diff --git a/bundle.tar.xz b/bundle.tar.xz deleted file mode 100644 index ced9853b..00000000 Binary files a/bundle.tar.xz and /dev/null differ diff --git a/data/costs.csv b/data/costs.csv deleted file mode 100644 index 002078ed..00000000 --- a/data/costs.csv +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1061 +0,0 @@ -technology,year,parameter,value,unit,source,further description -Ammonia cracker,2020,FOM,4.3,%/year,"Ishimoto et al. (2020): 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.09.017 , table 7.", -Ammonia cracker,2020,investment,1062107.74,EUR/MW_H2,"Ishimoto et al. (2020): 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.09.017 , table 6.", -Ammonia cracker,2020,lifetime,25.0,years,"Ishimoto et al. (2020): 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.09.017 , table 7.", -BioSNG,2020,C in fuel,0.32,per unit,Stoichiometric calculation, -BioSNG,2020,C stored,0.68,per unit,Stoichiometric calculation, -BioSNG,2020,CO2 stored,0.25,tCO2/MWh_th,Stoichiometric calculation, -BioSNG,2020,FOM,1.61,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","84 Gasif. CFB, Bio-SNG: Fixed O&M" -BioSNG,2020,VOM,2.7,EUR/MWh_th,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","84 Gasif. CFB, Bio-SNG: Variable O&M" -BioSNG,2020,capture rate,0.98,per unit,Assumption based on doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.01.006, -BioSNG,2020,efficiency,0.6,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","84 Gasif. CFB, Bio-SNG: Bio SNG" -BioSNG,2020,investment,2500.0,EUR/kW_th,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","84 Gasif. CFB, Bio-SNG: Specific investment" -BioSNG,2020,lifetime,25.0,years,TODO,"84 Gasif. CFB, Bio-SNG: Technical lifetime" -BtL,2020,C in fuel,0.32,per unit,Stoichiometric calculation, -BtL,2020,C stored,0.68,per unit,Stoichiometric calculation, -BtL,2020,CO2 stored,0.25,tCO2/MWh_th,Stoichiometric calculation, -BtL,2020,FOM,2.4,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","85 Gasif. Ent. Flow FT, liq fu : Fixed O&M" -BtL,2020,VOM,1.06,EUR/MWh_FT,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","85 Gasif. Ent. Flow FT, liq fu : Variable O&M" -BtL,2020,capture rate,0.98,per unit,Assumption based on doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.01.006, -BtL,2020,efficiency,0.45,per unit,doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2017.05.013, -BtL,2020,investment,2000.0,EUR/kW_th,doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2017.05.013,"85 Gasif. Ent. Flow FT, liq fu : Specific investment" -BtL,2020,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","85 Gasif. Ent. Flow FT, liq fu : Technical lifetime" -CCGT,2020,FOM,3.33,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","05 Gas turb. CC, steam extract.: Fixed O&M" -CCGT,2020,VOM,4.4,EUR/MWh,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","05 Gas turb. CC, steam extract.: Variable O&M" -CCGT,2020,c_b,1.8,50oC/100oC,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","05 Gas turb. CC, steam extract.: Cb coefficient" -CCGT,2020,c_v,0.15,50oC/100oC,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","05 Gas turb. CC, steam extract.: Cv coefficient" -CCGT,2020,efficiency,0.56,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","05 Gas turb. CC, steam extract.: Electricity efficiency, annual average" -CCGT,2020,investment,880.0,EUR/kW,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","05 Gas turb. CC, steam extract.: Nominal investment" -CCGT,2020,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","05 Gas turb. CC, steam extract.: Technical lifetime" -CH4 (g) fill compressor station,2020,FOM,1.7,%/year,Assume same as for H2 (g) fill compressor station., -CH4 (g) fill compressor station,2020,investment,1498.95,EUR/MW_CH4,"Guesstimate, based on H2 (g) pipeline and fill compressor station cost.", -CH4 (g) fill compressor station,2020,lifetime,20.0,years,Assume same as for H2 (g) fill compressor station., -CH4 (g) pipeline,2020,FOM,1.5,%/year,Assume same as for H2 (g) pipeline in 2050 (CH4 pipeline as mature technology)., -CH4 (g) pipeline,2020,investment,79.0,EUR/MW/km,Guesstimate., -CH4 (g) pipeline,2020,lifetime,50.0,years,Assume same as for H2 (g) pipeline in 2050 (CH4 pipeline as mature technology)., -CH4 (g) submarine pipeline,2020,FOM,3.0,%/year,"d’Amore-Domenech et al (2021): 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116625 , supplementary material.", -CH4 (g) submarine pipeline,2020,investment,114.89,EUR/MW/km,Kaiser (2017): 10.1016/j.marpol.2017.05.003 ., -CH4 (g) submarine pipeline,2020,lifetime,30.0,years,"d’Amore-Domenech et al (2021): 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116625 , supplementary material.", -CH4 (l) transport ship,2020,FOM,3.5,%/year,"Fasihi et al 2017, table 1, https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/2/306", -CH4 (l) transport ship,2020,capacity,58300.0,t_CH4,"Calculated, based on Fasihi et al 2017, table 1, https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/2/306", -CH4 (l) transport ship,2020,investment,151000000.0,EUR,"Fasihi et al 2017, table 1, https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/2/306", -CH4 (l) transport ship,2020,lifetime,25.0,years,"Fasihi et al 2017, table 1, https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/2/306", -CH4 evaporation,2020,FOM,3.5,%/year,"Lochner and Bothe (2009): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.12.012 and Fasihi et al 2017, table 1, https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/2/306", -CH4 evaporation,2020,investment,87.6,EUR/kW_CH4,"Calculated, based on Lochner and Bothe (2009): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.12.012 and Fasihi et al 2017, table 1, https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/2/306", -CH4 evaporation,2020,lifetime,30.0,years,"Fasihi et al 2017, table 1, https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/2/306", -CH4 liquefaction,2020,FOM,3.5,%/year,"Fasihi et al 2017, table 1, https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/2/306", -CH4 liquefaction,2020,investment,232.13,EUR/kW_CH4,"Calculated, based on Lochner and Bothe (2009): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.12.012 and Fasihi et al 2017, table 1, https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/2/306", -CH4 liquefaction,2020,lifetime,25.0,years,"Fasihi et al 2017, table 1, https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/2/306", -CO2 liquefaction,2020,FOM,5.0,%/year,Mitsubish Heavy Industries Ltd. and IEA (2004): https://ieaghg.org/docs/General_Docs/Reports/PH4-30%20Ship%20Transport.pdf ., -CO2 liquefaction,2020,investment,16.03,EUR/t_CO2/h,Mitsubish Heavy Industries Ltd. and IEA (2004): https://ieaghg.org/docs/General_Docs/Reports/PH4-30%20Ship%20Transport.pdf ., -CO2 liquefaction,2020,lifetime,25.0,years,"Guesstimate, based on CH4 liquefaction.", -CO2 pipeline,2020,FOM,0.9,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (March 2021), Excel datasheet: 121 co2 pipeline.", -CO2 pipeline,2020,investment,2000.0,EUR/(tCO2/h)/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (March 2021), Excel datasheet: 121 co2 pipeline.", -CO2 pipeline,2020,lifetime,50.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (March 2021), Excel datasheet: 121 co2 pipeline.", -CO2 storage tank,2020,FOM,1.0,%/year,"Lauri et al. 2014: doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.297, pg. 2746 .", -CO2 storage tank,2020,investment,2528.17,EUR/t_CO2,"Lauri et al. 2014: doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.297, Table 3.", -CO2 storage tank,2020,lifetime,25.0,years,"Lauri et al. 2014: doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.297, pg. 2746 .", -CO2 submarine pipeline,2020,FOM,0.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (March 2021), Excel datasheet: 121 co2 pipeline.", -CO2 submarine pipeline,2020,investment,4000.0,EUR/(tCO2/h)/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (March 2021), Excel datasheet: 121 co2 pipeline.", -FT fuel transport ship,2020,FOM,5.0,%/year,"Assume comparable tanker as for LOHC transport above, c.f. Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514 .", -FT fuel transport ship,2020,capacity,75000.0,t_FTfuel,"Assume comparable tanker as for LOHC transport above, c.f. Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514 .", -FT fuel transport ship,2020,investment,31700578.34,EUR,"Assume comparable tanker as for LOHC transport above, c.f. Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514 .", -FT fuel transport ship,2020,lifetime,15.0,years,"Assume comparable tanker as for LOHC transport above, c.f. Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514 .", -Fischer-Tropsch,2020,FOM,3.0,%/year,"Agora Energiewende (2018): The Future Cost of Electricity-Based Synthetic Fuels (https://www.agora-energiewende.de/en/publications/the-future-cost-of-electricity-based-synthetic-fuels-1/), section 6.3.2.1.", -Fischer-Tropsch,2020,capture rate,0.98,per unit,Assumption based on doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.01.006, -Fischer-Tropsch,2020,efficiency,0.8,per unit,"Agora Energiewende (2018): The Future Cost of Electricity-Based Synthetic Fuels (https://www.agora-energiewende.de/en/publications/the-future-cost-of-electricity-based-synthetic-fuels-1/), section 6.3.2.2.", -Fischer-Tropsch,2020,investment,757401.0,EUR/MW_FT,"Agora Energiewende (2018): The Future Cost of Electricity-Based Synthetic Fuels (https://www.agora-energiewende.de/en/publications/the-future-cost-of-electricity-based-synthetic-fuels-1/), table 8: “Reference scenario”.", -Fischer-Tropsch,2020,lifetime,20.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Renewable Fuels (04/2022), Data sheet “Methanol to Power”.", -Gasnetz,2020,FOM,2.5,%,"WEGE ZU EINEM KLIMANEUTRALEN ENERGIESYSEM, Anhang zur Studie, Fraunhofer-Institut für Solare Energiesysteme ISE, Freiburg",Gasnetz -Gasnetz,2020,investment,28.0,EUR/kWGas,"WEGE ZU EINEM KLIMANEUTRALEN ENERGIESYSEM, Anhang zur Studie, Fraunhofer-Institut für Solare Energiesysteme ISE, Freiburg",Gasnetz -Gasnetz,2020,lifetime,30.0,years,"WEGE ZU EINEM KLIMANEUTRALEN ENERGIESYSEM, Anhang zur Studie, Fraunhofer-Institut für Solare Energiesysteme ISE, Freiburg",Gasnetz -General liquid hydrocarbon storage (crude),2020,FOM,6.25,%/year,"Stelter and Nishida 2013: https://webstore.iea.org/insights-series-2013-focus-on-energy-security , figure 7 and pg. 12 .", -General liquid hydrocarbon storage (crude),2020,investment,135.83,EUR/m^3,"Stelter and Nishida 2013: https://webstore.iea.org/insights-series-2013-focus-on-energy-security , pg. 8F .", -General liquid hydrocarbon storage (crude),2020,lifetime,30.0,years,"Stelter and Nishida 2013: https://webstore.iea.org/insights-series-2013-focus-on-energy-security , pg. 11.", -General liquid hydrocarbon storage (product),2020,FOM,6.25,%/year,"Stelter and Nishida 2013: https://webstore.iea.org/insights-series-2013-focus-on-energy-security , figure 7 and pg. 12 .", -General liquid hydrocarbon storage (product),2020,investment,169.79,EUR/m^3,"Stelter and Nishida 2013: https://webstore.iea.org/insights-series-2013-focus-on-energy-security , pg. 8F .", -General liquid hydrocarbon storage (product),2020,lifetime,30.0,years,"Stelter and Nishida 2013: https://webstore.iea.org/insights-series-2013-focus-on-energy-security , pg. 11.", -H2 (g) fill compressor station,2020,FOM,1.7,%/year,"Guidehouse 2020: European Hydrogen Backbone report, https://guidehouse.com/-/media/www/site/downloads/energy/2020/gh_european-hydrogen-backbone_report.pdf (table 3, table 5) ", -H2 (g) fill compressor station,2020,investment,4478.0,EUR/MW_H2,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (2021), pg. 164, Figure 14 (Fill compressor).", -H2 (g) fill compressor station,2020,lifetime,20.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (2021), pg. 168, Figure 24 (Fill compressor).", -H2 (g) pipeline,2020,FOM,4.0,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (2021), Excel datasheet: H2 140.", -H2 (g) pipeline,2020,investment,226.47,EUR/MW/km,European Hydrogen Backbone Report (June 2021): https://gasforclimate2050.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/EHB_Analysing-the-future-demand-supply-and-transport-of-hydrogen_June-2021.pdf., -H2 (g) pipeline,2020,lifetime,50.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (2021), Excel datasheet: H2 140.", -H2 (g) pipeline repurposed,2020,FOM,4.0,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (2021), Excel datasheet: H2 140.", -H2 (g) pipeline repurposed,2020,investment,105.88,EUR/MW/km,European Hydrogen Backbone Report (June 2021): https://gasforclimate2050.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/EHB_Analysing-the-future-demand-supply-and-transport-of-hydrogen_June-2021.pdf., -H2 (g) pipeline repurposed,2020,lifetime,50.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (2021), Excel datasheet: H2 140.", -H2 (g) submarine pipeline,2020,FOM,3.0,%/year,Assume same as for CH4 (g) submarine pipeline., -H2 (g) submarine pipeline,2020,investment,329.37,EUR/MW/km,"Assume similar cost as for CH4 (g) submarine pipeline but with the same factor as between onland CH4 (g) pipeline and H2 (g) pipeline (2.86). This estimate is comparable to a 36in diameter pipeline calaculated based on d’Amore-Domenech et al (2021): 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116625 , supplementary material (=251 EUR/MW/km).", -H2 (g) submarine pipeline,2020,lifetime,30.0,years,Assume same as for CH4 (g) submarine pipeline., -H2 (l) storage tank,2020,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Reuß et al 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.050 , Table 6.", -H2 (l) storage tank,2020,investment,750.08,EUR/MWh_H2,"Reuß et al 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.050 , Table 6.", -H2 (l) storage tank,2020,lifetime,20.0,years,"Reuß et al 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.050 , Table 6.", -H2 (l) transport ship,2020,FOM,4.0,%/year,"Cihlar et al 2020: http://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/7e4afa7d-d077-11ea-adf7-01aa75ed71a1/language-en , Table 3-B, based on IEA 2019.", -H2 (l) transport ship,2020,capacity,11000.0,t_H2,"Cihlar et al 2020: http://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/7e4afa7d-d077-11ea-adf7-01aa75ed71a1/language-en , Table 3-B, based on IEA 2019.", -H2 (l) transport ship,2020,investment,361223561.58,EUR,"Cihlar et al 2020: http://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/7e4afa7d-d077-11ea-adf7-01aa75ed71a1/language-en , Table 3-B, based on IEA 2019.", -H2 (l) transport ship,2020,lifetime,20.0,years,"Cihlar et al 2020: http://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/7e4afa7d-d077-11ea-adf7-01aa75ed71a1/language-en , Table 3-B, based on IEA 2019.", -H2 evaporation,2020,FOM,2.5,%/year,"DNV GL (2020): Study on the Import of Liquid Renewable Energy: Technology Cost Assessment, https://www.gie.eu/wp-content/uploads/filr/2598/DNV-GL_Study-GLE-Technologies-and-costs-analysis-on-imports-of-liquid-renewable-energy.pdf .", -H2 evaporation,2020,investment,143.64,EUR/kW_H2,"IRENA (2022): Global Hydrogen Trade to Meet the 1.5° Climate Goal: Technology Review of Hydrogen Carriers, https://www.irena.org/publications/2022/Apr/Global-hydrogen-trade-Part-II , pg. 62f.", -H2 evaporation,2020,lifetime,20.0,years,Guesstimate., -H2 liquefaction,2020,FOM,2.5,%/year,"DNV GL (2020): Study on the Import of Liquid Renewable Energy: Technology Cost Assessment, https://www.gie.eu/wp-content/uploads/filr/2598/DNV-GL_Study-GLE-Technologies-and-costs-analysis-on-imports-of-liquid-renewable-energy.pdf .", -H2 liquefaction,2020,investment,870.56,EUR/kW_H2,"IRENA (2022): Global Hydrogen Trade to Meet the 1.5° Climate Goal: Technology Review of Hydrogen Carriers, https://www.irena.org/publications/2022/Apr/Global-hydrogen-trade-Part-II , pg. 62f.", -H2 liquefaction,2020,lifetime,20.0,years,"Reuß et al 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.050 , Table 9.", -H2 pipeline,2020,FOM,3.0,%/year,TODO," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -H2 pipeline,2020,investment,267.0,EUR/MW/km,Welder et al https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.05.059," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -H2 pipeline,2020,lifetime,40.0,years,TODO," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -HVAC overhead,2020,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .", -HVAC overhead,2020,investment,432.97,EUR/MW/km,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .", -HVAC overhead,2020,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .", -HVDC inverter pair,2020,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .", -HVDC inverter pair,2020,investment,162364.82,EUR/MW,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .", -HVDC inverter pair,2020,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .", -HVDC overhead,2020,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .", -HVDC overhead,2020,investment,432.97,EUR/MW/km,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .", -HVDC overhead,2020,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .", -HVDC submarine,2020,FOM,0.35,%/year,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 ., -HVDC submarine,2020,investment,471.16,EUR/MW/km,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 ., -HVDC submarine,2020,lifetime,40.0,years,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 ., -Haber-Bosch,2020,FOM,3.0,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",103 Hydrogen to Ammonia: Fixed O&M -Haber-Bosch,2020,VOM,0.02,EUR/MWh_NH3,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",103 Hydrogen to Ammonia: Variable O&M -Haber-Bosch,2020,investment,1586.29,EUR/kW_NH3,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",103 Hydrogen to Ammonia: Specific investment -Haber-Bosch,2020,lifetime,30.