + H_2O → CO + 3H_2 An initial orientation to the supply and demand options in the model PyPSA-Eur-Sec can be found in the description of the model PyPSA-Eur-Sec-30 in the paper `Synergies of sector coupling and @@ -145,15 +124,17 @@ Pypsa-eur-sec allows individual buildings to make use of `micro gas CHPs `_ file). Generally, the COP will be lower during winter when temperatures are low. Because the ambient temperature is more volatile than the soil temperature, the COP of ground-sourced heat pumps is less variable. Moreover, the COP depends on the difference between the source and sink temperatures: .. math:: - Δ T = T_(sink) − T_(source) + \Delta T = T_{sink} − T_{source} For the sink water temperature Tsink we assume 55 °C [`Config `_ file] For the time- and location-dependent source temperatures Tsource, we rely on the `ERA5 `_ reanalysis weather data. The temperature differences are converted into COP time series using results from a regression analysis performed in the study by `Stafell et al. `_. For air-sourced heat pumps (ASHP), we use the function: -$$ COP (Δ T) = 6.81 + 0.121Δ T + 0.000630Δ T^2; $$ +.. math:: + COP (\Delta T) = 6.81 + 0.121\Delta T + 0.000630\Delta T^2 for ground-sourced heat pumps (GSHP), we use the function: -$$ COP(Δ T) = 8.77 + 0.150Δ T + 0.000734Δ T^2 $$ +.. math:: + COP(\Delta T) = 8.77 + 0.150\Delta T + 0.000734\Delta T^2 **Resistive heaters** @@ -183,7 +164,7 @@ For the myopic transition paths, capacities already existing for technologies su Activated in Config from the `tes `_ option. Thermal energy can be stored in large water pits associated with district heating systems and individual thermal energy storage (TES), i.e., small water tanks. Water tanks are modelled as `stores `_. -A thermal energy density of 46.8 kWh $_{th}$/m3 is assumed, corresponding to a temperature difference of 40 K. The decay of thermal energy in the stores: 1- $e^{-1/24τ}$ is assumed to have a time constant of  τ=180 days for central TES and  τ=3 days for individual TES, both modifiable through `tes_tau `_ in config file. Charging and discharging efficiencies are 90% due to pipe losses. +A thermal energy density of 46.8 kWh :math:`_{th}`/m3 is assumed, corresponding to a temperature difference of 40 K. The decay of thermal energy in the stores: 1- :math:`e^{-1/24τ}` is assumed to have a time constant of  τ=180 days for central TES and  τ=3 days for individual TES, both modifiable through `tes_tau `_ in config file. Charging and discharging efficiencies are 90% due to pipe losses. **Retrofitting of the thermal envelope of buildings** @@ -222,32 +203,34 @@ Hydrogen is also used for transport applications (see :ref:`Transportation`), wh Hydrogen supply ============================= -Today, most of the $H_2$ consumed globally is produced from natural gas by steam methane reforming (SMR) +Today, most of the :math:`H_2` consumed globally is produced from natural gas by steam methane reforming (SMR) -$$ -CH_4 + H_2O → CO + 3H_2 -$$ +.. math:: + + CH_4 + H_2O \xrightarrow{} CO + 3H_2 combined with a water-gas shift reaction -$$ -CO + H_2O → CO_2 + H_2 -$$ +.. math:: + + CO + H_2O \xrightarrow{} CO_2 + H_2 + SMR is included `here `_. -PyPSA-Eur-Sec allows this route of $H_2$ production with and without [carbon capture (CC)] (see :ref:`Carbon dioxide capture, usage and sequestration (CCU/S)`). These routes are often referred to as blue and grey hydrogen. Here, methane input can be both of fossil or synthetic origin. +PyPSA-Eur-Sec allows this route of :math:`H_2` production with and without [carbon capture (CC)] (see :ref:`Carbon dioxide capture, usage and sequestration (CCU/S)`). These routes are often referred to as blue and grey hydrogen. Here, methane input can be both of fossil or synthetic origin. Green hydrogen can be produced by electrolysis to split water into hydrogen and oxygen -$$ -2H_2O → 2H_2 + O_2 -$$ +.. math:: + + 2H_2O \xrightarrow{} 2H_2 + O_2 + For the electrolysis, alkaline electrolysers are chosen since they have lower cost and higher cumulative installed capacity than polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolysers. The techno-economic assumptions are taken from the technology-data repository. Waste heat from electrolysis is not leveraged in the model. **Transport** -Hydrogen is transported by pipelines. $H_2$ pipelines are endogenously generated, either via a greenfield $H_2$ network, or by `retrofitting natural gas pipelines `_). Retrofitting is implemented in such a way that for every unit of decommissioned gas pipeline, a share (60% is used in the study by `Neumann et al. `_) of its nominal capacity (exogenously determined in the `config file `_.) is available for hydrogen transport. When the gas network is not resolved, this input denotes the potential for gas pipelines repurposed into hydrogen pipelines. +Hydrogen is transported by pipelines. :math:`H_2` pipelines are endogenously generated, either via a greenfield :math:`H_2` network, or by `retrofitting natural gas pipelines `_). Retrofitting is implemented in such a way that for every unit of decommissioned gas pipeline, a share (60% is used in the study by `Neumann et al. `_) of its nominal capacity (exogenously determined in the `config file `_.) is available for hydrogen transport. When the gas network is not resolved, this input denotes the potential for gas pipelines repurposed into hydrogen pipelines. New pipelines can be built additionally on all routes where there currently is a gas or electricity network connection. These new pipelines will be built where no sufficient retrofitting options are available. The capacities of new and repurposed pipelines are a result of the optimisation. **Storage** @@ -268,11 +251,11 @@ Methane supply In addition to methane from fossil origins, the model also considers biogenic and synthetic sources. `The gas network can either be modelled, or it can be assumed that gas transport is not limited `_. If gas infrastructure is regionally resolved, fossil gas can enter the system only at existing and planned LNG terminals, pipeline entry-points, and intra- European gas extraction sites, which are retrieved from the SciGRID Gas IGGIELGN dataset and the GEM Wiki. Biogas can be upgraded to methane. -Synthetic methane can be produced by processing hydrogen and captures $CO_2$ in the Sabatier reaction +Synthetic methane can be produced by processing hydrogen and captures :math:`CO_2` in the Sabatier reaction + +.. math:: + CO_2 + 4H_2 \xrightarrow{} CH_4 + 2H_2O -$$ -CO_2 + 4H_2 → CH_4 + 2H_2O -$$ Direct power-to-methane conversion with efficient heat integration developed in the HELMETH project is also an option. The share of synthetic, biogenic and fossil methane is an optimisation result depending on the techno-economic assumptions. @@ -337,17 +320,17 @@ The model can only use biogas by first upgrading it to natural gas quality [see Oil-based products demand ======================== Naphtha is used as a feedstock in the chemicals industry (see :ref:`Chemicals Industry`). Furthermore, kerosene is used as transport fuel in the aviation sector (see :ref:`Aviation`). Non-electrified agriculture machinery also consumes gasoline. -Land transport [(see :ref:`Land transport`) that is not electrified or converted into using $H_2$-fuel cells also consumes oil-based products. While there is regional distribution of demand, the carrier is copperplated in the model, which means that transport costs and constraints are neglected. +Land transport [(see :ref:`Land transport`) that is not electrified or converted into using :math:`H_2`-fuel cells also consumes oil-based products. While there is regional distribution of demand, the carrier is copperplated in the model, which means that transport costs and constraints are neglected. .. _Oil-based products supply: Oil-based products supply ======================== -Oil-based products can be either of fossil origin or synthetically produced by combining $H_2$ (see :ref:`Hydrogen supply`) and captured $CO_2$ (see :ref:`Carbon dioxide capture, usage and sequestration (CCU/S)`) in Fischer-Tropsch plants +Oil-based products can be either of fossil origin or synthetically produced by combining :math:`H_2` (see :ref:`Hydrogen supply`) and captured :math:`CO_2` (see :ref:`Carbon dioxide capture, usage and sequestration (CCU/S)`) in Fischer-Tropsch plants + +.. math:: + 𝑛CO+(2𝑛+1)H_2 → C_{n}H_{2n + 2} +𝑛H_2O -$$ -𝑛CO+(2𝑛+1)H_2 → C_{n}H_{2n + 2} +𝑛H_2O -$$ with costs as included from the `technology-data repository `_. The waste heat from the Fischer-Tropsch process is supplied to `district heating networks `_. The share of fossil and synthetic oil is an optimisation result depending on the techno-economic assumptions. @@ -370,7 +353,7 @@ The Subsection overview below provides a general description of the modelling ap **Overview** -Greenhouse gas emissions associated with industry can be classified into energy-related and process-related emissions. Today, fossil fuels are used for process heat energy in the chemicals industry, but also as a non-energy feedstock for chemicals like ammonia ( $NH_3$), ethylene ( $C_2H_4$) and methanol ( $CH_3OH$). Energy-related emissions can be curbed by using low-emission energy sources. The only option to reduce process-related emissions is by using an alternative manufacturing process or by assuming a certain rate of recycling so that a lower amount of virgin material is needed. +Greenhouse gas emissions associated with industry can be classified into energy-related and process-related emissions. Today, fossil fuels are used for process heat energy in the chemicals industry, but also as a non-energy feedstock for chemicals like ammonia ( :math:`NH_3`), ethylene ( :math:`C_2H_4`) and methanol ( :math:`CH_3OH`). Energy-related emissions can be curbed by using low-emission energy sources. The only option to reduce process-related emissions is by using an alternative manufacturing process or by assuming a certain rate of recycling so that a lower amount of virgin material is needed. The overarching modelling procedure can be described as follows. First, the energy demands and process emissions for every unit of material output are estimated based on data from the `JRC-IDEES database `_ and the fuel and process switching described in the subsequent sections. Second, the 2050 energy demands and process emissions are calculated using the per-unit-of-material ratios based on the industry transformations and the `country-level material production in 2015 `_, assuming constant material demand. @@ -411,41 +394,41 @@ Two alternative routes are used today to manufacture steel in Europe. The primar The primary route uses blast furnaces in which coke is used to reduce iron ore into molten iron, which is then converted into steel: -$$ -CO_2 + C→ 2 CO -$$ +.. math:: +CO_2 + C \xrightarrow{} 2 CO -$$ -3 Fe_2O_3 + CO → 2 Fe_3O_4 + CO -$$ -$$ -Fe_3O_4 + CO → 3 FeO + CO_2 -$$ +.. math:: +3 Fe_2O_3 + CO \xrightarrow{} 2 Fe_3O_4 + CO + + +.. math:: +Fe_3O_4 + CO \xrightarrow{} 3 FeO + CO_2 + + +.. math:: +FeO + CO \xrightarrow{} Fe + CO_2 -$$ -FeO + CO→ Fe + CO_2 -$$ -The primary route of steelmaking implies large process emissions of 0.22 t $_{CO_2}$ /t of steel, amounting to 7% of global greenhouse gas emissions `(Vogl et. al) `_. +The primary route of steelmaking implies large process emissions of 0.22 t :math:`_{CO_2}` /t of steel, amounting to 7% of global greenhouse gas emissions `(Vogl et. al) `_. -In the secondary route, electric arc furnaces are used to melt scrap metal. This limits the $CO_2$ emissions to the burning of graphite electrodes `(Friedrichsen et. al) `_, and reduces process emissions to 0.03 t $_{CO_2}$ /t of steel. +In the secondary route, electric arc furnaces are used to melt scrap metal. This limits the :math:`CO_2` emissions to the burning of graphite electrodes `(Friedrichsen et. al) `_, and reduces process emissions to 0.03 t :math:`_{CO_2}` /t of steel. We assume that the primary route can be replaced by a third route in 2050, using direct reduced iron (DRI) and subsequent processing in an EAF. -$$ -3 Fe_2O_3 + H_2→ 2 Fe_3O_4 + H_2O -$$ +.. math:: + 3 Fe_2O_3 + H_2 \xrightarrow{} 2 Fe_3O_4 + H_2O -$$ -Fe_3O_4 +H_2 →3FeO+H_2O -$$ -$$ -FeO + H_2 → Fe + H_2O -$$ +.. math:: + Fe_3O_4 +H_2 \xrightarrow{} 3FeO+H_2O -This circumvents the process emissions associated with the use of coke. For hydrogen- based DRI, we assume energy requirements of 1.7 MWh $_{H_2}$ /t steel `(Vogl et. al) `_ and 0.322 MWh $_{el}$ /t steel `(HYBRIT 2016) `_. + +.. math:: + FeO + H_2 \xrightarrow{} Fe + H_2O + + +This circumvents the process emissions associated with the use of coke. For hydrogen- based DRI, we assume energy requirements of 1.7 MWh :math:`_{H_2}` /t steel (Vogl et. al) `_ and 0.322 MWh :math:`_{el}`/t steel `(HYBRIT 2016) `_. The share of steel produced via the primary route is exogenously set in the `config file `_. The share of steel obtained via hydrogen-based DRI plus EAF is also set exogenously in the `config file `_. The remaining share is manufactured through the secondary route using scrap metal in EAF. Bioenergy as alternative to coke in blast furnaces is not considered in the model (`Mandova et.al `_, `Suopajärvi et.al `_). @@ -464,22 +447,22 @@ The basic chemicals consumption data from the `JRC IDEES `_ for every country. Ammonia can be made from hydrogen and nitrogen using the Haber-Bosch process. -$$ -N_2 + 3H_2 → 2NH_3 -$$ +.. math:: + N_2 + 3H_2 \xrightarrow{} 2NH_3 -The Haber-Bosch process is not explicitly represented in the model, such that demand for ammonia enters the model as a demand for hydrogen ( 6.5 MWh $_{H_2}$ / t $_{NH_3}$ ) and electricity ( 1.17 MWh $_{el}$ /t $_{NH_3}$ ) (see `Wang et. al `_). Today, natural gas dominates in Europe as the source for the hydrogen used in the Haber-Bosch process, but the model can choose among the various hydrogen supply options described in the hydrogen section (see :ref:`Hydrogen supply`) -The total production and specific energy consumption of chlorine and methanol is taken from a `DECHEMA report `_. According to this source, the production of chlorine amounts to 9.58 MtCl/a, which is assumed to require electricity at 3.6 MWh $_{el}$/t of chlorine and yield hydrogen at 0.937 MWh $_{H_2}$/t of chlorine in the chloralkali process. The production of methanol adds up to 1.5 