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",103 Hydrogen to Ammonia: Technical lifetime -LNG storage tank,2020,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Guesstimate, based on H2 (l) storage tank with comparable requirements.", -LNG storage tank,2020,investment,611.59,EUR/m^3,"Hurskainen 2019, https://cris.vtt.fi/en/publications/liquid-organic-hydrogen-carriers-lohc-concept-evaluation-and-tech pg. 46 (59).", -LNG storage tank,2020,lifetime,20.0,years,"Guesstimate, based on H2 (l) storage tank with comparable requirements.", -LOHC chemical,2020,investment,2264.33,EUR/t,"Runge et al 2020, pg.7, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514", -LOHC chemical,2020,lifetime,20.0,years,"Runge et al 2020, pg.7, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514", -LOHC dehydrogenation,2020,FOM,3.0,%/year,"Reuß et al 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.050 , Table 9.", -LOHC dehydrogenation,2020,investment,50728.03,EUR/MW_H2,"Reuß et al 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.050 , Table 9.", -LOHC dehydrogenation,2020,lifetime,20.0,years,"Reuß et al 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.050 , Table 9.", -LOHC dehydrogenation (small scale),2020,FOM,3.0,%/year,"Runge et al 2020, pg.8, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514", -LOHC dehydrogenation (small scale),2020,investment,759908.15,EUR/MW_H2,"Runge et al 2020, pg.8, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514", -LOHC dehydrogenation (small scale),2020,lifetime,20.0,years,"Runge et al 2020, pg.8, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514", -LOHC hydrogenation,2020,FOM,3.0,%/year,"Reuß et al 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.050 , Table 9.", -LOHC hydrogenation,2020,investment,51259.54,EUR/MW_H2,"Reuß et al 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.050 , Table 9.", -LOHC hydrogenation,2020,lifetime,20.0,years,"Reuß et al 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.050 , Table 9.", -LOHC loaded DBT storage,2020,FOM,6.25,%/year,, -LOHC loaded DBT storage,2020,investment,149.27,EUR/t,"Density via Wissenschaftliche Dienste des Deutschen Bundestages 2020, https://www.bundestag.de/resource/blob/816048/454e182d5956d45a664da9eb85486f76/WD-8-058-20-pdf-data.pdf , pg. 11.", -LOHC loaded DBT storage,2020,lifetime,30.0,years,, -LOHC transport ship,2020,FOM,5.0,%/year,"Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514", -LOHC transport ship,2020,capacity,75000.0,t_LOHC,"Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514", -LOHC transport ship,2020,investment,31700578.34,EUR,"Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514", -LOHC transport ship,2020,lifetime,15.0,years,"Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514", -LOHC unloaded DBT storage,2020,FOM,6.25,%/year,, -LOHC unloaded DBT storage,2020,investment,132.26,EUR/t,"Density via Wissenschaftliche Dienste des Deutschen Bundestages 2020, https://www.bundestag.de/resource/blob/816048/454e182d5956d45a664da9eb85486f76/WD-8-058-20-pdf-data.pdf , pg. 11.", -LOHC unloaded DBT storage,2020,lifetime,30.0,years,, -MeOH transport ship,2020,FOM,5.0,%/year,"Assume comparable tanker as for LOHC transport above, c.f. Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514 .", -MeOH transport ship,2020,capacity,75000.0,t_MeOH,"Assume comparable tanker as for LOHC transport above, c.f. Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514 .", -MeOH transport ship,2020,investment,31700578.34,EUR,"Assume comparable tanker as for LOHC transport above, c.f. Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514 .", -MeOH transport ship,2020,lifetime,15.0,years,"Assume comparable tanker as for LOHC transport above, c.f. Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514 .", -Methanol steam reforming,2020,FOM,4.0,%/year,"Niermann et al (2021): 10.1016/j.rser.2020.110171 , table 4.", -Methanol steam reforming,2020,investment,16318.43,EUR/MW_H2,"Niermann et al (2021): 10.1016/j.rser.2020.110171 , table 4.", -Methanol steam reforming,2020,lifetime,20.0,years,"Niermann et al (2021): 10.1016/j.rser.2020.110171 , table 4.", -NH3 (l) storage tank incl. liquefaction,2020,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Guesstimate, based on H2 (l) storage tank.", -NH3 (l) storage tank incl. liquefaction,2020,investment,161.93,EUR/MWh_NH3,"Calculated based on Morgan E. 2013: doi:10.7275/11KT-3F59 , Fig. 55, Fig 58.", -NH3 (l) storage tank incl. liquefaction,2020,lifetime,20.0,years,"Morgan E. 2013: doi:10.7275/11KT-3F59 , pg. 290", -NH3 (l) transport ship,2020,FOM,4.0,%/year,"Cihlar et al 2020 based on IEA 2019, Table 3-B", -NH3 (l) transport ship,2020,capacity,53000.0,t_NH3,"Cihlar et al 2020 based on IEA 2019, Table 3-B", -NH3 (l) transport ship,2020,investment,74461941.34,EUR,"Cihlar et al 2020 based on IEA 2019, Table 3-B", -NH3 (l) transport ship,2020,lifetime,20.0,years,"Guess estimated based on H2 (l) tanker, but more mature technology", -OCGT,2020,FOM,1.78,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",52 OCGT - Natural gas: Fixed O&M -OCGT,2020,VOM,4.5,EUR/MWh,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",52 OCGT - Natural gas: Variable O&M -OCGT,2020,efficiency,0.4,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","52 OCGT - Natural gas: Electricity efficiency, annual average" -OCGT,2020,investment,453.96,EUR/kW,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",52 OCGT - Natural gas: Specific investment -OCGT,2020,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",52 OCGT - Natural gas: Technical lifetime -PHS,2020,FOM,1.0,%/year,DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -PHS,2020,efficiency,0.75,per unit,DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -PHS,2020,investment,2208.16,EUR/kWel,DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -PHS,2020,lifetime,80.0,years,IEA2010," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -SMR,2020,FOM,5.0,%/year,Danish Energy Agency,"Technology data for renewable fuels, in pdf on table 3 p.311" -SMR,2020,efficiency,0.76,per unit (in LHV),"IEA Global average levelised cost of hydrogen production by energy source and technology, 2019 and 2050 (2020), https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/global-average-levelised-cost-of-hydrogen-production-by-energy-source-and-technology-2019-and-2050", -SMR,2020,investment,493470.4,EUR/MW_CH4,Danish Energy Agency,"Technology data for renewable fuels, in pdf on table 3 p.311" -SMR,2020,lifetime,30.0,years,"IEA Global average levelised cost of hydrogen production by energy source and technology, 2019 and 2050 (2020), https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/global-average-levelised-cost-of-hydrogen-production-by-energy-source-and-technology-2019-and-2050", -SMR CC,2020,FOM,5.0,%/year,Danish Energy Agency,"Technology data for renewable fuels, in pdf on table 3 p.311" -SMR CC,2020,capture_rate,0.9,EUR/MW_CH4,"IEA Global average levelised cost of hydrogen production by energy source and technology, 2019 and 2050 (2020), https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/global-average-levelised-cost-of-hydrogen-production-by-energy-source-and-technology-2019-and-2050",wide range: capture rates betwen 54%-90% -SMR CC,2020,efficiency,0.69,per unit (in LHV),"IEA Global average levelised cost of hydrogen production by energy source and technology, 2019 and 2050 (2020), https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/global-average-levelised-cost-of-hydrogen-production-by-energy-source-and-technology-2019-and-2050", -SMR CC,2020,investment,572425.66,EUR/MW_CH4,Danish Energy Agency,"Technology data for renewable fuels, in pdf on table 3 p.311" -SMR CC,2020,lifetime,30.0,years,"IEA Global average levelised cost of hydrogen production by energy source and technology, 2019 and 2050 (2020), https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/global-average-levelised-cost-of-hydrogen-production-by-energy-source-and-technology-2019-and-2050", -Steam methane reforming,2020,FOM,3.0,%/year,"International Energy Agency (2015): Technology Roadmap Hydrogen and Fuel Cells , table 15.", -Steam methane reforming,2020,investment,470085.47,EUR/MW_H2,"International Energy Agency (2015): Technology Roadmap Hydrogen and Fuel Cells , table 15.", -Steam methane reforming,2020,lifetime,30.0,years,"International Energy Agency (2015): Technology Roadmap Hydrogen and Fuel Cells , table 15.", -air separation unit,2020,FOM,3.0,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",103 Hydrogen to Ammonia: Fixed O&M -air separation unit,2020,investment,891679.11,EUR/t_N2/h,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",103 Hydrogen to Ammonia: Specific investment -air separation unit,2020,lifetime,30.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",103 Hydrogen to Ammonia: Technical lifetime -battery inverter,2020,FOM,0.2,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx",: Fixed O&M -battery inverter,2020,efficiency,0.95,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx",: Round trip efficiency DC -battery inverter,2020,investment,270.0,EUR/kW,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx",: Output capacity expansion cost investment -battery inverter,2020,lifetime,10.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx, Note K.",: Technical lifetime -battery storage,2020,investment,232.0,EUR/kWh,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx",: Energy storage expansion cost investment -battery storage,2020,lifetime,20.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx",: Technical lifetime -biogas,2020,CO2 stored,0.09,tCO2/MWh_th,Stoichiometric calculation, -biogas,2020,FOM,11.38,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","81 Biogas Plant, Basic conf.: Total O&M" -biogas,2020,capture rate,0.98,per unit,Assumption based on doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.01.006, -biogas,2020,efficiency,1.0,per unit,Assuming input biomass is already given in biogas output, -biogas,2020,fuel,59.0,EUR/MWhth,JRC and Zappa," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -biogas,2020,investment,1710.69,EUR/kW,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","81 Biogas Plant, Basic conf.: Specific investment" -biogas,2020,lifetime,20.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","81 Biogas Plant, Basic conf.: Technical lifetime" -biogas plus hydrogen,2020,FOM,4.0,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",99 SNG from methan. of biogas: Fixed O&M -biogas plus hydrogen,2020,investment,907.2,EUR/kW_CH4,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",99 SNG from methan. of biogas: Specific investment -biogas plus hydrogen,2020,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",99 SNG from methan. of biogas: Technical lifetime -biogas upgrading,2020,FOM,2.51,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","82 Biogas, upgrading: Fixed O&M " -biogas upgrading,2020,VOM,3.69,EUR/MWh input,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","82 Biogas, upgrading: Variable O&M" -biogas upgrading,2020,investment,423.0,EUR/kW input,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","82 Biogas, upgrading: investment (upgrading, methane redution and grid injection)" -biogas upgrading,2020,lifetime,15.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","82 Biogas, upgrading: Technical lifetime" -biomass,2020,FOM,4.53,%/year,DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -biomass,2020,efficiency,0.47,per unit,DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -biomass,2020,fuel,7.0,EUR/MWhth,IEA2011b," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -biomass,2020,investment,2209.0,EUR/kWel,DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -biomass,2020,lifetime,30.0,years,ECF2010 in DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -biomass CHP,2020,FOM,3.61,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Fixed O&M" -biomass CHP,2020,VOM,2.11,EUR/MWh_e,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Variable O&M " -biomass CHP,2020,c_b,0.45,40°C/80°C,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Cb coefficient" -biomass CHP,2020,c_v,1.0,40°C/80°C,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Cv coefficient" -biomass CHP,2020,efficiency,0.3,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Electricity efficiency, net, annual average" -biomass CHP,2020,efficiency-heat,0.71,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Heat efficiency, net, annual average" -biomass CHP,2020,investment,3381.27,EUR/kW_e,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Nominal investment " -biomass CHP,2020,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Technical lifetime" -biomass CHP capture,2020,FOM,3.0,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",401.a Post comb - small CHP -biomass CHP capture,2020,capture_rate,0.9,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",401.a Post comb - small CHP -biomass CHP capture,2020,compression-electricity-input,0.1,MWh/tCO2,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",401.a Post comb - small CHP -biomass CHP capture,2020,compression-heat-output,0.16,MWh/tCO2,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",401.a Post comb - small CHP -biomass CHP capture,2020,electricity-input,0.03,MWh/tCO2,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",401.a Post comb - small CHP -biomass CHP capture,2020,heat-input,0.83,MWh/tCO2,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",401.a Post comb - small CHP -biomass CHP capture,2020,heat-output,0.83,MWh/tCO2,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",401.a Post comb - small CHP -biomass CHP capture,2020,investment,3300000.0,EUR/(tCO2/h),"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",401.a Post comb - small CHP -biomass CHP capture,2020,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",401.a Post comb - small CHP -biomass EOP,2020,FOM,3.61,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Fixed O&M" -biomass EOP,2020,VOM,2.11,EUR/MWh_e,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Variable O&M " -biomass EOP,2020,c_b,0.45,40°C/80°C,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Cb coefficient" -biomass EOP,2020,c_v,1.0,40°C/80°C,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Cv coefficient" -biomass EOP,2020,efficiency,0.3,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Electricity efficiency, net, annual average" -biomass EOP,2020,efficiency-heat,0.71,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Heat efficiency, net, annual average" -biomass EOP,2020,investment,3381.27,EUR/kW_e,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Nominal investment " -biomass EOP,2020,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Technical lifetime" -biomass HOP,2020,FOM,5.8,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09c Straw HOP: Fixed O&M, heat output" -biomass HOP,2020,VOM,2.11,EUR/MWh,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",09c Straw HOP: Variable O&M heat output -biomass HOP,2020,efficiency,1.03,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09c Straw HOP: Total efficiency , net, annual average" -biomass HOP,2020,investment,875.42,EUR/kW_th - heat output,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09c Straw HOP: Nominal investment " -biomass HOP,2020,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",09c Straw HOP: Technical lifetime -biomass boiler,2020,FOM,7.39,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx","204 Biomass boiler, automatic: Fixed O&M" -biomass boiler,2020,efficiency,0.82,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx","204 Biomass boiler, automatic: Heat efficiency, annual average, net" -biomass boiler,2020,investment,682.67,EUR/kW_th,"Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx","204 Biomass boiler, automatic: Specific investment" -biomass boiler,2020,lifetime,20.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx","204 Biomass boiler, automatic: Technical lifetime" -cement capture,2020,FOM,3.0,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",401.c Post comb - Cement kiln -cement capture,2020,capture_rate,0.9,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",401.c Post comb - Cement kiln -cement capture,2020,compression-electricity-input,0.1,MWh/tCO2,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",401.c Post comb - Cement kiln -cement capture,2020,compression-heat-output,0.16,MWh/tCO2,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",401.c Post comb - Cement kiln -cement capture,2020,electricity-input,0.02,MWh/tCO2,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",401.c Post comb - Cement kiln -cement capture,2020,heat-input,0.83,MWh/tCO2,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",401.c Post comb - Cement kiln -cement capture,2020,heat-output,1.65,MWh/tCO2,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",401.c Post comb - Cement kiln -cement capture,2020,investment,3000000.0,EUR/(tCO2/h),"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",401.c Post comb - Cement kiln -cement capture,2020,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",401.c Post comb - Cement kiln -central air-sourced heat pump,2020,FOM,0.21,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","40 Comp. hp, airsource 3 MW: Fixed O&M" -central air-sourced heat pump,2020,VOM,2.19,EUR/MWh_th,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","40 Comp. hp, airsource 3 MW: Variable O&M" -central air-sourced heat pump,2020,efficiency,3.4,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","40 Comp. hp, airsource 3 MW: Total efficiency , net, annual average" -central air-sourced heat pump,2020,investment,951.39,EUR/kW_th,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","40 Comp. hp, airsource 3 MW: Specific investment" -central air-sourced heat pump,2020,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","40 Comp. hp, airsource 3 MW: Technical lifetime" -central coal CHP,2020,FOM,1.63,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",01 Coal CHP: Fixed O&M -central coal CHP,2020,VOM,2.9,EUR/MWh,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",01 Coal CHP: Variable O&M -central coal CHP,2020,c_b,0.84,50oC/100oC,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",01 Coal CHP: Cb coefficient -central coal CHP,2020,c_v,0.15,50oC/100oC,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",01 Coal CHP: Cv coefficient -central coal CHP,2020,efficiency,0.48,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","01 Coal CHP: Electricity efficiency, condensation mode, net" -central coal CHP,2020,investment,1900.0,EUR/kW,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",01 Coal CHP: Nominal investment -central coal CHP,2020,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",01 Coal CHP: Technical lifetime -central gas CHP,2020,FOM,3.31,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","04 Gas turb. simple cycle, L: Fixed O&M" -central gas CHP,2020,VOM,4.4,EUR/MWh,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","04 Gas turb. simple cycle, L: Variable O&M" -central gas CHP,2020,c_b,0.96,50oC/100oC,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","04 Gas turb. simple cycle, L: Cb coefficient" -central gas CHP,2020,c_v,0.17,per unit,DEA (loss of fuel for additional heat)," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -central gas CHP,2020,efficiency,0.4,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","04 Gas turb. simple cycle, L: Electricity efficiency, annual average" -central gas CHP,2020,investment,590.0,EUR/kW,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","04 Gas turb. simple cycle, L: Nominal investment" -central gas CHP,2020,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","04 Gas turb. simple cycle, L: Technical lifetime" -central gas CHP,2020,p_nom_ratio,1.0,per unit,," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -central gas boiler,2020,FOM,3.25,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",44 Natural Gas DH Only: Fixed O&M -central gas boiler,2020,VOM,1.1,EUR/MWh_th,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",44 Natural Gas DH Only: Variable O&M -central gas boiler,2020,efficiency,1.03,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","44 Natural Gas DH Only: Total efficiency , net, annual average" -central gas boiler,2020,investment,60.0,EUR/kW_th,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",44 Natural Gas DH Only: Nominal investment -central gas boiler,2020,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",44 Natural Gas DH Only: Technical lifetime -central ground-sourced heat pump,2020,FOM,0.35,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","40 Absorption heat pump, DH: Fixed O&M" -central ground-sourced heat pump,2020,VOM,0.98,EUR/MWh_th,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","40 Absorption heat pump, DH: Variable O&M" -central ground-sourced heat pump,2020,efficiency,1.71,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","40 Absorption heat pump, DH: Total efficiency , net, annual average" -central ground-sourced heat pump,2020,investment,564.0,EUR/kW_th excluding drive energy,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","40 Absorption heat pump, DH: Nominal investment" -central ground-sourced heat pump,2020,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","40 Absorption heat pump, DH: Technical lifetime" -central resistive heater,2020,FOM,1.53,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",41 Electric Boilers: Fixed O&M -central resistive heater,2020,VOM,0.9,EUR/MWh_th,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",41 Electric Boilers: Variable O&M -central resistive heater,2020,efficiency,0.99,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","41 Electric Boilers: Total efficiency , net, annual average" -central resistive heater,2020,investment,70.0,EUR/kW_th,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",41 Electric Boilers: Nominal investment; 10/15 kV; >10 MW -central resistive heater,2020,lifetime,20.