MtMeOH/a, requiring electricity at 0.167 MWh $_{el}$/t of methanol and methane at 10.25 MWh $_{CH_4}$/t of methanol. +The Haber-Bosch process is not explicitly represented in the model, such that demand for ammonia enters the model as a demand for hydrogen ( 6.5 MWh :math:`_{H_2}` / t :math:`_{NH_3}` ) and electricity ( 1.17 MWh :math:`_{el}` /t :math:`_{NH_3}` ) (see `Wang et. al `_). Today, natural gas dominates in Europe as the source for the hydrogen used in the Haber-Bosch process, but the model can choose among the various hydrogen supply options described in the hydrogen section (see :ref:`Hydrogen supply`) + +The total production and specific energy consumption of chlorine and methanol is taken from a `DECHEMA report `_. According to this source, the production of chlorine amounts to 9.58 MtCl/a, which is assumed to require electricity at 3.6 MWh `:math:`_{el}`/t of chlorine and yield hydrogen at 0.937 MWh :math:`_{H_2}`/t of chlorine in the chloralkali process. The production of methanol adds up to 1.5 MtMeOH/a, requiring electricity at 0.167 MWh :math:`_{el}`/t of methanol and methane at 10.25 MWh :math:`_{CH_4}`/t of methanol. -The production of ammonia, methanol, and chlorine production is deducted from the JRC IDEES basic chemicals, leaving the production totals of high-value chemicals. For this, we assume that the liquid hydrocarbon feedstock comes from synthetic or fossil- origin naphtha (14 MWh $_{naphtha}$/t of HVC, similar to `Lechtenböhmer et al `_), ignoring the methanol-to-olefin route. Furthermore, we assume the following transformations of the energy-consuming processes in the production of plastics: the final energy consumption in steam processing is converted to methane since requires temperature above 500 °C (4.1 MWh $_{CH_4}$ /t of HVC, see `Rehfeldt et al. `_); and the remaining processes are electrified using the current efficiency of microwave for high-enthalpy heat processing, electric furnaces, electric process cooling and electric generic processes (2.85 MWh $_{el}$/t of HVC). +The production of ammonia, methanol, and chlorine production is deducted from the JRC IDEES basic chemicals, leaving the production totals of high-value chemicals. For this, we assume that the liquid hydrocarbon feedstock comes from synthetic or fossil- origin naphtha (14 MWh :math:`_{naphtha}`/t of HVC, similar to `Lechtenböhmer et al `_), ignoring the methanol-to-olefin route. Furthermore, we assume the following transformations of the energy-consuming processes in the production of plastics: the final energy consumption in steam processing is converted to methane since requires temperature above 500 °C (4.1 MWh :math:`_{CH_4}` /t of HVC, see `Rehfeldt et al. `_); and the remaining processes are electrified using the current efficiency of microwave for high-enthalpy heat processing, electric furnaces, electric process cooling and electric generic processes (2.85 MWh :math:`_{el}`/t of HVC). -The process emissions from feedstock in the chemical industry are as high as 0.369 t $_{CO_2}$/t of ethylene equivalent. We consider process emissions for all the material output, which is a conservative approach since it assumes that all plastic-embedded $CO_2$ will eventually be released into the atmosphere. However, plastic disposal in landfilling will avoid, or at least delay, associated $CO_2$ emissions. +The process emissions from feedstock in the chemical industry are as high as 0.369 t :math:`_{CO_2}`/t of ethylene equivalent. We consider process emissions for all the material output, which is a conservative approach since it assumes that all plastic-embedded :math:`CO_2` will eventually be released into the atmosphere. However, plastic disposal in landfilling will avoid, or at least delay, associated :math:`CO_2` emissions. Circular economy practices drastically reduce the amount of primary feedstock needed for the production of plastics in the model (see `Kullmann et al. `_, `Meys et al. (2021) `_, `Meys et al. (2020) `_, `Gu et al. `_) and consequently, also the energy demands and level of process emission. The percentage of plastics that are assumed to be mechanically recycled can be selected in the `config file `_, as well as -the percentage that is chemically recycled, see `config file `_ The energy consumption for those recycling processes are respectively 0.547 MWh $_{el}$/t of HVC (as indicated in the `config file `_) (`Meys et al. (2020) `_), and 6.9 MWh $_{el}$/t of HVC (as indicated in the config file ``_) based on pyrolysis and electric steam cracking (see `Materials Economics `_ report). +the percentage that is chemically recycled, see `config file `_ The energy consumption for those recycling processes are respectively 0.547 MWh :math:`_{el}`/t of HVC (as indicated in the `config file `_) (`Meys et al. (2020) `_), and 6.9 MWh :math:`_{el}`/t of HVC (as indicated in the config file ``_) based on pyrolysis and electric steam cracking (see `Materials Economics `_ report). **Non-metallic Mineral Products** @@ -488,14 +471,14 @@ This subsector includes the manufacturing of cement, ceramics, and glass. *Cement* -Cement is used in construction to make concrete. The production of cement involves high energy consumption and large process emissions. The calcination of limestone to chemically reactive calcium oxide, also known as lime, involves process emissions of 0.54 t $_{CO_2}$ /t cement (see `Akhtar et al. `_. +Cement is used in construction to make concrete. The production of cement involves high energy consumption and large process emissions. The calcination of limestone to chemically reactive calcium oxide, also known as lime, involves process emissions of 0.54 t :math:`_{CO_2}` /t cement (see `Akhtar et al. `_. -$$ -CaCO_3 → CaO + CO_2 -$$ +.. math:: + CaCO_3 \xrightarrow{} CaO + CO_2 -Additionally, $CO_2$ is emitted from the combustion of fossil fuels to provide process heat. Thereby, cement constitutes the biggest source of industry process emissions in Europe. + +Additionally, :math:`CO_2` is emitted from the combustion of fossil fuels to provide process heat. Thereby, cement constitutes the biggest source of industry process emissions in Europe. Cement process emissions can be captured assuming a capture rate of 90%. Whether emissions are captured is decided by the model taking into account the capital costs of carbon capture modules. The electricity and heat demand of process emission carbon capture is currently ignored. For net-zero emission scenarios, the remaining process emissions need to be compensated by negative emissions. @@ -504,11 +487,11 @@ With the exception of electricity demand and biomass demand for low-temperature *Ceramics* -The ceramics sector is assumed to be fully electrified based on the current efficiency of already electrified processes which include microwave drying and sintering of raw materials, electric kilns for primary production processes, electric furnaces for the `product finishing `_. In total, the final electricity consumption is 0.44 MWh/t of ceramic. The manufacturing of ceramics includes process emissions of 0.03 t $_{CO_2} $/t of ceramic. For a detailed overview of the ceramics industry sector see `Furszyfer