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",41 Electric Boilers: Technical lifetime -central solar thermal,2020,FOM,1.4,%/year,HP," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -central solar thermal,2020,investment,140000.0,EUR/1000m2,HP," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -central solar thermal,2020,lifetime,20.0,years,HP," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -central solid biomass CHP,2020,FOM,2.89,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09a Wood Chips, Large 50 degree: Fixed O&M" -central solid biomass CHP,2020,VOM,4.6,EUR/MWh_e,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09a Wood Chips, Large 50 degree: Variable O&M " -central solid biomass CHP,2020,c_b,0.35,50°C/100°C,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09a Wood Chips, Large 50 degree: Cb coefficient" -central solid biomass CHP,2020,c_v,1.0,50°C/100°C,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09a Wood Chips, Large 50 degree: Cv coefficient" -central solid biomass CHP,2020,efficiency,0.27,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09a Wood Chips, Large 50 degree: Electricity efficiency, net, annual average" -central solid biomass CHP,2020,efficiency-heat,0.83,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09a Wood Chips, Large 50 degree: Heat efficiency, net, annual average" -central solid biomass CHP,2020,investment,3534.65,EUR/kW_e,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09a Wood Chips, Large 50 degree: Nominal investment " -central solid biomass CHP,2020,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09a Wood Chips, Large 50 degree: Technical lifetime" -central solid biomass CHP,2020,p_nom_ratio,1.0,per unit,," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -central water tank storage,2020,FOM,0.52,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx",140 PTES seasonal: Fixed O&M -central water tank storage,2020,investment,0.58,EUR/kWhCapacity,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx",140 PTES seasonal: Specific investment -central water tank storage,2020,lifetime,20.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx",140 PTES seasonal: Technical lifetime -clean water tank storage,2020,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Caldera et al 2016: Local cost of seawater RO desalination based on solar PV and windenergy: A global estimate. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.004), Table 1.", -clean water tank storage,2020,investment,67.63,EUR/m^3-H2O,"Caldera et al 2016: Local cost of seawater RO desalination based on solar PV and windenergy: A global estimate. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.004), Table 1.", -clean water tank storage,2020,lifetime,30.0,years,"Caldera et al 2016: Local cost of seawater RO desalination based on solar PV and windenergy: A global estimate. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.004), Table 1.", -coal,2020,CO2 intensity,0.34,tCO2/MWh_th,Entwicklung der spezifischen Kohlendioxid-Emissionen des deutschen Strommix in den Jahren 1990 - 2018, -coal,2020,FOM,1.6,%/year,Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0, -coal,2020,VOM,3.5,EUR/MWh_e,Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0, -coal,2020,efficiency,0.33,per unit,Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0, -coal,2020,fuel,8.15,EUR/MWh_th,BP 2019, -coal,2020,investment,3845.51,EUR/kW_e,Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0, -coal,2020,lifetime,40.0,years,Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0, -csp-tower,2020,FOM,1.0,%/year,ATB CSP data (https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2021/concentrating_solar_power), -csp-tower,2020,investment,144.88,"EUR/kW_th,dp",ATB CSP data (https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2021/concentrating_solar_power) and NREL SAM v2021.12.2 (https://sam.nrel.gov/)., -csp-tower,2020,lifetime,30.0,years,ATB CSP data (https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2021/concentrating_solar_power), -csp-tower TES,2020,FOM,1.0,%/year,see solar-tower., -csp-tower TES,2020,investment,19.41,EUR/kWh_th,ATB CSP data (https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2021/concentrating_solar_power) and NREL SAM v2021.12.2 (https://sam.nrel.gov/)., -csp-tower TES,2020,lifetime,30.0,years,see solar-tower., -csp-tower power block,2020,FOM,1.0,%/year,see solar-tower., -csp-tower power block,2020,investment,1014.93,EUR/kW_e,ATB CSP data (https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2021/concentrating_solar_power) and NREL SAM v2021.12.2 (https://sam.nrel.gov/)., -csp-tower power block,2020,lifetime,30.0,years,see solar-tower., -decentral CHP,2020,FOM,3.0,%/year,HP," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -decentral CHP,2020,discount rate,0.04,per unit,Palzer thesis," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -decentral CHP,2020,investment,1400.0,EUR/kWel,HP," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -decentral CHP,2020,lifetime,25.0,years,HP," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -decentral air-sourced heat pump,2020,FOM,2.96,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx",207.3 Air to water existing: Fixed O&M -decentral air-sourced heat pump,2020,discount rate,0.04,per unit,Palzer thesis," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -decentral air-sourced heat pump,2020,efficiency,3.4,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx","207.3 Air to water existing: Heat efficiency, annual average, net, radiators, existing one family house" -decentral air-sourced heat pump,2020,investment,940.0,EUR/kW_th,"Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx",207.3 Air to water existing: Specific investment -decentral air-sourced heat pump,2020,lifetime,18.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx",207.3 Air to water existing: Technical lifetime -decentral gas boiler,2020,FOM,6.56,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx",202 Natural gas boiler: Fixed O&M -decentral gas boiler,2020,discount rate,0.04,per unit,Palzer thesis," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -decentral gas boiler,2020,efficiency,0.97,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx","202 Natural gas boiler: Total efficiency, annual average, net" -decentral gas boiler,2020,investment,312.08,EUR/kW_th,"Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx",202 Natural gas boiler: Specific investment -decentral gas boiler,2020,lifetime,20.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx",202 Natural gas boiler: Technical lifetime -decentral gas boiler connection,2020,investment,195.05,EUR/kW_th,"Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx",: Possible additional specific investment -decentral gas boiler connection,2020,lifetime,50.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx",: Technical lifetime -decentral ground-sourced heat pump,2020,FOM,1.85,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx",207.7 Ground source existing: Fixed O&M -decentral ground-sourced heat pump,2020,discount rate,0.04,per unit,Palzer thesis," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -decentral ground-sourced heat pump,2020,efficiency,3.8,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx","207.7 Ground source existing: Heat efficiency, annual average, net, radiators, existing one family house" -decentral ground-sourced heat pump,2020,investment,1500.0,EUR/kW_th,"Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx",207.7 Ground source existing: Specific investment -decentral ground-sourced heat pump,2020,lifetime,20.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx",207.7 Ground source existing: Technical lifetime -decentral oil boiler,2020,FOM,2.0,%/year,Palzer thesis (https://energiesysteme-zukunft.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Publikationen/PDFs/ESYS_Materialien_Optimierungsmodell_REMod-D.pdf)," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -decentral oil boiler,2020,efficiency,0.9,per unit,Palzer thesis (https://energiesysteme-zukunft.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Publikationen/PDFs/ESYS_Materialien_Optimierungsmodell_REMod-D.pdf)," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -decentral oil boiler,2020,investment,156.01,EUR/kWth,Palzer thesis (https://energiesysteme-zukunft.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Publikationen/PDFs/ESYS_Materialien_Optimierungsmodell_REMod-D.pdf) (+eigene Berechnung)," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -decentral oil boiler,2020,lifetime,20.0,years,Palzer thesis (https://energiesysteme-zukunft.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Publikationen/PDFs/ESYS_Materialien_Optimierungsmodell_REMod-D.pdf)," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -decentral resistive heater,2020,FOM,2.0,%/year,Schaber thesis," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -decentral resistive heater,2020,discount rate,0.04,per unit,Palzer thesis," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -decentral resistive heater,2020,efficiency,0.9,per unit,Schaber thesis," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -decentral resistive heater,2020,investment,100.0,EUR/kWhth,Schaber thesis," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -decentral resistive heater,2020,lifetime,20.0,years,Schaber thesis," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -decentral solar thermal,2020,FOM,1.3,%/year,HP," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -decentral solar thermal,2020,discount rate,0.04,per unit,Palzer thesis," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -decentral solar thermal,2020,investment,270000.0,EUR/1000m2,HP," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -decentral solar thermal,2020,lifetime,20.0,years,HP," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -decentral water tank storage,2020,FOM,1.0,%/year,HP," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -decentral water tank storage,2020,discount rate,0.04,per unit,Palzer thesis," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -decentral water tank storage,2020,investment,18.38,EUR/kWh,IWES Interaktion," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -decentral water tank storage,2020,lifetime,20.0,years,HP," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -digestible biomass,2020,fuel,15.0,EUR/MWh_th,"JRC ENSPRESO ca avg for MINBIOAGRW1, ENS_Ref for 2040", -digestible biomass to hydrogen,2020,FOM,4.25,%/year,"Zech et.al. DBFZ Report Nr. 19. Hy-NOW - Evaluierung der Verfahren und Technologien für die Bereitstellung von Wasserstoff auf Basis von Biomasse, DBFZ, 2014", -digestible biomass to hydrogen,2020,capture rate,0.98,per unit,Assumption based on doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.01.006, -digestible biomass to hydrogen,2020,efficiency,0.39,per unit,"Zech et.al. DBFZ Report Nr. 19. Hy-NOW - Evaluierung der Verfahren und Technologien für die Bereitstellung von Wasserstoff auf Basis von Biomasse, DBFZ, 2014", -digestible biomass to hydrogen,2020,investment,2500.0,EUR/kW_th,"Zech et.al. DBFZ Report Nr. 19. Hy-NOW - Evaluierung der Verfahren und Technologien für die Bereitstellung von Wasserstoff auf Basis von Biomasse, DBFZ, 2014", -direct air capture,2020,FOM,4.95,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",403.a Direct air capture -direct air capture,2020,compression-electricity-input,0.15,MWh/tCO2,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",403.a Direct air capture -direct air capture,2020,compression-heat-output,0.2,MWh/tCO2,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",403.a Direct air capture -direct air capture,2020,electricity-input,0.35,MWh/tCO2,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",403.a Direct air capture -direct air capture,2020,heat-input,2.5,MWh/tCO2,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",403.a Direct air capture -direct air capture,2020,heat-output,1.25,MWh/tCO2,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",403.a Direct air capture -direct air capture,2020,investment,7000000.0,EUR/(tCO2/h),"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",403.a Direct air capture -direct air capture,2020,lifetime,20.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",403.a Direct air capture -electric boiler steam,2020,FOM,1.34,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",310.1 Electric boiler steam : Fixed O&M -electric boiler steam,2020,VOM,0.86,EUR/MWh,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",310.1 Electric boiler steam : Variable O&M -electric boiler steam,2020,efficiency,0.99,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx","310.1 Electric boiler steam : Total efficiency, net, annual average" -electric boiler steam,2020,investment,80.0,EUR/kW,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",310.1 Electric boiler steam : Nominal investment -electric boiler steam,2020,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",310.1 Electric boiler steam : Technical lifetime -electricity distribution grid,2020,FOM,2.0,%/year,TODO," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -electricity distribution grid,2020,investment,500.0,EUR/kW,TODO," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -electricity distribution grid,2020,lifetime,40.0,years,TODO," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -electricity grid connection,2020,FOM,2.0,%/year,TODO," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -electricity grid connection,2020,investment,140.0,EUR/kW,DEA," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -electricity grid connection,2020,lifetime,40.0,years,TODO," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -electrolysis,2020,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","86 AEC 100MW: Fixed O&M " -electrolysis,2020,efficiency,0.66,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",86 AEC 100MW: Hydrogen -electrolysis,2020,investment,650.0,EUR/kW_e,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",86 AEC 100MW: Specific investment -electrolysis,2020,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",86 AEC 100MW: Technical lifetime -fuel cell,2020,FOM,5.0,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",12 LT-PEMFC CHP: Fixed O&M -fuel cell,2020,c_b,1.25,50oC/100oC,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",12 LT-PEMFC CHP: Cb coefficient -fuel cell,2020,efficiency,0.5,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","12 LT-PEMFC CHP: Electricity efficiency, annual average" -fuel cell,2020,investment,1300.0,EUR/kW_e,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",12 LT-PEMFC CHP: Nominal investment -fuel cell,2020,lifetime,10.