Del Rio et al `_. +The ceramics sector is assumed to be fully electrified based on the current efficiency of already electrified processes which include microwave drying and sintering of raw materials, electric kilns for primary production processes, electric furnaces for the `product finishing `_. In total, the final electricity consumption is 0.44 MWh/t of ceramic. The manufacturing of ceramics includes process emissions of 0.03 t :math:`_{CO_2} `/t of ceramic. For a detailed overview of the ceramics industry sector see `Furszyfer Del Rio et al `_. *Glass* -The production of glass is assumed to be fully electrified based on the current efficiency of electric melting tanks and electric annealing which adds up to an electricity demand of 2.07 MWh $_{el}l/t of `glass `_. The manufacturing of glass incurs process emissions of 0.1 t $_{CO_2} $/t of glass. Potential efficiency improvements, which according to `Lechtenböhmer et al `_ could reduce energy demands to 0.85 MW $_{el}$/t of glass, have not been considered. For a detailed overview of the glass industry sector see `Furszyfer Del Rio et al `_. +The production of glass is assumed to be fully electrified based on the current efficiency of electric melting tanks and electric annealing which adds up to an electricity demand of 2.07 MWh :math:`_{el}l/t` of `glass `_. The manufacturing of glass incurs process emissions of 0.1 t :math:`_{CO_2} `/t of glass. Potential efficiency improvements, which according to `Lechtenböhmer et al `_ could reduce energy demands to 0.85 MW :math:`_{el}`/t of glass, have not been considered. For a detailed overview of the glass industry sector see `Furszyfer Del Rio et al `_. **Non-ferrous Metals** @@ -519,15 +502,15 @@ The manufacturing of aluminium accounts for more than half of the final energy c The primary route involves two energy-intensive processes: the production of alumina from bauxite (aluminium ore) and the electrolysis to transform alumina into aluminium via the Hall-Héroult process -$$ -2Al_2O_3 +3C → 4Al+3CO_2 -$$ +.. math:: + 2Al_2O_3 +3C \xrightarrow{} 4Al+3CO_2 -The primary route requires high-enthalpy heat (2.3 MWh/t) to produce alumina which is supplied by methane and causes process emissions of 1.5 t $_{CO_2}$/t aluminium. According to `Friedrichsen et al. `_, inert anodes might become commercially available by 2030 that would eliminate the process emissions, but they are not included in the model. Assuming all subprocesses are electrified, the primary route requires 15.4 MWh $_{el}$/t of aluminium. + +The primary route requires high-enthalpy heat (2.3 MWh/t) to produce alumina which is supplied by methane and causes process emissions of 1.5 t :math:`_{CO_2}`/t aluminium. According to `Friedrichsen et al. `_, inert anodes might become commercially available by 2030 that would eliminate the process emissions, but they are not included in the model. Assuming all subprocesses are electrified, the primary route requires 15.4 MWh :math:`_{el}`/t of aluminium. In the secondary route, scrap aluminium is remelted. The energy demand for this process is only 10% of the primary route and there are no associated process emissions. Assuming all subprocesses are electrified, the secondary route requires 1.7 MWh/t of aluminium. The share of aliminum manufactured by the primary and secondary route can be selected in the `config file `_] -For the other non-ferrous metals, we assume the electrification of the entire manufacturing process with an average electricity demand of 3.2 MWh $_{el}$/t lead equivalent. +For the other non-ferrous metals, we assume the electrification of the entire manufacturing process with an average electricity demand of 3.2 MWh :math:`_{el}`/t lead equivalent. **Other Industry Subsectors** @@ -618,20 +601,20 @@ For the following point source emissions, carbon capture is applicable: Point source emissions are captured assuming a capture rate, e.g. 90%, which can be specified in the `config file `_. The electricity and heat demand of process emission carbon capture is currently ignored. -DAC (if `included `_) includes the adsorption phase where electricity and heat consumptionsare required to assist the adsorption process and regenerate the adsorbent. It also includes the drying and compression of $CO_2$ prior to storage which consumes electricity and rejects heat. +DAC (if `included `_) includes the adsorption phase where electricity and heat consumptionsare required to assist the adsorption process and regenerate the adsorbent. It also includes the drying and compression of :math:`CO_2` prior to storage which consumes electricity and rejects heat. *Carbon dioxide usage* -Captured $CO_2$ can be used to produce synthetic methane and synthetic oil products (e.g. -naphtha). If captured carbon is used, the $CO_2$ emissions of the synthetic fuels are net-neutral. +Captured :math:`CO_2` can be used to produce synthetic methane and synthetic oil products (e.g. +naphtha). If captured carbon is used, the :math:`CO_2` emissions of the synthetic fuels are net-neutral. *Carbon dioxide sequestration* -Captured $CO_2$ can also be sequestered underground up to an annual sequestration limit of 200 Mt $_{CO_2}$/a. This limit can be chosen in the `config file `_. As stored carbon dioxide is modelled as a single node for Europe, $CO_2$ transport constraints are neglected. Since $CO_2$ sequestration is an immature technology, the cost assumption is defined in the `config file `_. +Captured :math:`CO_2` can also be sequestered underground up to an annual sequestration limit of 200 Mt :math:`_{CO_2}`/a. This limit can be chosen in the `config file `_. As stored carbon dioxide is modelled as a single node for Europe, :math:`CO_2` transport constraints are neglected. Since :math:`CO_2` sequestration is an immature technology, the cost assumption is defined in the `config file `_. *Carbon dioxide transport* -Carbon dioxide can be modelled as a single node for Europe (in this case, $CO_2$ transport constraints are neglected). A network for modelling the transport of $CO_2$ among the different nodes can also be created if selected in the `config file `_. +Carbon dioxide can be modelled as a single node for Europe (in this case, :math:`CO_2` transport constraints are neglected). A network for modelling the transport of :math:`CO_2` among the different nodes can also be created if selected in the `config file `_. From 436c7cd086f4961a174cb24fe23bf3a1779cdbe4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: martavp <30744159+martavp@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 27 Nov 2022 12:58:51 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 32/51] Update doc/supply_demand.rst Co-authored-by: energyLS <89515385+energyLS@users.noreply.github.com> --- doc/supply_demand.rst | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/doc/supply_demand.rst b/doc/supply_demand.rst index a341eef5..a31bd49e 100644 --- a/doc/supply_demand.rst +++ b/doc/supply_demand.rst @@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ Hot water demand is assumed to be constant throughout the year. *Urban and rural heating* -For every country, heat demand is split between low and