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",12 LT-PEMFC CHP: Technical lifetime -gas,2020,CO2 intensity,0.2,tCO2/MWh_th,Stoichiometric calculation with 50 GJ/t CH4, -gas,2020,fuel,20.1,EUR/MWh_th,BP 2019, -gas boiler steam,2020,FOM,3.67,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",311.1c Steam boiler Gas: Fixed O&M -gas boiler steam,2020,VOM,1.1,EUR/MWh,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",311.1c Steam boiler Gas: Variable O&M -gas boiler steam,2020,efficiency,0.92,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx","311.1c Steam boiler Gas: Total efficiency, net, annual average" -gas boiler steam,2020,investment,54.55,EUR/kW,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",311.1c Steam boiler Gas: Nominal investment -gas boiler steam,2020,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",311.1c Steam boiler Gas: Technical lifetime -gas storage,2020,FOM,3.59,%,Danish Energy Agency,"150 Underground Storage of Gas, Operation and Maintenace, salt cavern (units converted)" -gas storage,2020,investment,0.03,EUR/kWh,Danish Energy Agency,"150 Underground Storage of Gas, Establishment of one cavern (units converted)" -gas storage,2020,lifetime,100.0,years,TODO no source,"estimation: most underground storage are already build, they do have a long lifetime" -gas storage charger,2020,investment,14.34,EUR/kW,Danish Energy Agency,"150 Underground Storage of Gas, Process equipment (units converted)" -gas storage discharger,2020,investment,4.78,EUR/kW,Danish Energy Agency,"150 Underground Storage of Gas, Process equipment (units converted)" -geothermal,2020,CO2 intensity,0.03,tCO2/MWhth,https://www.eia.gov/environment/emissions/co2_vol_mass.php," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -geothermal,2020,FOM,2.36,%/year,DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -geothermal,2020,efficiency,0.24,per unit,DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -geothermal,2020,investment,3392.0,EUR/kWel,DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -geothermal,2020,lifetime,40.0,years,IEA2010," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -helmeth,2020,FOM,3.0,%/year,no source," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -helmeth,2020,efficiency,0.8,per unit,HELMETH press release," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -helmeth,2020,investment,2000.0,EUR/kW,no source," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -helmeth,2020,lifetime,25.0,years,no source," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -home battery inverter,2020,FOM,0.2,%/year,"Global Energy System based on 100% Renewable Energy, Energywatchgroup/LTU University, 2019, Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx",: Fixed O&M -home battery inverter,2020,efficiency,0.95,per unit,"Global Energy System based on 100% Renewable Energy, Energywatchgroup/LTU University, 2019, Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx",: Round trip efficiency DC -home battery inverter,2020,investment,377.0,EUR/kW,"Global Energy System based on 100% Renewable Energy, Energywatchgroup/LTU University, 2019, Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx",: Output capacity expansion cost investment -home battery inverter,2020,lifetime,10.0,years,"Global Energy System based on 100% Renewable Energy, Energywatchgroup/LTU University, 2019, Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx, Note K.",: Technical lifetime -home battery storage,2020,investment,323.53,EUR/kWh,"Global Energy System based on 100% Renewable Energy, Energywatchgroup/LTU University, 2019, Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx",: Energy storage expansion cost investment -home battery storage,2020,lifetime,20.0,years,"Global Energy System based on 100% Renewable Energy, Energywatchgroup/LTU University, 2019, Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx",: Technical lifetime -hydro,2020,FOM,1.0,%/year,DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -hydro,2020,efficiency,0.9,per unit,DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -hydro,2020,investment,2208.16,EUR/kWel,DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -hydro,2020,lifetime,80.0,years,IEA2010," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -hydrogen storage,2020,investment,11.2,USD/kWh,budischak2013," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -hydrogen storage,2020,lifetime,20.0,years,budischak2013," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -hydrogen storage tank incl. compressor,2020,FOM,1.05,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx",151a Hydrogen Storage - Tanks: Fixed O&M -hydrogen storage tank incl. compressor,2020,investment,57.0,EUR/kWh,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx",151a Hydrogen Storage - Tanks: Specific investment -hydrogen storage tank incl. compressor,2020,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx",151a Hydrogen Storage - Tanks: Technical lifetime -hydrogen storage underground,2020,FOM,0.0,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx",151c Hydrogen Storage - Caverns: Fixed O&M -hydrogen storage underground,2020,VOM,0.0,EUR/MWh,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx",151c Hydrogen Storage - Caverns: Variable O&M -hydrogen storage underground,2020,investment,3.0,EUR/kWh,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx",151c Hydrogen Storage - Caverns: Specific investment -hydrogen storage underground,2020,lifetime,100.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx",151c Hydrogen Storage - Caverns: Technical lifetime -industrial heat pump high temperature,2020,FOM,0.09,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",302.b High temp. hp Up to 150: Fixed O&M -industrial heat pump high temperature,2020,VOM,3.26,EUR/MWh,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",302.b High temp. hp Up to 150: Variable O&M -industrial heat pump high temperature,2020,efficiency,2.95,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx","302.b High temp. hp Up to 150: Total efficiency, net, annual average" -industrial heat pump high temperature,2020,investment,1045.44,EUR/kW,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",302.b High temp. hp Up to 150: Nominal investment -industrial heat pump high temperature,2020,lifetime,20.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",302.b High temp. hp Up to 150: Technical lifetime -industrial heat pump medium temperature,2020,FOM,0.11,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",302.a High temp. hp Up to 125 C: Fixed O&M -industrial heat pump medium temperature,2020,VOM,3.26,EUR/MWh,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",302.a High temp. hp Up to 125 C: Variable O&M -industrial heat pump medium temperature,2020,efficiency,2.55,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx","302.a High temp. hp Up to 125 C: Total efficiency, net, annual average" -industrial heat pump medium temperature,2020,investment,871.2,EUR/kW,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",302.a High temp. hp Up to 125 C: Nominal investment -industrial heat pump medium temperature,2020,lifetime,20.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",302.a High temp. hp Up to 125 C: Technical lifetime -lignite,2020,CO2 intensity,0.41,tCO2/MWh_th,Entwicklung der spezifischen Kohlendioxid-Emissionen des deutschen Strommix in den Jahren 1990 - 2018, -lignite,2020,FOM,1.6,%/year,Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0, -lignite,2020,VOM,3.5,EUR/MWh_e,Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0, -lignite,2020,efficiency,0.33,per unit,Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0, -lignite,2020,fuel,2.9,EUR/MWh_th,DIW, -lignite,2020,investment,3845.51,EUR/kW_e,Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0, -lignite,2020,lifetime,40.0,years,Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0, -methanation,2020,FOM,3.0,%/year,"Agora Energiewende (2018): The Future Cost of Electricity-Based Synthetic Fuels (https://www.agora-energiewende.de/en/publications/the-future-cost-of-electricity-based-synthetic-fuels-1/), section 6.2.3.1", -methanation,2020,capture rate,0.98,per unit,Assumption based on doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.01.006, -methanation,2020,efficiency,0.8,per unit,"Agora Energiewende (2018): The Future Cost of Electricity-Based Synthetic Fuels (https://www.agora-energiewende.de/en/publications/the-future-cost-of-electricity-based-synthetic-fuels-1/), section 6.2.3.1", -methanation,2020,investment,718.95,"EUR/MW_CH4; and -EUR/kW_CH4","Agora Energiewende (2018): The Future Cost of Electricity-Based Synthetic Fuels (https://www.agora-energiewende.de/en/publications/the-future-cost-of-electricity-based-synthetic-fuels-1/), table 6: “Reference scenario”.", -methanation,2020,lifetime,20.0,years,Guesstimate., -methane storage tank incl. compressor,2020,FOM,1.9,%/year,"Guesstimate, based on hydrogen storage tank by DEA.", -methane storage tank incl. compressor,2020,investment,8629.2,EUR/m^3,Storage costs per l: https://www.compositesworld.com/articles/pressure-vessels-for-alternative-fuels-2014-2023 (2021-02-10)., -methane storage tank incl. compressor,2020,lifetime,30.0,years,"Guesstimate, based on hydrogen storage tank by DEA.", -methanolisation,2020,FOM,3.0,%/year,"Agora Energiewende (2018): The Future Cost of Electricity-Based Synthetic Fuels (https://www.agora-energiewende.de/en/publications/the-future-cost-of-electricity-based-synthetic-fuels-1/), section 6.3.2.1.", -methanolisation,2020,investment,757401.0,EUR/MW_MeOH,"Agora Energiewende (2018): The Future Cost of Electricity-Based Synthetic Fuels (https://www.agora-energiewende.de/en/publications/the-future-cost-of-electricity-based-synthetic-fuels-1/), table 8: “Reference scenario”.", -methanolisation,2020,lifetime,20.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Renewable Fuels (04/2022), Data sheet “Methanol to Power”.", -micro CHP,2020,FOM,6.67,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx",219 LT-PEMFC mCHP - natural gas: Fixed O&M -micro CHP,2020,efficiency,0.35,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx","219 LT-PEMFC mCHP - natural gas: Electric efficiency, annual average, net" -micro CHP,2020,efficiency-heat,0.6,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx","219 LT-PEMFC mCHP - natural gas: Heat efficiency, annual average, net" -micro CHP,2020,investment,10045.31,EUR/kW_th,"Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx",219 LT-PEMFC mCHP - natural gas: Specific investment -micro CHP,2020,lifetime,20.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx",219 LT-PEMFC mCHP - natural gas: Technical lifetime -nuclear,2020,FOM,1.4,%/year,Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0, -nuclear,2020,VOM,3.5,EUR/MWh_e,Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0, -nuclear,2020,efficiency,0.33,per unit,Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0, -nuclear,2020,fuel,2.6,EUR/MWh_th,Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0, -nuclear,2020,investment,7940.45,EUR/kW_e,Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0, -nuclear,2020,lifetime,40.0,years,Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0, -offwind,2020,FOM,2.51,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","21 Offshore turbines: Fixed O&M [EUR/MW_e/y, 2020]" -offwind,2020,VOM,0.02,EUR/MWhel,RES costs made up to fix curtailment order," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -offwind,2020,investment,1804.77,"EUR/kW_e, 2020","Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","21 Offshore turbines: Nominal investment [MEUR/MW_e, 2020] grid connection costs substracted from investment costs" -offwind,2020,lifetime,27.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",21 Offshore turbines: Technical lifetime [years] -offwind-ac-connection-submarine,2020,investment,2685.0,EUR/MW/km,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -offwind-ac-connection-underground,2020,investment,1342.0,EUR/MW/km,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -offwind-ac-station,2020,investment,250.0,EUR/kWel,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -offwind-dc-connection-submarine,2020,investment,2000.0,EUR/MW/km,DTU report based on Fig 34 of https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2014_nsog_report.pdf," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -offwind-dc-connection-underground,2020,investment,1000.0,EUR/MW/km,Haertel 2017; average + 13% learning reduction," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -offwind-dc-station,2020,investment,400.0,EUR/kWel,Haertel 2017; assuming one onshore and one offshore node + 13% learning reduction," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -oil,2020,CO2 intensity,0.26,tCO2/MWh_th,Stoichiometric calculation with 44 GJ/t diesel and -CH2- approximation of diesel, -oil,2020,FOM,2.57,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",50 Diesel engine farm: Fixed O&M -oil,2020,VOM,6.0,EUR/MWh,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",50 Diesel engine farm: Variable O&M -oil,2020,efficiency,0.35,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","50 Diesel engine farm: Electricity efficiency, annual average" -oil,2020,fuel,50.0,EUR/MWhth,IEA WEM2017 97USD/boe = http://www.iea.org/media/weowebsite/2017/WEM_Documentation_WEO2017.pdf," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -oil,2020,investment,343.0,EUR/kW,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",50 Diesel engine farm: Specific investment -oil,2020,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",50 Diesel engine farm: Technical lifetime -onwind,2020,FOM,1.25,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",20 Onshore turbines: Fixed O&M -onwind,2020,VOM,1.5,EUR/MWh,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",20 Onshore turbines: Variable O&M -onwind,2020,investment,1118.77,EUR/kW,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","20 Onshore turbines: Nominal investment " -onwind,2020,lifetime,27.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",20 Onshore turbines: Technical lifetime -ror,2020,FOM,2.0,%/year,DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -ror,2020,efficiency,0.9,per unit,DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -ror,2020,investment,3312.24,EUR/kWel,DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -ror,2020,lifetime,80.0,years,IEA2010," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -seawater desalination,2020,FOM,4.0,%/year,"Caldera et al 2016: Local cost of seawater RO desalination based on solar PV and windenergy: A global estimate. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.004), Table 1.", -seawater desalination,2020,electricity-input,3.03,kWh/m^3-H2O,"Caldera et al 2016: Local cost of seawater RO desalination based on solar PV and windenergy: A global estimate. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.004), Fig. 4.", -seawater desalination,2020,investment,40219.78,EUR/(m^3-H2O/h),"Caldera et al 2017: Learning Curve for Seawater Reverse Osmosis Desalination Plants: Capital Cost Trend of the Past, Present, and Future (https://doi.org/10.1002/2017WR021402), Table 4.", -seawater desalination,2020,lifetime,30.0,years,"Caldera et al 2016: Local cost of seawater RO desalination based on solar PV and windenergy: A global estimate. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.004), Table 1.", -solar,2020,FOM,1.58,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",22 Rooftop PV residential: Fixed O&M [2020-EUR/MW_e/y] -solar,2020,VOM,0.01,EUR/MWhel,RES costs made up to fix curtailment order," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -solar,2020,investment,733.47,EUR/kW_e,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",22 Rooftop PV residential: Nominal investment [2020-MEUR/MW_e] -solar,2020,lifetime,35.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",22 Rooftop PV residential: Technical lifetime [years] -solar-rooftop,2020,FOM,1.15,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",22 Rooftop PV residential: Fixed O&M [2020-EUR/MW_e/y] -solar-rooftop,2020,discount rate,0.04,per unit,standard for decentral," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -solar-rooftop,2020,investment,957.47,EUR/kW_e,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",22 Rooftop PV residential: Nominal investment [2020-MEUR/MW_e] -solar-rooftop,2020,lifetime,35.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",22 Rooftop PV residential: Technical lifetime [years] -solar-rooftop commercial,2020,FOM,1.22,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",22 Rooftop PV commercial: Fixed O&M [2020-EUR/MW_e/y] -solar-rooftop commercial,2020,investment,790.08,EUR/kW_e,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",22 Rooftop PV commercial: Nominal investment [2020-MEUR/MW_e] -solar-rooftop commercial,2020,lifetime,35.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",22 Rooftop PV commercial: Technical lifetime [years] -solar-rooftop residential,2020,FOM,1.08,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",22 Rooftop PV residential: Fixed O&M [2020-EUR/MW_e/y] -solar-rooftop residential,2020,investment,1124.86,EUR/kW_e,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",22 Rooftop PV residential: Nominal investment [2020-MEUR/MW_e] -solar-rooftop residential,2020,lifetime,35.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",22 Rooftop PV residential: Technical lifetime [years] -solar-utility,2020,FOM,2.01,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",22 Utility-scale PV: Fixed O&M [2020-EUR/MW_e/y] -solar-utility,2020,investment,509.47,EUR/kW_e,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",22 Utility-scale PV: Nominal investment [2020-MEUR/MW_e] -solar-utility,2020,lifetime,35.