high population density areas. These country-level totals are then distributed to each region in proportion to their rural and urban populations respectively. Urban areas with dense heat demand can be supplied with large-scale district heating systems. The percent of urban heat demand that can be supplied by district heating networks as well as lump-sum losses in district heating systems is exogenously determined in the `config file `_. +For every country, heat demand is split between low and high population density areas. These country-level totals are then distributed to each region in proportion to their rural and urban populations respectively. Urban areas with dense heat demand can be supplied with large-scale district heating systems. The percentage of urban heat demand that can be supplied by district heating networks as well as lump-sum losses in district heating systems is exogenously determined in the `config file `_. *Cooling demand* From d0237356d4c5d349b0ff94a5fff0e004b1e8bc9d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: martavp <30744159+martavp@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 27 Nov 2022 12:59:14 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 33/51] Update doc/supply_demand.rst Co-authored-by: energyLS <89515385+energyLS@users.noreply.github.com> --- doc/supply_demand.rst | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/doc/supply_demand.rst b/doc/supply_demand.rst index a31bd49e..28b00bac 100644 --- a/doc/supply_demand.rst +++ b/doc/supply_demand.rst @@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ Different supply options are available depending on whether demand is met centra **Urban central heat** -For large-scale district heating systems the following options are available: combined heat and power (CHP) plants consuming gas or biomass from waste and residues with and without carbon capture (CC), large-scale air-sourced heat pumps, gas and oil boilers, resistive heaters, and fuel cell CHPs. Additionally, waste heat from the `Fischer-Tropsch `_ and `Sabatier `_ processes for the production of synthetic hydrocarbons can supply district heating systems. For more detailed explanation of these processes, see :ref:`Oil-based products supply` and :ref:`Methane supply` +For large-scale district heating systems the following options are available: combined heat and power (CHP) plants consuming gas or biomass from waste and residues with and without carbon capture (CC), large-scale air-sourced heat pumps, gas and oil boilers, resistive heaters, and fuel cell CHPs. Additionally, waste heat from the `Fischer-Tropsch `_ and `Sabatier `_ processes for the production of synthetic hydrocarbons can supply district heating systems. For more detailed explanation of these processes, see :ref:`Oil-based products supply` and :ref:`Methane supply`. **Residential and Urban decentral heat** From 28f4fa1b56ee07871853598aa508b0264ffbcf48 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: martavp <30744159+martavp@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 27 Nov 2022 12:59:29 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 34/51] Update doc/supply_demand.rst Co-authored-by: energyLS <89515385+energyLS@users.noreply.github.com> --- doc/supply_demand.rst | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/doc/supply_demand.rst b/doc/supply_demand.rst index 28b00bac..6cf1512f 100644 --- a/doc/supply_demand.rst +++ b/doc/supply_demand.rst @@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ NB: The old PyPSA-Eur-Sec-30 model assumed an extraction plant (like the DEA coa **Micro-CHP** -Pypsa-eur-sec allows individual buildings to make use of `micro gas CHPs `_ that are assumed to be installed at the distribution grid level. +PyPSA-Eur-Sec allows individual buildings to make use of `micro gas CHPs `_ that are assumed to be installed at the distribution grid level. **Heat pumps** From f3ef8011f42d7cba64fee5e4db81cffe567a68d4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: martavp <30744159+martavp@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 27 Nov 2022 12:59:58 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 35/51] Update doc/supply_demand.rst Co-authored-by: energyLS <89515385+energyLS@users.noreply.github.com> --- doc/supply_demand.rst | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/doc/supply_demand.rst b/doc/supply_demand.rst index 6cf1512f..e2597d1e 100644 --- a/doc/supply_demand.rst +++ b/doc/supply_demand.rst @@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ The coefficient of performance (COP) of air- and ground-sourced heat pumps depen .. math:: \Delta T = T_{sink} − T_{source} -For the sink water temperature Tsink we assume 55 °C [`Config `_ file] For the time- and location-dependent source temperatures Tsource, we rely on the `ERA5 `_ reanalysis weather data. The temperature differences are converted into COP time series using results from a regression analysis performed in the study by `Stafell et al. `_. For air-sourced heat pumps (ASHP), we use the function: +For the sink water temperature Tsink we assume 55 °C [`Config `_ file]. For the time- and location-dependent source temperatures Tsource, we rely on the `ERA5 `_ reanalysis weather data. The temperature differences are converted into COP time series using results from a regression analysis performed in the study by `Stafell et al. `_. For air-sourced heat pumps (ASHP), we use the function: .. math:: COP (\Delta T) = 6.81 + 0.121\Delta T + 0.000630\Delta T^2 From f76562d53a43adbc0fac06e383cd3f27b4cbcc05 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: martavp <30744159+martavp@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 27 Nov 2022 13:00:20 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 36/51] Update doc/supply_demand.rst Co-authored-by: energyLS <89515385+energyLS@users.noreply.github.com> --- doc/supply_demand.rst | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/doc/supply_demand.rst b/doc/supply_demand.rst index e2597d1e..916f0c17 100644 --- a/doc/supply_demand.rst +++ b/doc/supply_demand.rst @@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ Solar thermal profiles are built based on weather data and also have the `option **Waste heat from Fuel Cells, Methanation and Fischer-Tropsch plants** -Waste heat from `fuel cells `_ in addition to processes like `Fischer-Tropsch `_ , methanation, and Direct Air Capture (DAC) is dumped into district heating networks. +Waste heat from `fuel cells `_ in addition to processes like `Fischer-Tropsch `_, methanation, and Direct Air Capture (DAC) is dumped into district heating networks. **Existing heating capacities and decommissioning** From 3ef935c2625fe3668d1e563f9cf8932a219f7985 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: martavp <30744159+martavp@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 27 Nov 2022 13:00:55 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 37/51] Update doc/supply_demand.rst Co-authored-by: energyLS <89515385+energyLS@users.noreply.github.com> --- doc/supply_demand.rst | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/doc/supply_demand.rst b/doc/supply_demand.rst index 