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",22 Utility-scale PV: Technical lifetime [years] -solid biomass,2020,CO2 intensity,0.37,tCO2/MWh_th,Stoichiometric calculation with 18 GJ/t_DM LHV and 50% C-content for solid biomass, -solid biomass,2020,fuel,12.0,EUR/MWh_th,"JRC ENSPRESO ca avg for MINBIOWOOW1 (secondary forest residue wood chips), ENS_Ref for 2040", -solid biomass boiler steam,2020,FOM,5.45,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",311.1e Steam boiler Wood: Fixed O&M -solid biomass boiler steam,2020,VOM,2.78,EUR/MWh,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",311.1e Steam boiler Wood: Variable O&M -solid biomass boiler steam,2020,efficiency,0.89,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx","311.1e Steam boiler Wood: Total efficiency, net, annual average" -solid biomass boiler steam,2020,investment,618.18,EUR/kW,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",311.1e Steam boiler Wood: Nominal investment -solid biomass boiler steam,2020,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",311.1e Steam boiler Wood: Technical lifetime -solid biomass to hydrogen,2020,FOM,4.25,%/year,"Zech et.al. DBFZ Report Nr. 19. Hy-NOW - Evaluierung der Verfahren und Technologien für die Bereitstellung von Wasserstoff auf Basis von Biomasse, DBFZ, 2014", -solid biomass to hydrogen,2020,capture rate,0.98,per unit,Assumption based on doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.01.006, -solid biomass to hydrogen,2020,efficiency,0.56,per unit,"Zech et.al. DBFZ Report Nr. 19. Hy-NOW - Evaluierung der Verfahren und Technologien für die Bereitstellung von Wasserstoff auf Basis von Biomasse, DBFZ, 2014", -solid biomass to hydrogen,2020,investment,2500.0,EUR/kW_th,"Zech et.al. DBFZ Report Nr. 19. Hy-NOW - Evaluierung der Verfahren und Technologien für die Bereitstellung von Wasserstoff auf Basis von Biomasse, DBFZ, 2014", -uranium,2020,fuel,2.6,EUR/MWh_th,Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0, -water tank charger,2020,efficiency,0.84,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx",: efficiency from sqr(Round trip efficiency) -water tank discharger,2020,efficiency,0.84,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx",: efficiency from sqr(Round trip efficiency) -Ammonia cracker,2030,FOM,4.3,%/year,"Ishimoto et al. (2020): 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.09.017 , table 7.", -Ammonia cracker,2030,investment,1062107.74,EUR/MW_H2,"Ishimoto et al. (2020): 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.09.017 , table 6.", -Ammonia cracker,2030,lifetime,25.0,years,"Ishimoto et al. (2020): 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.09.017 , table 7.", -BioSNG,2030,C in fuel,0.34,per unit,Stoichiometric calculation, -BioSNG,2030,C stored,0.66,per unit,Stoichiometric calculation, -BioSNG,2030,CO2 stored,0.24,tCO2/MWh_th,Stoichiometric calculation, -BioSNG,2030,FOM,1.64,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","84 Gasif. CFB, Bio-SNG: Fixed O&M" -BioSNG,2030,VOM,1.7,EUR/MWh_th,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","84 Gasif. CFB, Bio-SNG: Variable O&M" -BioSNG,2030,capture rate,0.98,per unit,Assumption based on doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.01.006, -BioSNG,2030,efficiency,0.63,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","84 Gasif. CFB, Bio-SNG: Bio SNG" -BioSNG,2030,investment,1600.0,EUR/kW_th,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","84 Gasif. CFB, Bio-SNG: Specific investment" -BioSNG,2030,lifetime,25.0,years,TODO,"84 Gasif. CFB, Bio-SNG: Technical lifetime" -BtL,2030,C in fuel,0.32,per unit,Stoichiometric calculation, -BtL,2030,C stored,0.68,per unit,Stoichiometric calculation, -BtL,2030,CO2 stored,0.25,tCO2/MWh_th,Stoichiometric calculation, -BtL,2030,FOM,2.67,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","85 Gasif. Ent. Flow FT, liq fu : Fixed O&M" -BtL,2030,VOM,1.06,EUR/MWh_FT,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","85 Gasif. Ent. Flow FT, liq fu : Variable O&M" -BtL,2030,capture rate,0.98,per unit,Assumption based on doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.01.006, -BtL,2030,efficiency,0.45,per unit,doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2017.05.013, -BtL,2030,investment,2000.0,EUR/kW_th,doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2017.05.013,"85 Gasif. Ent. Flow FT, liq fu : Specific investment" -BtL,2030,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","85 Gasif. Ent. Flow FT, liq fu : Technical lifetime" -CCGT,2030,FOM,3.35,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","05 Gas turb. CC, steam extract.: Fixed O&M" -CCGT,2030,VOM,4.2,EUR/MWh,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","05 Gas turb. CC, steam extract.: Variable O&M" -CCGT,2030,c_b,2.0,50oC/100oC,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","05 Gas turb. CC, steam extract.: Cb coefficient" -CCGT,2030,c_v,0.15,50oC/100oC,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","05 Gas turb. CC, steam extract.: Cv coefficient" -CCGT,2030,efficiency,0.58,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","05 Gas turb. CC, steam extract.: Electricity efficiency, annual average" -CCGT,2030,investment,830.0,EUR/kW,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","05 Gas turb. CC, steam extract.: Nominal investment" -CCGT,2030,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","05 Gas turb. CC, steam extract.: Technical lifetime" -CH4 (g) fill compressor station,2030,FOM,1.7,%/year,Assume same as for H2 (g) fill compressor station., -CH4 (g) fill compressor station,2030,investment,1498.95,EUR/MW_CH4,"Guesstimate, based on H2 (g) pipeline and fill compressor station cost.", -CH4 (g) fill compressor station,2030,lifetime,20.0,years,Assume same as for H2 (g) fill compressor station., -CH4 (g) pipeline,2030,FOM,1.5,%/year,Assume same as for H2 (g) pipeline in 2050 (CH4 pipeline as mature technology)., -CH4 (g) pipeline,2030,investment,79.0,EUR/MW/km,Guesstimate., -CH4 (g) pipeline,2030,lifetime,50.0,years,Assume same as for H2 (g) pipeline in 2050 (CH4 pipeline as mature technology)., -CH4 (g) submarine pipeline,2030,FOM,3.0,%/year,"d’Amore-Domenech et al (2021): 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116625 , supplementary material.", -CH4 (g) submarine pipeline,2030,investment,114.89,EUR/MW/km,Kaiser (2017): 10.1016/j.marpol.2017.05.003 ., -CH4 (g) submarine pipeline,2030,lifetime,30.0,years,"d’Amore-Domenech et al (2021): 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116625 , supplementary material.", -CH4 (l) transport ship,2030,FOM,3.5,%/year,"Fasihi et al 2017, table 1, https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/2/306", -CH4 (l) transport ship,2030,capacity,58300.0,t_CH4,"Calculated, based on Fasihi et al 2017, table 1, https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/2/306", -CH4 (l) transport ship,2030,investment,151000000.0,EUR,"Fasihi et al 2017, table 1, https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/2/306", -CH4 (l) transport ship,2030,lifetime,25.0,years,"Fasihi et al 2017, table 1, https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/2/306", -CH4 evaporation,2030,FOM,3.5,%/year,"Lochner and Bothe (2009): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.12.012 and Fasihi et al 2017, table 1, https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/2/306", -CH4 evaporation,2030,investment,87.6,EUR/kW_CH4,"Calculated, based on Lochner and Bothe (2009): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.12.012 and Fasihi et al 2017, table 1, https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/2/306", -CH4 evaporation,2030,lifetime,30.0,years,"Fasihi et al 2017, table 1, https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/2/306", -CH4 liquefaction,2030,FOM,3.5,%/year,"Fasihi et al 2017, table 1, https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/2/306", -CH4 liquefaction,2030,investment,232.13,EUR/kW_CH4,"Calculated, based on Lochner and Bothe (2009): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.12.012 and Fasihi et al 2017, table 1, https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/2/306", -CH4 liquefaction,2030,lifetime,25.0,years,"Fasihi et al 2017, table 1, https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/2/306", -CO2 liquefaction,2030,FOM,5.0,%/year,Mitsubish Heavy Industries Ltd. and IEA (2004): https://ieaghg.org/docs/General_Docs/Reports/PH4-30%20Ship%20Transport.pdf ., -CO2 liquefaction,2030,investment,16.03,EUR/t_CO2/h,Mitsubish Heavy Industries Ltd. and IEA (2004): https://ieaghg.org/docs/General_Docs/Reports/PH4-30%20Ship%20Transport.pdf ., -CO2 liquefaction,2030,lifetime,25.0,years,"Guesstimate, based on CH4 liquefaction.", -CO2 pipeline,2030,FOM,0.9,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (March 2021), Excel datasheet: 121 co2 pipeline.", -CO2 pipeline,2030,investment,2000.0,EUR/(tCO2/h)/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (March 2021), Excel datasheet: 121 co2 pipeline.", -CO2 pipeline,2030,lifetime,50.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (March 2021), Excel datasheet: 121 co2 pipeline.", -CO2 storage tank,2030,FOM,1.0,%/year,"Lauri et al. 2014: doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.297, pg. 2746 .", -CO2 storage tank,2030,investment,2528.17,EUR/t_CO2,"Lauri et al. 2014: doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.297, Table 3.", -CO2 storage tank,2030,lifetime,25.0,years,"Lauri et al. 2014: doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.297, pg. 2746 .", -CO2 submarine pipeline,2030,FOM,0.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (March 2021), Excel datasheet: 121 co2 pipeline.", -CO2 submarine pipeline,2030,investment,4000.0,EUR/(tCO2/h)/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (March 2021), Excel datasheet: 121 co2 pipeline.", -FT fuel transport ship,2030,FOM,5.0,%/year,"Assume comparable tanker as for LOHC transport above, c.f. Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514 .", -FT fuel transport ship,2030,capacity,75000.0,t_FTfuel,"Assume comparable tanker as for LOHC transport above, c.f. Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514 .", -FT fuel transport ship,2030,investment,31700578.34,EUR,"Assume comparable tanker as for LOHC transport above, c.f. Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514 .", -FT fuel transport ship,2030,lifetime,15.0,years,"Assume comparable tanker as for LOHC transport above, c.f. Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514 .", -Fischer-Tropsch,2030,FOM,3.0,%/year,"Agora Energiewende (2018): The Future Cost of Electricity-Based Synthetic Fuels (https://www.agora-energiewende.de/en/publications/the-future-cost-of-electricity-based-synthetic-fuels-1/), section 6.3.2.1.", -Fischer-Tropsch,2030,capture rate,0.98,per unit,Assumption based on doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.01.006, -Fischer-Tropsch,2030,efficiency,0.8,per unit,"Agora Energiewende (2018): The Future Cost of Electricity-Based Synthetic Fuels (https://www.agora-energiewende.de/en/publications/the-future-cost-of-electricity-based-synthetic-fuels-1/), section 6.3.2.2.", -Fischer-Tropsch,2030,investment,650711.26,EUR/MW_FT,"Agora Energiewende (2018): The Future Cost of Electricity-Based Synthetic Fuels (https://www.agora-energiewende.de/en/publications/the-future-cost-of-electricity-based-synthetic-fuels-1/), table 8: “Reference scenario”.", -Fischer-Tropsch,2030,lifetime,20.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Renewable Fuels (04/2022), Data sheet “Methanol to Power”.", -Gasnetz,2030,FOM,2.5,%,"WEGE ZU EINEM KLIMANEUTRALEN ENERGIESYSEM, Anhang zur Studie, Fraunhofer-Institut für Solare Energiesysteme ISE, Freiburg",Gasnetz -Gasnetz,2030,investment,28.0,EUR/kWGas,"WEGE ZU EINEM KLIMANEUTRALEN ENERGIESYSEM, Anhang zur Studie, Fraunhofer-Institut für Solare Energiesysteme ISE, Freiburg",Gasnetz -Gasnetz,2030,lifetime,30.0,years,"WEGE ZU EINEM KLIMANEUTRALEN ENERGIESYSEM, Anhang zur Studie, Fraunhofer-Institut für Solare Energiesysteme ISE, Freiburg",Gasnetz -General liquid hydrocarbon storage (crude),2030,FOM,6.25,%/year,"Stelter and Nishida 2013: https://webstore.iea.org/insights-series-2013-focus-on-energy-security , figure 7 and pg. 12 .", -General liquid hydrocarbon storage (crude),2030,investment,135.83,EUR/m^3,"Stelter and Nishida 2013: https://webstore.iea.org/insights-series-2013-focus-on-energy-security , pg. 8F .", -General liquid hydrocarbon storage (crude),2030,lifetime,30.0,years,"Stelter and Nishida 2013: https://webstore.iea.org/insights-series-2013-focus-on-energy-security , pg. 11.", -General liquid hydrocarbon storage (product),2030,FOM,6.25,%/year,"Stelter and Nishida 2013: https://webstore.iea.org/insights-series-2013-focus-on-energy-security , figure 7 and pg. 12 .", -General liquid hydrocarbon storage (product),2030,investment,169.79,EUR/m^3,"Stelter and Nishida 2013: https://webstore.iea.org/insights-series-2013-focus-on-energy-security , pg. 8F .", -General liquid hydrocarbon storage (product),2030,lifetime,30.0,years,"Stelter and Nishida 2013: https://webstore.iea.org/insights-series-2013-focus-on-energy-security , pg. 11.", -H2 (g) fill compressor station,2030,FOM,1.7,%/year,"Guidehouse 2020: European Hydrogen Backbone report, https://guidehouse.com/-/media/www/site/downloads/energy/2020/gh_european-hydrogen-backbone_report.pdf (table 3, table 5)", -H2 (g) fill compressor station,2030,investment,4478.0,EUR/MW_H2,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (2021), pg. 164, Figure 14 (Fill compressor).", -H2 (g) fill compressor station,2030,lifetime,20.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (2021), pg. 168, Figure 24 (Fill compressor).", -H2 (g) pipeline,2030,FOM,3.17,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (2021), Excel datasheet: H2 140.", -H2 (g) pipeline,2030,investment,226.47,EUR/MW/km,European Hydrogen Backbone Report (June 2021): https://gasforclimate2050.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/EHB_Analysing-the-future-demand-supply-and-transport-of-hydrogen_June-2021.pdf., -H2 (g) pipeline,2030,lifetime,50.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (2021), Excel datasheet: H2 140.", -H2 (g) pipeline repurposed,2030,FOM,3.17,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (2021), Excel datasheet: H2 140.", -H2 (g) pipeline repurposed,2030,investment,105.88,EUR/MW/km,European Hydrogen Backbone Report (June 2021): https://gasforclimate2050.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/EHB_Analysing-the-future-demand-supply-and-transport-of-hydrogen_June-2021.pdf., -H2 (g) pipeline repurposed,2030,lifetime,50.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (2021), Excel datasheet: H2 140.", -H2 (g) submarine pipeline,2030,FOM,3.0,%/year,Assume same as for CH4 (g) submarine pipeline., -H2 (g) submarine pipeline,2030,investment,329.37,EUR/MW/km,"Assume similar cost as for CH4 (g) submarine pipeline but with the same factor as between onland CH4 (g) pipeline and H2 (g) pipeline (2.86). This estimate is comparable to a 36in diameter pipeline calaculated based on d’Amore-Domenech et al (2021): 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116625 , supplementary material (=251 EUR/MW/km).", -H2 (g) submarine pipeline,2030,lifetime,30.0,years,Assume same as for CH4 (g) submarine pipeline., -H2 (l) storage tank,2030,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Reuß et al 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.050 , Table 6.", -H2 (l) storage tank,2030,investment,750.08,EUR/MWh_H2,"Reuß et al 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.050 , Table 6.", -H2 (l) storage tank,2030,lifetime,20.0,years,"Reuß et al 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.050 , Table 6.", -H2 (l) transport ship,2030,FOM,4.0,%/year,"Cihlar et al 2020: http://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/7e4afa7d-d077-11ea-adf7-01aa75ed71a1/language-en , Table 3-B, based on IEA 2019.", -H2 (l) transport ship,2030,capacity,11000.0,t_H2,"Cihlar et al 2020: http://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/7e4afa7d-d077-11ea-adf7-01aa75ed71a1/language-en , Table 3-B, based on IEA 2019.", -H2 (l) transport ship,2030,investment,361223561.58,EUR,"Cihlar et al 2020: http://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/7e4afa7d-d077-11ea-adf7-01aa75ed71a1/language-en , Table 3-B, based on IEA 2019.", -H2 (l) transport ship,2030,lifetime,20.0,years,"Cihlar et al 2020: http://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/7e4afa7d-d077-11ea-adf7-01aa75ed71a1/language-en , Table 3-B, based on IEA 2019.", -H2 evaporation,2030,FOM,2.5,%/year,"DNV GL (2020): Study on the Import of Liquid Renewable Energy: Technology Cost Assessment, https://www.gie.eu/wp-content/uploads/filr/2598/DNV-GL_Study-GLE-Technologies-and-costs-analysis-on-imports-of-liquid-renewable-energy.pdf .", -H2 evaporation,2030,investment,143.64,EUR/kW_H2,"IRENA (2022): Global Hydrogen Trade to Meet the 1.5° Climate Goal: Technology Review of Hydrogen Carriers, https://www.irena.org/publications/2022/Apr/Global-hydrogen-trade-Part-II , pg. 62f.", -H2 evaporation,2030,lifetime,20.0,years,Guesstimate., -H2 liquefaction,2030,FOM,2.5,%/year,"DNV GL (2020): Study on the Import of Liquid Renewable Energy: Technology Cost Assessment, https://www.gie.eu/wp-content/uploads/filr/2598/DNV-GL_Study-GLE-Technologies-and-costs-analysis-on-imports-of-liquid-renewable-energy.pdf .", -H2 liquefaction,2030,investment,870.56,EUR/kW_H2,"IRENA (2022): Global Hydrogen Trade to Meet the 1.5° Climate Goal: Technology Review of Hydrogen Carriers, https://www.irena.org/publications/2022/Apr/Global-hydrogen-trade-Part-II , pg. 62f.", -H2 liquefaction,2030,lifetime,20.0,years,"Reuß et al 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.050 , Table 9.", -H2 pipeline,2030,FOM,3.0,%/year,TODO," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -H2 pipeline,2030,investment,267.0,EUR/MW/km,Welder et al https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.05.059," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -H2 pipeline,2030,lifetime,40.0,years,TODO," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -HVAC overhead,2030,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .", -HVAC overhead,2030,investment,432.97,EUR/MW/km,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .", -HVAC overhead,2030,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .", -HVDC inverter pair,2030,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .", -HVDC inverter pair,2030,investment,162364.82,EUR/MW,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .", -HVDC inverter pair,2030,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .", -HVDC overhead,2030,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .", -HVDC overhead,2030,investment,432.97,EUR/MW/km,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .", -HVDC overhead,2030,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .", -HVDC submarine,2030,FOM,0.35,%/year,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 ., -HVDC submarine,2030,investment,471.16,EUR/MW/km,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 ., -HVDC submarine,2030,lifetime,40.0,years,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 ., -Haber-Bosch,2030,FOM,3.0,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",103 Hydrogen to Ammonia: Fixed O&M -Haber-Bosch,2030,VOM,0.02,EUR/MWh_NH3,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",103 Hydrogen to Ammonia: Variable O&M -Haber-Bosch,2030,investment,1297.43,EUR/kW_NH3,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",103 Hydrogen to Ammonia: Specific investment -Haber-Bosch,2030,lifetime,30.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",103 Hydrogen to Ammonia: Technical lifetime -LNG storage tank,2030,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Guesstimate, based on H2 (l) storage tank with comparable requirements.", -LNG storage tank,2030,investment,611.59,EUR/m^3,"Hurskainen 2019, https://cris.vtt.fi/en/publications/liquid-organic-hydrogen-carriers-lohc-concept-evaluation-and-tech pg. 46 (59).", -LNG storage tank,2030,lifetime,20.0,years,"Guesstimate, based on H2 (l) storage tank with comparable requirements.", -LOHC chemical,2030,investment,2264.33,EUR/t,"Runge et al 2020, pg.7, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514", -LOHC chemical,2030,lifetime,20.0,years,"Runge et al 2020, pg.7, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514", -LOHC dehydrogenation,2030,FOM,3.0,%/year,"Reuß et al 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.050 , Table 9.", -LOHC dehydrogenation,2030,investment,50728.03,EUR/MW_H2,"Reuß et al 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.050 , Table 9.", -LOHC dehydrogenation,2030,lifetime,20.0,years,"Reuß et al 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.050 , Table 9.", -LOHC dehydrogenation (small scale),2030,FOM,3.0,%/year,"Runge et al 2020, pg.8, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514", -LOHC dehydrogenation (small scale),2030,investment,759908.15,EUR/MW_H2,"Runge et al 2020, pg.8, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514", -LOHC dehydrogenation (small scale),2030,lifetime,20.0,years,"Runge et al 2020, pg.8, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514", -LOHC hydrogenation,2030,FOM,3.0,%/year,"Reuß et al 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.050 , Table 9.", -LOHC hydrogenation,2030,investment,51259.54,EUR/MW_H2,"Reuß et al 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.050 , Table 9.", -LOHC hydrogenation,2030,lifetime,20.0,years,"Reuß et al 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.050 , Table 9.", -LOHC loaded DBT storage,2030,FOM,6.25,%/year,, -LOHC loaded DBT storage,2030,investment,149.27,EUR/t,"Density via Wissenschaftliche Dienste des Deutschen Bundestages 2020, https://www.bundestag.de/resource/blob/816048/454e182d5956d45a664da9eb85486f76/WD-8-058-20-pdf-data.pdf , pg. 11.", -LOHC loaded DBT storage,2030,lifetime,30.0,years,, -LOHC transport ship,2030,FOM,5.0,%/year,"Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514", -LOHC transport ship,2030,capacity,75000.0,t_LOHC,"Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514", -LOHC transport ship,2030,investment,31700578.34,EUR,"Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514", -LOHC transport ship,2030,lifetime,15.0,years,"Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514", -LOHC unloaded DBT storage,2030,FOM,6.25,%/year,, -LOHC unloaded DBT storage,2030,investment,132.26,EUR/t,"Density via Wissenschaftliche Dienste des Deutschen Bundestages 2020, https://www.bundestag.de/resource/blob/816048/454e182d5956d45a664da9eb85486f76/WD-8-058-20-pdf-data.pdf , pg. 11.", -LOHC unloaded DBT storage,2030,lifetime,30.0,years,, -MeOH transport ship,2030,FOM,5.0,%/year,"Assume comparable tanker as for LOHC transport above, c.f. Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514 .", -MeOH transport ship,2030,capacity,75000.0,t_MeOH,"Assume comparable tanker as for LOHC transport above, c.f. Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514 .", -MeOH transport ship,2030,investment,31700578.34,EUR,"Assume comparable tanker as for LOHC transport above, c.f. Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514 .", -MeOH transport ship,2030,lifetime,15.0,years,"Assume comparable tanker as for LOHC transport above, c.f. Runge et al 2020, Table 10, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3623514 .", -Methanol steam reforming,2030,FOM,4.0,%/year,"Niermann et al (2021): 10.1016/j.rser.2020.110171 , table 4.", -Methanol steam reforming,2030,investment,16318.43,EUR/MW_H2,"Niermann et al (2021): 10.1016/j.rser.2020.110171 , table 4.", -Methanol steam reforming,2030,lifetime,20.0,years,"Niermann et al (2021): 10.1016/j.rser.2020.110171 , table 4.", -NH3 (l) storage tank incl. liquefaction,2030,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Guesstimate, based on H2 (l) storage tank.", -NH3 (l) storage tank incl. liquefaction,2030,investment,161.93,EUR/MWh_NH3,"Calculated based on Morgan E. 2013: doi:10.7275/11KT-3F59 , Fig. 55, Fig 58.", -NH3 (l) storage tank incl. liquefaction,2030,lifetime,20.0,years,"Morgan E. 2013: doi:10.7275/11KT-3F59 , pg. 290", -NH3 (l) transport ship,2030,FOM,4.0,%/year,"Cihlar et al 2020 based on IEA 2019, Table 3-B", -NH3 (l) transport ship,2030,capacity,53000.0,t_NH3,"Cihlar et al 2020 based on IEA 2019, Table 3-B", -NH3 (l) transport ship,2030,investment,74461941.34,EUR,"Cihlar et al 2020 based on IEA 2019, Table 3-B", -NH3 (l) transport ship,2030,lifetime,20.0,years,"Guess estimated based on H2 (l) tanker, but more mature technology", -OCGT,2030,FOM,1.78,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",52 OCGT - Natural gas: Fixed O&M -OCGT,2030,VOM,4.5,EUR/MWh,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",52 OCGT - Natural gas: Variable O&M -OCGT,2030,efficiency,0.41,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","52 OCGT - Natural gas: Electricity efficiency, annual average" -OCGT,2030,investment,435.24,EUR/kW,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",52 OCGT - Natural gas: Specific investment -OCGT,2030,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",52 OCGT - Natural gas: Technical lifetime -PHS,2030,FOM,1.0,%/year,DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -PHS,2030,efficiency,0.75,per unit,DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -PHS,2030,investment,2208.16,EUR/kWel,DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -PHS,2030,lifetime,80.0,years,IEA2010," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -SMR,2030,FOM,5.0,%/year,Danish Energy Agency,"Technology data for renewable fuels, in pdf on table 3 p.311" -SMR,2030,efficiency,0.76,per unit (in LHV),"IEA Global average levelised cost of hydrogen production by energy source and technology, 2019 and 2050 (2020), https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/global-average-levelised-cost-of-hydrogen-production-by-energy-source-and-technology-2019-and-2050", -SMR,2030,investment,493470.4,EUR/MW_CH4,Danish Energy Agency,"Technology data for renewable fuels, in pdf on table 3 p.311" -SMR,2030,lifetime,30.0,years,"IEA Global average levelised cost of hydrogen production by energy source and technology, 2019 and 2050 (2020), https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/global-average-levelised-cost-of-hydrogen-production-by-energy-source-and-technology-2019-and-2050", -SMR CC,2030,FOM,5.0,%/year,Danish Energy Agency,"Technology data for renewable fuels, in pdf on table 3 p.311" -SMR CC,2030,capture_rate,0.9,EUR/MW_CH4,"IEA Global average levelised cost of hydrogen production by energy source and technology, 2019 and 2050 (2020), https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/global-average-levelised-cost-of-hydrogen-production-by-energy-source-and-technology-2019-and-2050",wide range: capture rates betwen 54%-90% -SMR CC,2030,efficiency,0.69,per unit (in LHV),"IEA Global average levelised cost of hydrogen production by energy source and technology, 2019 and 2050 (2020), https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/global-average-levelised-cost-of-hydrogen-production-by-energy-source-and-technology-2019-and-2050", -SMR CC,2030,investment,572425.66,EUR/MW_CH4,Danish Energy Agency,"Technology data for renewable fuels, in pdf on table 3 p.311" -SMR CC,2030,lifetime,30.0,years,"IEA Global average levelised cost of hydrogen production by energy source and technology, 2019 and 2050 (2020), https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/global-average-levelised-cost-of-hydrogen-production-by-energy-source-and-technology-2019-and-2050", -Steam methane reforming,2030,FOM,3.0,%/year,"International Energy Agency (2015): Technology Roadmap Hydrogen and Fuel Cells , table 15.", -Steam methane reforming,2030,investment,470085.47,EUR/MW_H2,"International Energy Agency (2015): Technology Roadmap Hydrogen and Fuel Cells , table 15.", -Steam methane reforming,2030,lifetime,30.0,years,"International Energy Agency (2015): Technology Roadmap Hydrogen and Fuel Cells , table 15.", -air separation unit,2030,FOM,3.0,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",103 Hydrogen to Ammonia: Fixed O&M -air separation unit,2030,investment,729306.18,EUR/t_N2/h,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",103 Hydrogen to Ammonia: Specific investment -air separation unit,2030,lifetime,30.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",103 Hydrogen to Ammonia: Technical lifetime -battery inverter,2030,FOM,0.34,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx",: Fixed O&M -battery inverter,2030,efficiency,0.96,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx",: Round trip efficiency DC -battery inverter,2030,investment,160.0,EUR/kW,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx",: Output capacity expansion cost investment -battery inverter,2030,lifetime,10.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx, Note K.",: Technical lifetime -battery storage,2030,investment,142.0,EUR/kWh,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx",: Energy storage expansion cost investment -battery storage,2030,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx",: Technical lifetime -biogas,2030,CO2 stored,0.09,tCO2/MWh_th,Stoichiometric calculation, -biogas,2030,FOM,12.84,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","81 Biogas Plant, Basic conf.: Total O&M" -biogas,2030,capture rate,0.98,per unit,Assumption based on doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.01.006, -biogas,2030,efficiency,1.0,per unit,Assuming input biomass is already given in biogas output, -biogas,2030,fuel,59.0,EUR/MWhth,JRC and Zappa," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -biogas,2030,investment,1539.62,EUR/kW,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","81 Biogas Plant, Basic conf.: Specific investment" -biogas,2030,lifetime,20.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","81 Biogas Plant, Basic conf.: Technical lifetime" -biogas plus hydrogen,2030,FOM,4.0,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",99 SNG from methan. of biogas: Fixed O&M -biogas plus hydrogen,2030,investment,756.0,EUR/kW_CH4,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",99 SNG from methan. of biogas: Specific investment -biogas plus hydrogen,2030,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",99 SNG from methan. of biogas: Technical lifetime -biogas upgrading,2030,FOM,2.49,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","82 Biogas, upgrading: Fixed O&M " -biogas upgrading,2030,VOM,3.18,EUR/MWh input,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","82 Biogas, upgrading: Variable O&M" -biogas upgrading,2030,investment,381.0,EUR/kW input,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","82 Biogas, upgrading: investment (upgrading, methane redution and grid injection)" -biogas upgrading,2030,lifetime,15.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","82 Biogas, upgrading: Technical lifetime" -biomass,2030,FOM,4.53,%/year,DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -biomass,2030,efficiency,0.47,per unit,DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -biomass,2030,fuel,7.0,EUR/MWhth,IEA2011b," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -biomass,2030,investment,2209.0,EUR/kWel,DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -biomass,2030,lifetime,30.0,years,ECF2010 in DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -biomass CHP,2030,FOM,3.58,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Fixed O&M" -biomass CHP,2030,VOM,2.1,EUR/MWh_e,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Variable O&M " -biomass CHP,2030,c_b,0.46,40°C/80°C,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Cb coefficient" -biomass CHP,2030,c_v,1.0,40°C/80°C,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Cv coefficient" -biomass CHP,2030,efficiency,0.3,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Electricity efficiency, net, annual average" -biomass CHP,2030,efficiency-heat,0.71,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Heat efficiency, net, annual average" -biomass CHP,2030,investment,3210.28,EUR/kW_e,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Nominal investment " -biomass CHP,2030,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Technical lifetime" -biomass CHP capture,2030,FOM,3.0,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",401.a Post comb - small CHP -biomass CHP capture,2030,capture_rate,0.9,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",401.a Post comb - small CHP -biomass CHP capture,2030,compression-electricity-input,0.08,MWh/tCO2,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",401.a Post comb - small CHP -biomass CHP capture,2030,compression-heat-output,0.14,MWh/tCO2,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",401.a Post comb - small CHP -biomass CHP capture,2030,electricity-input,0.02,MWh/tCO2,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",401.a Post comb - small CHP -biomass CHP capture,2030,heat-input,0.72,MWh/tCO2,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",401.a Post comb - small CHP -biomass CHP capture,2030,heat-output,0.72,MWh/tCO2,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",401.a Post comb - small CHP -biomass CHP capture,2030,investment,2700000.0,EUR/(tCO2/h),"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",401.a Post comb - small CHP -biomass CHP capture,2030,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",401.a Post comb - small CHP -biomass EOP,2030,FOM,3.58,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Fixed O&M" -biomass EOP,2030,VOM,2.1,EUR/MWh_e,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Variable O&M " -biomass EOP,2030,c_b,0.46,40°C/80°C,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Cb coefficient" -biomass EOP,2030,c_v,1.0,40°C/80°C,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Cv coefficient" -biomass EOP,2030,efficiency,0.3,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Electricity efficiency, net, annual average" -biomass EOP,2030,efficiency-heat,0.71,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Heat efficiency, net, annual average" -biomass EOP,2030,investment,3210.28,EUR/kW_e,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Nominal investment " -biomass EOP,2030,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09c Straw, Large, 40 degree: Technical lifetime" -biomass HOP,2030,FOM,5.75,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09c Straw HOP: Fixed O&M, heat output" -biomass HOP,2030,VOM,2.78,EUR/MWh,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",09c Straw HOP: Variable O&M heat output -biomass HOP,2030,efficiency,1.03,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09c Straw HOP: Total efficiency , net, annual average" -biomass HOP,2030,investment,832.63,EUR/kW_th - heat output,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09c Straw HOP: Nominal investment " -biomass HOP,2030,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",09c Straw HOP: Technical lifetime -biomass boiler,2030,FOM,7.49,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx","204 Biomass boiler, automatic: Fixed O&M" -biomass boiler,2030,efficiency,0.86,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx","204 Biomass boiler, automatic: Heat efficiency, annual average, net" -biomass boiler,2030,investment,649.3,EUR/kW_th,"Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx","204 Biomass boiler, automatic: Specific investment" -biomass boiler,2030,lifetime,20.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx","204 Biomass boiler, automatic: Technical lifetime" -cement capture,2030,FOM,3.0,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",401.c Post comb - Cement kiln -cement capture,2030,capture_rate,0.9,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",401.c Post comb - Cement kiln -cement capture,2030,compression-electricity-input,0.08,MWh/tCO2,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",401.c Post comb - Cement kiln -cement capture,2030,compression-heat-output,0.14,MWh/tCO2,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",401.c Post comb - Cement kiln -cement capture,2030,electricity-input,0.02,MWh/tCO2,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",401.c Post comb - Cement kiln -cement capture,2030,heat-input,0.72,MWh/tCO2,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",401.c Post comb - Cement kiln -cement capture,2030,heat-output,1.54,MWh/tCO2,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",401.c Post comb - Cement kiln -cement capture,2030,investment,2600000.0,EUR/(tCO2/h),"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",401.c Post comb - Cement kiln -cement capture,2030,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",401.c Post comb - Cement kiln -central air-sourced heat pump,2030,FOM,0.23,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","40 Comp. hp, airsource 3 MW: Fixed O&M" -central air-sourced heat pump,2030,VOM,2.51,EUR/MWh_th,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","40 Comp. hp, airsource 3 MW: Variable O&M" -central air-sourced heat pump,2030,efficiency,3.6,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","40 Comp. hp, airsource 3 MW: Total efficiency , net, annual average" -central air-sourced heat pump,2030,investment,856.25,EUR/kW_th,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","40 Comp. hp, airsource 3 MW: Specific investment" -central air-sourced heat pump,2030,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","40 Comp. hp, airsource 3 MW: Technical lifetime" -central coal CHP,2030,FOM,1.63,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",01 Coal CHP: Fixed O&M -central coal CHP,2030,VOM,2.84,EUR/MWh,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",01 Coal CHP: Variable O&M -central coal CHP,2030,c_b,1.01,50oC/100oC,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",01 Coal CHP: Cb coefficient -central coal CHP,2030,c_v,0.15,50oC/100oC,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",01 Coal CHP: Cv coefficient -central coal CHP,2030,efficiency,0.52,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","01 Coal CHP: Electricity efficiency, condensation mode, net" -central coal CHP,2030,investment,1860.47,EUR/kW,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",01 Coal CHP: Nominal investment -central coal CHP,2030,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",01 Coal CHP: Technical lifetime -central gas CHP,2030,FOM,3.32,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","04 Gas turb. simple cycle, L: Fixed O&M" -central gas CHP,2030,VOM,4.2,EUR/MWh,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","04 Gas turb. simple cycle, L: Variable O&M" -central gas CHP,2030,c_b,1.0,50oC/100oC,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","04 Gas turb. simple cycle, L: Cb coefficient" -central gas CHP,2030,c_v,0.17,per unit,DEA (loss of fuel for additional heat)," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -central gas CHP,2030,efficiency,0.41,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","04 Gas turb. simple cycle, L: Electricity efficiency, annual average" -central gas CHP,2030,investment,560.0,EUR/kW,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","04 Gas turb. simple cycle, L: Nominal investment" -central gas CHP,2030,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","04 Gas turb. simple cycle, L: Technical lifetime" -central gas CHP,2030,p_nom_ratio,1.0,per unit,," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -central gas boiler,2030,FOM,3.8,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",44 Natural Gas DH Only: Fixed O&M -central gas boiler,2030,VOM,1.0,EUR/MWh_th,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",44 Natural Gas DH Only: Variable O&M -central gas boiler,2030,efficiency,1.04,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","44 Natural Gas DH Only: Total efficiency , net, annual average" -central gas boiler,2030,investment,50.0,EUR/kW_th,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",44 Natural Gas DH Only: Nominal investment -central gas boiler,2030,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",44 Natural Gas DH Only: Technical lifetime -central ground-sourced heat pump,2030,FOM,0.39,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","40 Absorption heat pump, DH: Fixed O&M" -central ground-sourced heat pump,2030,VOM,1.25,EUR/MWh_th,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","40 Absorption heat pump, DH: Variable O&M" -central ground-sourced heat pump,2030,efficiency,1.73,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","40 Absorption heat pump, DH: Total efficiency , net, annual average" -central ground-sourced heat pump,2030,investment,507.6,EUR/kW_th excluding drive energy,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","40 Absorption heat pump, DH: Nominal investment" -central ground-sourced heat pump,2030,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","40 Absorption heat pump, DH: Technical lifetime" -central resistive heater,2030,FOM,1.7,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",41 Electric Boilers: Fixed O&M -central resistive heater,2030,VOM,1.0,EUR/MWh_th,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",41 Electric Boilers: Variable O&M -central resistive heater,2030,efficiency,0.99,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","41 Electric Boilers: Total efficiency , net, annual average" -central resistive heater,2030,investment,60.0,EUR/kW_th,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",41 Electric Boilers: Nominal investment; 10/15 kV; >10 MW -central resistive heater,2030,lifetime,20.