916f0c17..2760bd22 100644 --- a/doc/supply_demand.rst +++ b/doc/supply_demand.rst @@ -543,7 +543,7 @@ For the electrified land transport, country-specific factors are computed by com For BEVs the user can define the `storage energy capacity `_, `charging power capacity `_, and `charging efficiency `_. -For BEV, smart charging is an option. A `certain share `_ of the BEV fleet can shift their charging time. The BEV state of charge is forced to be higher than a `set percentage `_, e.g. 75%, every day at a `specified hour `_, e.g., 7 am, to ensure that the batteries are sufficiently charged for peak usage in the morning and they not behave as seasonal storage. They also have the option to participate in vehicle-to-grid (V2G) services to facilitate system operation if that `is enabled `_ +For BEV, smart charging is an option. A `certain share `_ of the BEV fleet can shift their charging time. The BEV state of charge is forced to be higher than a `set percentage `_, e.g. 75%, every day at a `specified hour `_, e.g., 7 am, to ensure that the batteries are sufficiently charged for peak usage in the morning and they not behave as seasonal storage. They also have the option to participate in vehicle-to-grid (V2G) services to facilitate system operation if that `is enabled `_. The battery cost of BEV is not included in the model since it is assumed that BEV owners buy them to primarily satisfy their mobility needs. From c4868cdf1906c937b6e4e3c4f9a902067670896f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: martavp <30744159+martavp@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 27 Nov 2022 13:01:16 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 38/51] Update doc/supply_demand.rst Co-authored-by: energyLS <89515385+energyLS@users.noreply.github.com> --- doc/supply_demand.rst | 1 - 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/doc/supply_demand.rst b/doc/supply_demand.rst index 2760bd22..b970c35b 100644 --- a/doc/supply_demand.rst +++ b/doc/supply_demand.rst @@ -516,7 +516,6 @@ For the other non-ferrous metals, we assume the electrification of the entire ma The remaining industry subsectors include (a) pulp, paper, printing, (b) food, beverages, tobacco, (c) textiles and leather, (d) machinery equipment, (e) transport equipment, (f) wood and wood products, (g) others. Low- and mid-temperature process heat in these industries is assumed to be `supplied by biomass `_ while the remaining processes are electrified. None of the subsectors involve process emissions. -Energy demands for the agriculture, forestry and fishing sector per country are taken from the `JRC IDEES database `_. Missing countries are filled with `eurostat data `_. Agricultural energy demands are split into electricity (lighting, ventilation, specific electricity uses, electric pumping devices), heat (specific heat uses, low enthalpy heat) machinery oil (motor drives, farming machine drives, diesel-fueled pumping devices). Heat demand is for this sector is classified as services rural heat. Time series for demands are assumed to be constant and distributed inside countries in proportion to population. Agriculture demand ========================= From f3e36e9b9acbfd86627fe343ae4c6b90c4d23df2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: martavp <30744159+martavp@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 27 Nov 2022 13:01:26 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 39/51] Update doc/supply_demand.rst Co-authored-by: energyLS <89515385+energyLS@users.noreply.github.com> --- doc/supply_demand.rst | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/doc/supply_demand.rst b/doc/supply_demand.rst index b970c35b..95bcbbe6 100644 --- a/doc/supply_demand.rst +++ b/doc/supply_demand.rst @@ -568,7 +568,7 @@ The `demand for aviation `_. +Shipping energy demand is covered by a combination of oil and hydrogen. Other fuel options, like methanol or ammonia, are currently not included in PyPSA-Eur-Sec. The share of shipping that is assumed to be supplied by hydrogen can be selected in the `config file `_. To estimate the `hydrogen demand `_, the average fuel efficiency of the fleet is used in combination with the efficiency of the fuel cell defined in the technology-data repository. The average fuel efficiency is set in the `config file `_. From bf74b17884c01dbd0124c2bf9d529c3672801e6b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: martavp <30744159+martavp@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 27 Nov 2022 13:45:13 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 40/51] Update doc/myopic.rst Co-authored-by: energyLS <89515385+energyLS@users.noreply.github.com> --- doc/myopic.rst | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/doc/myopic.rst b/doc/myopic.rst index 0fe72388..7ee20792 100644 --- a/doc/myopic.rst +++ b/doc/myopic.rst @@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ $e(t) = e_0 (1+ (r+m)t) e^(-mt)$ where r is the initial linear growth rate, which here is assumed to be r=0, and the decay parameter m is determined by imposing the integral of the path to be equal to the budget for Europe. Following this approach, the CO_2 budget is defined. Following the same approach as in this paper, add the following to the ``scenario.sector_opts`` E.g. ``-cb25.7ex0`` (1.5C increase) -Or ``cb73.9ex0`` (2C increase) +Or ``cb73.9ex0`` (2C increase). See details in Supplemental Note S1 `Speed of technological transformations required in Europe to achieve different climate goals (2022) `__ From 79fe300a6a1ee69c1c5487218ec637b0ebc9b9f8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: martavp <30744159+martavp@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 27 Nov 2022 13:45:48 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 41/51] Update doc/myopic.rst Co-authored-by: energyLS <89515385+energyLS@users.noreply.github.com> --- doc/myopic.rst | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/doc/myopic.rst b/doc/myopic.rst index 7ee20792..7a6a27d1 100644 --- a/doc/myopic.rst +++ b/doc/myopic.rst @@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ $e(t) = e_0 (1+ (r+m)t) e^(-mt)$ where r is the initial linear growth rate, which here is assumed to be r=0, and the decay parameter m is determined by imposing the integral of the path to be equal to the budget for Europe. Following this approach, the CO_2 budget is defined. Following the same approach as in this paper, add the following to the ``scenario.sector_opts`` E.g. ``-cb25.7ex0`` (1.5C increase) Or ``cb73.9ex0`` (2C increase). -See details in Supplemental Note S1 `Speed of technological transformations required in Europe to achieve different climate goals (2022) `__ +See details in Supplemental Note S1 `Speed of technological transformations required in Europe to achieve different climate goals (2022) `__. General myopic code structure From d5da1e32e1dda2f974eed44e71175806ac1d5c1c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: martavp <30744159+martavp@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 27 Nov 2022 13:46:31 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 42/51] Update doc/myopic.rst Co-authored-by: energyLS <89515385+energyLS@users.noreply.github.com> --- doc/myopic.rst | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/doc/myopic.rst b/doc/myopic.rst index 7a6a27d1..08ff1e16 100644 --- a/doc/myopic.rst +++ b/doc/myopic.rst @@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ Rule overview Existing wind and solar capacities are retrieved from `IRENA annual statistics `__ and distributed among the nodes in a country proportional to capacity factor. (This will be updated to include capacity distributions closer to reality.) Existing heating capacities are retrieved from the report `Mapping and analyses of the current and future (2020 - 2030) heating/cooling fuel deployment (fossil/renewables) - `__ + `__. The heating capacities are assumed to have a lifetime indicated by the parameter lifetime in the configuration file, e.g 25 years. They are assumed to be decommissioned linearly starting on the base year, e.g., from 2020 to 2045. From dc937d6533013de901888d4bc830139fbfaae968 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: martavp <30744159+martavp@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 27 Nov 2022 13:47:30 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 43/51] Update doc/supply_demand.rst Co-authored-by: energyLS <89515385+energyLS@users.noreply.github.com> --- doc/supply_demand.rst | 1 - 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/doc/supply_demand.rst b/doc/supply_demand.rst index 95bcbbe6..61d35ae2 100644 --- a/doc/supply_demand.rst +++ b/doc/supply_demand.rst @@ -359,7 +359,6 @@ The overarching modelling procedure can be described as follows. First, the ener Missing or too coarsely aggregated data in the JRC-IDEES database is supplemented with additional datasets: `Eurostat energy balances `_, `United States `_, `Geological Survey `_ for ammonia production, `DECHEMA `_ for methanol and chlorine, and `national statistics from Switzerland `_. -a Where there are fossil and electrified alternatives for the same process (e.g. in glass manufacture or drying), we assume that the process is completely electrified. Current electricity demands (lighting, air compressors, motor drives, fans, pumps) will remain electric. Processes that require temperatures below 500 °C are supplied with solid biomass, since we assume that residues and wastes are not suitable for high-temperature applications. We see solid biomass use primarily in the pulp and paper industry, where it is already widespread, and in food, beverages and tobacco, where it replaces natural gas. Industries which require high temperatures (above 500 °C), such as metals, chemicals and non-metallic minerals are either electrified where suitable processes already exist, or the heat is provided with synthetic methane. From 95273ea1eda3ccd4c930cd02565d410b9500353f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: martavp <30744159+martavp@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 27 Nov 2022 13:48:55 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 44/51] Update doc/spatial_resolution.rst Co-authored-by: energyLS <89515385+energyLS@users.noreply.github.com> --- doc/spatial_resolution.rst | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/doc/spatial_resolution.rst b/doc/spatial_resolution.rst index 8e3239da..b065933f 100644 --- a/doc/spatial_resolution.rst +++ b/doc/spatial_resolution.rst @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Spatial resolution ########################################## -The default nodal resolution of the model follows the electricity generation and transmission model `PyPSA-Eur `_ , which clusters down the electricity transmission substations in each European country based on the k-means algorithm (See `cluster_network `_ for a complete explanation). This gives nodes which correspond to major load and generation centres (typically cities). +The default nodal resolution of the model follows the electricity generation and transmission model `PyPSA-Eur `_, which clusters down the electricity transmission substations in each European country based on the k-means algorithm (See `cluster_network `_ for a complete explanation). This gives nodes which correspond to major load and generation centres (typically cities). Exemplary unsolved network clustered to 512 nodes: From 97a9365a22277987b559166310781d99b7a302dc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: martavp <30744159+martavp@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 27 Nov 2022 13:49:08 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 45/51] Update doc/supply_demand.rst Co-authored-by: energyLS <89515385+energyLS@users.noreply.github.com> --- doc/supply_demand.rst | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/doc/supply_demand.rst b/doc/supply_demand.rst index 61d35ae2..cbee6947 100644 --- a/doc/supply_demand.rst +++ b/doc/supply_demand.rst @@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ Solid biomass can be used directly to provide process heat up to 500˚C in the i Solid biomass can be converted to syngas if the option is enabled in the `config file `_. In this case the model will enable the technology BioSNG both with and without the option for carbon capture (see `Technology-data repository `_ ). -Liquefaction of solid biomass `can be enabled `_ allowing the model to convert it into liquid hydrocarbons that can replace conventional oil products. This technology also comes with and without carbon capture (see `Technology-data repository `_ ). +Liquefaction of solid biomass `can be enabled `_ allowing the model to convert it into liquid hydrocarbons that can replace conventional oil products. This technology also comes with and without carbon capture (see `Technology-data repository `_). *Transport of solid biomass* From e002804d26d9ec5fa6f3339952ce53cde4f43db8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: martavp <30744159+martavp@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 27 Nov 2022 13:49:30 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 46/51] Update doc/spatial_resolution.rst Co-authored-by: energyLS <89515385+energyLS@users.noreply.github.com> --- doc/spatial_resolution.rst | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/doc/spatial_resolution.rst b/doc/spatial_resolution.rst index b065933f..80f39200 100644 --- a/doc/spatial_resolution.rst +++ b/doc/spatial_resolution.rst @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Exemplary unsolved network clustered to 37 nodes: .. image:: ../graphics/elec_s_37.png -The total number of nodes for Europe is set in the config.yaml file under `clusters `_. The number of nodes can vary between 37, the number of independent countries/ synchronous areas, and several hundred. With 200-300 nodes, the model needs 100-150 GB RAM to solve with a commercial solver like Gurobi. +The total number of nodes for Europe is set in the config.yaml file under `clusters `_. The number of nodes can vary between 37, the number of independent countries/synchronous areas, and several hundred. With 200-300 nodes, the model needs 100-150 GB RAM to solve with a commercial solver like Gurobi. Not all of the sectors are at the full nodal resolution, and some demand for some sectors is distributed