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",41 Electric Boilers: Technical lifetime -central solar thermal,2030,FOM,1.4,%/year,HP," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -central solar thermal,2030,investment,140000.0,EUR/1000m2,HP," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -central solar thermal,2030,lifetime,20.0,years,HP," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -central solid biomass CHP,2030,FOM,2.87,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09a Wood Chips, Large 50 degree: Fixed O&M" -central solid biomass CHP,2030,VOM,4.58,EUR/MWh_e,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09a Wood Chips, Large 50 degree: Variable O&M " -central solid biomass CHP,2030,c_b,0.35,50°C/100°C,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09a Wood Chips, Large 50 degree: Cb coefficient" -central solid biomass CHP,2030,c_v,1.0,50°C/100°C,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09a Wood Chips, Large 50 degree: Cv coefficient" -central solid biomass CHP,2030,efficiency,0.27,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09a Wood Chips, Large 50 degree: Electricity efficiency, net, annual average" -central solid biomass CHP,2030,efficiency-heat,0.82,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09a Wood Chips, Large 50 degree: Heat efficiency, net, annual average" -central solid biomass CHP,2030,investment,3349.49,EUR/kW_e,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09a Wood Chips, Large 50 degree: Nominal investment " -central solid biomass CHP,2030,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","09a Wood Chips, Large 50 degree: Technical lifetime" -central solid biomass CHP,2030,p_nom_ratio,1.0,per unit,," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -central water tank storage,2030,FOM,0.55,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx",140 PTES seasonal: Fixed O&M -central water tank storage,2030,investment,0.54,EUR/kWhCapacity,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx",140 PTES seasonal: Specific investment -central water tank storage,2030,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx",140 PTES seasonal: Technical lifetime -clean water tank storage,2030,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Caldera et al 2016: Local cost of seawater RO desalination based on solar PV and windenergy: A global estimate. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.004), Table 1.", -clean water tank storage,2030,investment,67.63,EUR/m^3-H2O,"Caldera et al 2016: Local cost of seawater RO desalination based on solar PV and windenergy: A global estimate. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.004), Table 1.", -clean water tank storage,2030,lifetime,30.0,years,"Caldera et al 2016: Local cost of seawater RO desalination based on solar PV and windenergy: A global estimate. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.004), Table 1.", -coal,2030,CO2 intensity,0.34,tCO2/MWh_th,Entwicklung der spezifischen Kohlendioxid-Emissionen des deutschen Strommix in den Jahren 1990 - 2018, -coal,2030,FOM,1.6,%/year,Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0, -coal,2030,VOM,3.5,EUR/MWh_e,Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0, -coal,2030,efficiency,0.33,per unit,Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0, -coal,2030,fuel,8.15,EUR/MWh_th,BP 2019, -coal,2030,investment,3845.51,EUR/kW_e,Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0, -coal,2030,lifetime,40.0,years,Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0, -csp-tower,2030,FOM,1.1,%/year,ATB CSP data (https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2021/concentrating_solar_power), -csp-tower,2030,investment,98.15,"EUR/kW_th,dp",ATB CSP data (https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2021/concentrating_solar_power) and NREL SAM v2021.12.2 (https://sam.nrel.gov/)., -csp-tower,2030,lifetime,30.0,years,ATB CSP data (https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2021/concentrating_solar_power), -csp-tower TES,2030,FOM,1.1,%/year,see solar-tower., -csp-tower TES,2030,investment,13.15,EUR/kWh_th,ATB CSP data (https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2021/concentrating_solar_power) and NREL SAM v2021.12.2 (https://sam.nrel.gov/)., -csp-tower TES,2030,lifetime,30.0,years,see solar-tower., -csp-tower power block,2030,FOM,1.1,%/year,see solar-tower., -csp-tower power block,2030,investment,687.6,EUR/kW_e,ATB CSP data (https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2021/concentrating_solar_power) and NREL SAM v2021.12.2 (https://sam.nrel.gov/)., -csp-tower power block,2030,lifetime,30.0,years,see solar-tower., -decentral CHP,2030,FOM,3.0,%/year,HP," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -decentral CHP,2030,discount rate,0.04,per unit,Palzer thesis," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -decentral CHP,2030,investment,1400.0,EUR/kWel,HP," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -decentral CHP,2030,lifetime,25.0,years,HP," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -decentral air-sourced heat pump,2030,FOM,3.0,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx",207.3 Air to water existing: Fixed O&M -decentral air-sourced heat pump,2030,discount rate,0.04,per unit,Palzer thesis," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -decentral air-sourced heat pump,2030,efficiency,3.6,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx","207.3 Air to water existing: Heat efficiency, annual average, net, radiators, existing one family house" -decentral air-sourced heat pump,2030,investment,850.0,EUR/kW_th,"Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx",207.3 Air to water existing: Specific investment -decentral air-sourced heat pump,2030,lifetime,18.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx",207.3 Air to water existing: Technical lifetime -decentral gas boiler,2030,FOM,6.69,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx",202 Natural gas boiler: Fixed O&M -decentral gas boiler,2030,discount rate,0.04,per unit,Palzer thesis," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -decentral gas boiler,2030,efficiency,0.98,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx","202 Natural gas boiler: Total efficiency, annual average, net" -decentral gas boiler,2030,investment,296.82,EUR/kW_th,"Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx",202 Natural gas boiler: Specific investment -decentral gas boiler,2030,lifetime,20.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx",202 Natural gas boiler: Technical lifetime -decentral gas boiler connection,2030,investment,185.51,EUR/kW_th,"Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx",: Possible additional specific investment -decentral gas boiler connection,2030,lifetime,50.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx",: Technical lifetime -decentral ground-sourced heat pump,2030,FOM,1.82,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx",207.7 Ground source existing: Fixed O&M -decentral ground-sourced heat pump,2030,discount rate,0.04,per unit,Palzer thesis," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -decentral ground-sourced heat pump,2030,efficiency,3.9,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx","207.7 Ground source existing: Heat efficiency, annual average, net, radiators, existing one family house" -decentral ground-sourced heat pump,2030,investment,1400.0,EUR/kW_th,"Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx",207.7 Ground source existing: Specific investment -decentral ground-sourced heat pump,2030,lifetime,20.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx",207.7 Ground source existing: Technical lifetime -decentral oil boiler,2030,FOM,2.0,%/year,Palzer thesis (https://energiesysteme-zukunft.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Publikationen/PDFs/ESYS_Materialien_Optimierungsmodell_REMod-D.pdf)," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -decentral oil boiler,2030,efficiency,0.9,per unit,Palzer thesis (https://energiesysteme-zukunft.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Publikationen/PDFs/ESYS_Materialien_Optimierungsmodell_REMod-D.pdf)," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -decentral oil boiler,2030,investment,156.01,EUR/kWth,Palzer thesis (https://energiesysteme-zukunft.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Publikationen/PDFs/ESYS_Materialien_Optimierungsmodell_REMod-D.pdf) (+eigene Berechnung)," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -decentral oil boiler,2030,lifetime,20.0,years,Palzer thesis (https://energiesysteme-zukunft.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Publikationen/PDFs/ESYS_Materialien_Optimierungsmodell_REMod-D.pdf)," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -decentral resistive heater,2030,FOM,2.0,%/year,Schaber thesis," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -decentral resistive heater,2030,discount rate,0.04,per unit,Palzer thesis," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -decentral resistive heater,2030,efficiency,0.9,per unit,Schaber thesis," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -decentral resistive heater,2030,investment,100.0,EUR/kWhth,Schaber thesis," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -decentral resistive heater,2030,lifetime,20.0,years,Schaber thesis," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -decentral solar thermal,2030,FOM,1.3,%/year,HP," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -decentral solar thermal,2030,discount rate,0.04,per unit,Palzer thesis," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -decentral solar thermal,2030,investment,270000.0,EUR/1000m2,HP," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -decentral solar thermal,2030,lifetime,20.0,years,HP," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -decentral water tank storage,2030,FOM,1.0,%/year,HP," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -decentral water tank storage,2030,discount rate,0.04,per unit,Palzer thesis," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -decentral water tank storage,2030,investment,18.38,EUR/kWh,IWES Interaktion," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -decentral water tank storage,2030,lifetime,20.0,years,HP," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -digestible biomass,2030,fuel,15.0,EUR/MWh_th,"JRC ENSPRESO ca avg for MINBIOAGRW1, ENS_Ref for 2040", -digestible biomass to hydrogen,2030,FOM,4.25,%/year,"Zech et.al. DBFZ Report Nr. 19. Hy-NOW - Evaluierung der Verfahren und Technologien für die Bereitstellung von Wasserstoff auf Basis von Biomasse, DBFZ, 2014", -digestible biomass to hydrogen,2030,capture rate,0.98,per unit,Assumption based on doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.01.006, -digestible biomass to hydrogen,2030,efficiency,0.39,per unit,"Zech et.al. DBFZ Report Nr. 19. Hy-NOW - Evaluierung der Verfahren und Technologien für die Bereitstellung von Wasserstoff auf Basis von Biomasse, DBFZ, 2014", -digestible biomass to hydrogen,2030,investment,2500.0,EUR/kW_th,"Zech et.al. DBFZ Report Nr. 19. Hy-NOW - Evaluierung der Verfahren und Technologien für die Bereitstellung von Wasserstoff auf Basis von Biomasse, DBFZ, 2014", -direct air capture,2030,FOM,4.95,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",403.a Direct air capture -direct air capture,2030,compression-electricity-input,0.15,MWh/tCO2,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",403.a Direct air capture -direct air capture,2030,compression-heat-output,0.2,MWh/tCO2,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",403.a Direct air capture -direct air capture,2030,electricity-input,0.32,MWh/tCO2,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",403.a Direct air capture -direct air capture,2030,heat-input,2.0,MWh/tCO2,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",403.a Direct air capture -direct air capture,2030,heat-output,1.0,MWh/tCO2,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",403.a Direct air capture -direct air capture,2030,investment,6000000.0,EUR/(tCO2/h),"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",403.a Direct air capture -direct air capture,2030,lifetime,20.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_carbon_capture_transport_storage.xlsx",403.a Direct air capture -electric boiler steam,2030,FOM,1.46,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",310.1 Electric boiler steam : Fixed O&M -electric boiler steam,2030,VOM,0.88,EUR/MWh,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",310.1 Electric boiler steam : Variable O&M -electric boiler steam,2030,efficiency,0.99,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx","310.1 Electric boiler steam : Total efficiency, net, annual average" -electric boiler steam,2030,investment,70.0,EUR/kW,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",310.1 Electric boiler steam : Nominal investment -electric boiler steam,2030,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",310.1 Electric boiler steam : Technical lifetime -electricity distribution grid,2030,FOM,2.0,%/year,TODO," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -electricity distribution grid,2030,investment,500.0,EUR/kW,TODO," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -electricity distribution grid,2030,lifetime,40.0,years,TODO," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -electricity grid connection,2030,FOM,2.0,%/year,TODO," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -electricity grid connection,2030,investment,140.0,EUR/kW,DEA," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -electricity grid connection,2030,lifetime,40.0,years,TODO," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -electrolysis,2030,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","86 AEC 100MW: Fixed O&M " -electrolysis,2030,efficiency,0.68,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",86 AEC 100MW: Hydrogen -electrolysis,2030,investment,450.0,EUR/kW_e,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",86 AEC 100MW: Specific investment -electrolysis,2030,lifetime,30.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",86 AEC 100MW: Technical lifetime -fuel cell,2030,FOM,5.0,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",12 LT-PEMFC CHP: Fixed O&M -fuel cell,2030,c_b,1.25,50oC/100oC,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",12 LT-PEMFC CHP: Cb coefficient -fuel cell,2030,efficiency,0.5,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","12 LT-PEMFC CHP: Electricity efficiency, annual average" -fuel cell,2030,investment,1100.0,EUR/kW_e,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",12 LT-PEMFC CHP: Nominal investment -fuel cell,2030,lifetime,10.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",12 LT-PEMFC CHP: Technical lifetime -gas,2030,CO2 intensity,0.2,tCO2/MWh_th,Stoichiometric calculation with 50 GJ/t CH4, -gas,2030,fuel,20.1,EUR/MWh_th,BP 2019, -gas boiler steam,2030,FOM,4.18,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",311.1c Steam boiler Gas: Fixed O&M -gas boiler steam,2030,VOM,1.0,EUR/MWh,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",311.1c Steam boiler Gas: Variable O&M -gas boiler steam,2030,efficiency,0.93,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx","311.1c Steam boiler Gas: Total efficiency, net, annual average" -gas boiler steam,2030,investment,45.45,EUR/kW,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",311.1c Steam boiler Gas: Nominal investment -gas boiler steam,2030,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",311.1c Steam boiler Gas: Technical lifetime -gas storage,2030,FOM,3.59,%,Danish Energy Agency,"150 Underground Storage of Gas, Operation and Maintenace, salt cavern (units converted)" -gas storage,2030,investment,0.03,EUR/kWh,Danish Energy Agency,"150 Underground Storage of Gas, Establishment of one cavern (units converted)" -gas storage,2030,lifetime,100.0,years,TODO no source,"estimation: most underground storage are already build, they do have a long lifetime" -gas storage charger,2030,investment,14.34,EUR/kW,Danish Energy Agency,"150 Underground Storage of Gas, Process equipment (units converted)" -gas storage discharger,2030,investment,4.78,EUR/kW,Danish Energy Agency,"150 Underground Storage of Gas, Process equipment (units converted)" -geothermal,2030,CO2 intensity,0.03,tCO2/MWhth,https://www.eia.gov/environment/emissions/co2_vol_mass.php," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -geothermal,2030,FOM,2.36,%/year,DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -geothermal,2030,efficiency,0.24,per unit,DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -geothermal,2030,investment,3392.0,EUR/kWel,DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -geothermal,2030,lifetime,40.0,years,IEA2010," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -helmeth,2030,FOM,3.0,%/year,no source," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -helmeth,2030,efficiency,0.8,per unit,HELMETH press release," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -helmeth,2030,investment,2000.0,EUR/kW,no source," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -helmeth,2030,lifetime,25.0,years,no source," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -home battery inverter,2030,FOM,0.34,%/year,"Global Energy System based on 100% Renewable Energy, Energywatchgroup/LTU University, 2019, Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx",: Fixed O&M -home battery inverter,2030,efficiency,0.96,per unit,"Global Energy System based on 100% Renewable Energy, Energywatchgroup/LTU University, 2019, Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx",: Round trip efficiency DC -home battery inverter,2030,investment,228.06,EUR/kW,"Global Energy System based on 100% Renewable Energy, Energywatchgroup/LTU University, 2019, Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx",: Output capacity expansion cost investment -home battery inverter,2030,lifetime,10.0,years,"Global Energy System based on 100% Renewable Energy, Energywatchgroup/LTU University, 2019, Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx, Note K.",: Technical lifetime -home battery storage,2030,investment,202.9,EUR/kWh,"Global Energy System based on 100% Renewable Energy, Energywatchgroup/LTU University, 2019, Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx",: Energy storage expansion cost investment -home battery storage,2030,lifetime,25.0,years,"Global Energy System based on 100% Renewable Energy, Energywatchgroup/LTU University, 2019, Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx",: Technical lifetime -hydro,2030,FOM,1.0,%/year,DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -hydro,2030,efficiency,0.9,per unit,DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -hydro,2030,investment,2208.16,EUR/kWel,DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -hydro,2030,lifetime,80.0,years,IEA2010," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -hydrogen storage,2030,investment,11.2,USD/kWh,budischak2013," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -hydrogen storage,2030,lifetime,20.0,years,budischak2013," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -hydrogen storage tank incl. compressor,2030,FOM,1.11,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx",151a Hydrogen Storage - Tanks: Fixed O&M -hydrogen storage tank incl. compressor,2030,investment,44.91,EUR/kWh,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx",151a Hydrogen Storage - Tanks: Specific investment -hydrogen storage tank incl. compressor,2030,lifetime,30.