to nodes using heuristics that need to be corrected. Some networks are copper-plated to reduce computational times. Here are some examples of how spatial resolution is set for different sectors in PyPSA-Eur-Sec: From dac1eb17928e7d049c8b68d1d6dcd2df7e6e733c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: martavp <30744159+martavp@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 27 Nov 2022 13:49:43 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 47/51] Update doc/spatial_resolution.rst Co-authored-by: energyLS <89515385+energyLS@users.noreply.github.com> --- doc/spatial_resolution.rst | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/doc/spatial_resolution.rst b/doc/spatial_resolution.rst index 80f39200..855d6268 100644 --- a/doc/spatial_resolution.rst +++ b/doc/spatial_resolution.rst @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Not all of the sectors are at the full nodal resolution, and some demand for som Here are some examples of how spatial resolution is set for different sectors in PyPSA-Eur-Sec: -• Electricity network: Modeled as nodal +• Electricity network: Modeled as nodal. • Electricity residential and commercial demand: Modeled as nodal, distributed in each country based on population and GDP. From 55025e12344df0bf8b5dbeeb37085a8c0b2e16b2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: martavp <30744159+martavp@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 27 Nov 2022 13:49:55 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 48/51] Update doc/spatial_resolution.rst Co-authored-by: energyLS <89515385+energyLS@users.noreply.github.com> --- doc/spatial_resolution.rst | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/doc/spatial_resolution.rst b/doc/spatial_resolution.rst index 855d6268..fa87ae99 100644 --- a/doc/spatial_resolution.rst +++ b/doc/spatial_resolution.rst @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ Here are some examples of how spatial resolution is set for different sectors in • Electricity demand in industry: Modeled as nodal, based on the location of industrial facilities from HotMaps database. • Industry demand (heat, chemicals, etc.) : Modeled as nodal, distributed in each country based on locations of industry from HotMaps database. -• Hydrogen network: Modeled as nodal (if activated in the `Config `_ file). +• Hydrogen network: Modeled as nodal (if activated in the `config `_ file). • Methane network: It can be modeled as a single node for Europe or it can be nodally resolved if activated in the `config `_. One node can be considered reasonable since future demand is expected to be low and no bottlenecks are expected. Also, the nodally resolved methane grid is based on SciGRID_gas data. From cfff99054aa988ea1cd66e8f12dc1b9bebdf20ed Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: martavp <30744159+martavp@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 27 Nov 2022 14:00:06 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 49/51] Update doc/supply_demand.rst Co-authored-by: energyLS <89515385+energyLS@users.noreply.github.com> --- doc/supply_demand.rst | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/doc/supply_demand.rst b/doc/supply_demand.rst index cbee6947..74ef9e71 100644 --- a/doc/supply_demand.rst +++ b/doc/supply_demand.rst @@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ A `typical use case for biomass `_ would be th Solid biomass can be used directly to provide process heat up to 500˚C in the industry. It can also be burned in CHP plants and boilers associated with heating systems. These technologies are described elsewhere (see :ref:`Large-scale CHP` and :ref:`Industry demand`). -Solid biomass can be converted to syngas if the option is enabled in the `config file `_. In this case the model will enable the technology BioSNG both with and without the option for carbon capture (see `Technology-data repository `_ ). +Solid biomass can be converted to syngas if the option is enabled in the `config file `_. In this case the model will enable the technology BioSNG both with and without the option for carbon capture (see `Technology-data repository `_). Liquefaction of solid biomass `can be enabled `_ allowing the model to convert it into liquid hydrocarbons that can replace conventional oil products. This technology also comes with and without carbon capture (see `Technology-data repository `_). From 7f1a0f7c9a04a5d1078688bb81b06f221c7f458c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Fabian Neumann Date: Sun, 27 Nov 2022 18:20:15 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 50/51] Update doc/supply_demand.rst Co-authored-by: energyLS <89515385+energyLS@users.noreply.github.com> --- doc/supply_demand.rst | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/doc/supply_demand.rst b/doc/supply_demand.rst index 74ef9e71..c1641199 100644 --- a/doc/supply_demand.rst +++ b/doc/supply_demand.rst @@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ Biomass demand Biomass supply potentials for every NUTS2 region are taken from the `JRC ENSPRESO database `_ where data is available for various years (2010, 2020, 2030, 2040 and 2050) and different availability scenarios (low, medium, high). No biomass import from outside Europe is assumed. More information on the data set can be found `here `_. The data for NUTS2 regions is mapped to PyPSA-Eur-Sec model regions in proportion to the area overlap. -The desired scenario can be selected in the pypsa-eur-sec `configuration `_. The script for building the biomass potentials from the JRC ENSPRESO data base is located `here `_. Consult the script to see the keywords that specify the scenario options. +The desired scenario can be selected in the PyPSA-Eur-Sec `configuration `_. The script for building the biomass potentials from the JRC ENSPRESO data base is located `here `_. Consult the script to see the keywords that specify the scenario options. The `configuration `_ also allows the user to define how the various types of biomass are used in the model by using the following categories: biogas, solid biomass, and not included. Feedstocks categorized as biogas, typically manure and sludge waste, are available to the model as biogas, which can be upgraded to biomethane. Feedstocks categorized as solid biomass, e.g. secondary forest residues or municipal waste, are available for combustion in combined-heat-and power (CHP) plants and for medium temperature heat (below 500 °C) applications in industry. It can also converted to gas or liquid fuels. From f295064df2ed05de2c80b681399ecf5f00ce23d7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Fabian Neumann Date: Sun, 27 Nov 2022 18:21:17 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 51/51] Update doc/supply_demand.rst Co-authored-by: energyLS <89515385+energyLS@users.noreply.github.com> --- doc/supply_demand.rst | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/doc/supply_demand.rst b/doc/supply_demand.rst index c1641199..cf687cb4 100644 --- a/doc/supply_demand.rst +++ b/doc/supply_demand.rst @@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ Hydrogen can be stored in overground steel tanks or `underground salt caverns