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx",151a Hydrogen Storage - Tanks: Technical lifetime -hydrogen storage underground,2030,FOM,0.0,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx",151c Hydrogen Storage - Caverns: Fixed O&M -hydrogen storage underground,2030,VOM,0.0,EUR/MWh,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx",151c Hydrogen Storage - Caverns: Variable O&M -hydrogen storage underground,2030,investment,2.0,EUR/kWh,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx",151c Hydrogen Storage - Caverns: Specific investment -hydrogen storage underground,2030,lifetime,100.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx",151c Hydrogen Storage - Caverns: Technical lifetime -industrial heat pump high temperature,2030,FOM,0.09,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",302.b High temp. hp Up to 150: Fixed O&M -industrial heat pump high temperature,2030,VOM,3.2,EUR/MWh,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",302.b High temp. hp Up to 150: Variable O&M -industrial heat pump high temperature,2030,efficiency,3.05,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx","302.b High temp. hp Up to 150: Total efficiency, net, annual average" -industrial heat pump high temperature,2030,investment,934.56,EUR/kW,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",302.b High temp. hp Up to 150: Nominal investment -industrial heat pump high temperature,2030,lifetime,20.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",302.b High temp. hp Up to 150: Technical lifetime -industrial heat pump medium temperature,2030,FOM,0.11,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",302.a High temp. hp Up to 125 C: Fixed O&M -industrial heat pump medium temperature,2030,VOM,3.2,EUR/MWh,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",302.a High temp. hp Up to 125 C: Variable O&M -industrial heat pump medium temperature,2030,efficiency,2.7,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx","302.a High temp. hp Up to 125 C: Total efficiency, net, annual average" -industrial heat pump medium temperature,2030,investment,778.8,EUR/kW,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",302.a High temp. hp Up to 125 C: Nominal investment -industrial heat pump medium temperature,2030,lifetime,20.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",302.a High temp. hp Up to 125 C: Technical lifetime -lignite,2030,CO2 intensity,0.41,tCO2/MWh_th,Entwicklung der spezifischen Kohlendioxid-Emissionen des deutschen Strommix in den Jahren 1990 - 2018, -lignite,2030,FOM,1.6,%/year,Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0, -lignite,2030,VOM,3.5,EUR/MWh_e,Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0, -lignite,2030,efficiency,0.33,per unit,Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0, -lignite,2030,fuel,2.9,EUR/MWh_th,DIW, -lignite,2030,investment,3845.51,EUR/kW_e,Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0, -lignite,2030,lifetime,40.0,years,Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0, -methanation,2030,FOM,3.0,%/year,"Agora Energiewende (2018): The Future Cost of Electricity-Based Synthetic Fuels (https://www.agora-energiewende.de/en/publications/the-future-cost-of-electricity-based-synthetic-fuels-1/), section 6.2.3.1", -methanation,2030,capture rate,0.98,per unit,Assumption based on doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.01.006, -methanation,2030,efficiency,0.8,per unit,"Agora Energiewende (2018): The Future Cost of Electricity-Based Synthetic Fuels (https://www.agora-energiewende.de/en/publications/the-future-cost-of-electricity-based-synthetic-fuels-1/), section 6.2.3.1", -methanation,2030,investment,628.6,"EUR/MW_CH4; and -EUR/kW_CH4","Agora Energiewende (2018): The Future Cost of Electricity-Based Synthetic Fuels (https://www.agora-energiewende.de/en/publications/the-future-cost-of-electricity-based-synthetic-fuels-1/), table 6: “Reference scenario”.", -methanation,2030,lifetime,20.0,years,Guesstimate., -methane storage tank incl. compressor,2030,FOM,1.9,%/year,"Guesstimate, based on hydrogen storage tank by DEA.", -methane storage tank incl. compressor,2030,investment,8629.2,EUR/m^3,Storage costs per l: https://www.compositesworld.com/articles/pressure-vessels-for-alternative-fuels-2014-2023 (2021-02-10)., -methane storage tank incl. compressor,2030,lifetime,30.0,years,"Guesstimate, based on hydrogen storage tank by DEA.", -methanolisation,2030,FOM,3.0,%/year,"Agora Energiewende (2018): The Future Cost of Electricity-Based Synthetic Fuels (https://www.agora-energiewende.de/en/publications/the-future-cost-of-electricity-based-synthetic-fuels-1/), section 6.3.2.1.", -methanolisation,2030,investment,650711.26,EUR/MW_MeOH,"Agora Energiewende (2018): The Future Cost of Electricity-Based Synthetic Fuels (https://www.agora-energiewende.de/en/publications/the-future-cost-of-electricity-based-synthetic-fuels-1/), table 8: “Reference scenario”.", -methanolisation,2030,lifetime,20.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Renewable Fuels (04/2022), Data sheet “Methanol to Power”.", -micro CHP,2030,FOM,6.11,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx",219 LT-PEMFC mCHP - natural gas: Fixed O&M -micro CHP,2030,efficiency,0.35,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx","219 LT-PEMFC mCHP - natural gas: Electric efficiency, annual average, net" -micro CHP,2030,efficiency-heat,0.61,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx","219 LT-PEMFC mCHP - natural gas: Heat efficiency, annual average, net" -micro CHP,2030,investment,7410.27,EUR/kW_th,"Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx",219 LT-PEMFC mCHP - natural gas: Specific investment -micro CHP,2030,lifetime,20.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technologydatafor_heating_installations_marts_2018.xlsx",219 LT-PEMFC mCHP - natural gas: Technical lifetime -nuclear,2030,FOM,1.4,%/year,Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0, -nuclear,2030,VOM,3.5,EUR/MWh_e,Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0, -nuclear,2030,efficiency,0.33,per unit,Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0, -nuclear,2030,fuel,2.6,EUR/MWh_th,Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0, -nuclear,2030,investment,7940.45,EUR/kW_e,Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0, -nuclear,2030,lifetime,40.0,years,Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0, -offwind,2030,FOM,2.32,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","21 Offshore turbines: Fixed O&M [EUR/MW_e/y, 2020]" -offwind,2030,VOM,0.02,EUR/MWhel,RES costs made up to fix curtailment order," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -offwind,2030,investment,1523.55,"EUR/kW_e, 2020","Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","21 Offshore turbines: Nominal investment [MEUR/MW_e, 2020] grid connection costs substracted from investment costs" -offwind,2030,lifetime,30.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",21 Offshore turbines: Technical lifetime [years] -offwind-ac-connection-submarine,2030,investment,2685.0,EUR/MW/km,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -offwind-ac-connection-underground,2030,investment,1342.0,EUR/MW/km,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -offwind-ac-station,2030,investment,250.0,EUR/kWel,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -offwind-dc-connection-submarine,2030,investment,2000.0,EUR/MW/km,DTU report based on Fig 34 of https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2014_nsog_report.pdf," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -offwind-dc-connection-underground,2030,investment,1000.0,EUR/MW/km,Haertel 2017; average + 13% learning reduction," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -offwind-dc-station,2030,investment,400.0,EUR/kWel,Haertel 2017; assuming one onshore and one offshore node + 13% learning reduction," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -oil,2030,CO2 intensity,0.26,tCO2/MWh_th,Stoichiometric calculation with 44 GJ/t diesel and -CH2- approximation of diesel, -oil,2030,FOM,2.46,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",50 Diesel engine farm: Fixed O&M -oil,2030,VOM,6.0,EUR/MWh,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",50 Diesel engine farm: Variable O&M -oil,2030,efficiency,0.35,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","50 Diesel engine farm: Electricity efficiency, annual average" -oil,2030,fuel,50.0,EUR/MWhth,IEA WEM2017 97USD/boe = http://www.iea.org/media/weowebsite/2017/WEM_Documentation_WEO2017.pdf," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -oil,2030,investment,343.0,EUR/kW,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",50 Diesel engine farm: Specific investment -oil,2030,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",50 Diesel engine farm: Technical lifetime -onwind,2030,FOM,1.22,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",20 Onshore turbines: Fixed O&M -onwind,2030,VOM,1.35,EUR/MWh,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",20 Onshore turbines: Variable O&M -onwind,2030,investment,1035.56,EUR/kW,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","20 Onshore turbines: Nominal investment " -onwind,2030,lifetime,30.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",20 Onshore turbines: Technical lifetime -ror,2030,FOM,2.0,%/year,DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -ror,2030,efficiency,0.9,per unit,DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -ror,2030,investment,3312.24,EUR/kWel,DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -ror,2030,lifetime,80.0,years,IEA2010," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -seawater desalination,2030,FOM,4.0,%/year,"Caldera et al 2016: Local cost of seawater RO desalination based on solar PV and windenergy: A global estimate. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.004), Table 1.", -seawater desalination,2030,electricity-input,3.03,kWh/m^3-H2O,"Caldera et al 2016: Local cost of seawater RO desalination based on solar PV and windenergy: A global estimate. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.004), Fig. 4.", -seawater desalination,2030,investment,32882.05,EUR/(m^3-H2O/h),"Caldera et al 2017: Learning Curve for Seawater Reverse Osmosis Desalination Plants: Capital Cost Trend of the Past, Present, and Future (https://doi.org/10.1002/2017WR021402), Table 4.", -seawater desalination,2030,lifetime,30.0,years,"Caldera et al 2016: Local cost of seawater RO desalination based on solar PV and windenergy: A global estimate. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.004), Table 1.", -solar,2030,FOM,1.95,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",22 Rooftop PV residential: Fixed O&M [2020-EUR/MW_e/y] -solar,2030,VOM,0.01,EUR/MWhel,RES costs made up to fix curtailment order," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -solar,2030,investment,492.11,EUR/kW_e,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",22 Rooftop PV residential: Nominal investment [2020-MEUR/MW_e] -solar,2030,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",22 Rooftop PV residential: Technical lifetime [years] -solar-rooftop,2030,FOM,1.42,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",22 Rooftop PV residential: Fixed O&M [2020-EUR/MW_e/y] -solar-rooftop,2030,discount rate,0.04,per unit,standard for decentral," from old pypsa cost assumptions" -solar-rooftop,2030,investment,636.66,EUR/kW_e,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",22 Rooftop PV residential: Nominal investment [2020-MEUR/MW_e] -solar-rooftop,2030,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",22 Rooftop PV residential: Technical lifetime [years] -solar-rooftop commercial,2030,FOM,1.57,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",22 Rooftop PV commercial: Fixed O&M [2020-EUR/MW_e/y] -solar-rooftop commercial,2030,investment,512.47,EUR/kW_e,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",22 Rooftop PV commercial: Nominal investment [2020-MEUR/MW_e] -solar-rooftop commercial,2030,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",22 Rooftop PV commercial: Technical lifetime [years] -solar-rooftop residential,2030,FOM,1.27,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",22 Rooftop PV residential: Fixed O&M [2020-EUR/MW_e/y] -solar-rooftop residential,2030,investment,760.86,EUR/kW_e,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",22 Rooftop PV residential: Nominal investment [2020-MEUR/MW_e] -solar-rooftop residential,2030,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",22 Rooftop PV residential: Technical lifetime [years] -solar-utility,2030,FOM,2.48,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",22 Utility-scale PV: Fixed O&M [2020-EUR/MW_e/y] -solar-utility,2030,investment,347.56,EUR/kW_e,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",22 Utility-scale PV: Nominal investment [2020-MEUR/MW_e] -solar-utility,2030,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",22 Utility-scale PV: Technical lifetime [years] -solid biomass,2030,CO2 intensity,0.37,tCO2/MWh_th,Stoichiometric calculation with 18 GJ/t_DM LHV and 50% C-content for solid biomass, -solid biomass,2030,fuel,12.0,EUR/MWh_th,"JRC ENSPRESO ca avg for MINBIOWOOW1 (secondary forest residue wood chips), ENS_Ref for 2040", -solid biomass boiler steam,2030,FOM,6.08,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",311.1e Steam boiler Wood: Fixed O&M -solid biomass boiler steam,2030,VOM,2.82,EUR/MWh,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",311.1e Steam boiler Wood: Variable O&M -solid biomass boiler steam,2030,efficiency,0.89,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx","311.1e Steam boiler Wood: Total efficiency, net, annual average" -solid biomass boiler steam,2030,investment,590.91,EUR/kW,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",311.1e Steam boiler Wood: Nominal investment -solid biomass boiler steam,2030,lifetime,25.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_for_industrial_process_heat.xlsx",311.1e Steam boiler Wood: Technical lifetime -solid biomass to hydrogen,2030,FOM,4.25,%/year,"Zech et.al. DBFZ Report Nr. 19. Hy-NOW - Evaluierung der Verfahren und Technologien für die Bereitstellung von Wasserstoff auf Basis von Biomasse, DBFZ, 2014", -solid biomass to hydrogen,2030,capture rate,0.98,per unit,Assumption based on doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.01.006, -solid biomass to hydrogen,2030,efficiency,0.56,per unit,"Zech et.al. DBFZ Report Nr. 19. Hy-NOW - Evaluierung der Verfahren und Technologien für die Bereitstellung von Wasserstoff auf Basis von Biomasse, DBFZ, 2014", -solid biomass to hydrogen,2030,investment,2500.0,EUR/kW_th,"Zech et.al. DBFZ Report Nr. 19. Hy-NOW - Evaluierung der Verfahren und Technologien für die Bereitstellung von Wasserstoff auf Basis von Biomasse, DBFZ, 2014", -uranium,2030,fuel,2.6,EUR/MWh_th,Lazard s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis - Version 13.0, -water tank charger,2030,efficiency,0.84,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx",: efficiency from sqr(Round trip efficiency) -water tank discharger,2030,efficiency,0.84,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, technology_data_catalogue_for_energy_storage.xlsx",: efficiency from sqr(Round trip efficiency) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/scripts/build_powerplants.py b/scripts/build_powerplants.py index 13215798..9ca67a53 100755 --- a/scripts/build_powerplants.py +++ b/scripts/build_powerplants.py @@ -107,10 +107,6 @@ def replace_natural_gas_fueltype(df): return df.Fueltype.where(df.Fueltype != "Natural Gas", df.Technology) -def replace_natural_gas_by_technology(df): - return df.Fueltype.where(df.Fueltype != 'Natural Gas', df.Technology) - - if __name__ == "__main__": if "snakemake" not in globals(): from _helpers import mock_snakemake diff --git a/scripts/solve_network.py b/scripts/solve_network.py index 76d9e0ba..e671ffd3 100644 --- a/scripts/solve_network.py +++ b/scripts/solve_network.py @@ -464,44 +464,6 @@ def add_operational_reserve_margin(n, sns, config): n.model.add_constraints(lhs <= rhs, name="Generator-p-reserve-upper") -def add_minRenew_constraints(n, config, o): - ''' - Adds the constraint to have a minimum share of renewable energy production. - As renewable carriers the renewables from the configs listed under renewable are taken. - To use this constraint simply add the wildcard RE{share} in the opts wildcard like RE0.8 for a 80% renewable share - ''' - import operator - renewables=list(config["electricity"]["renewable_aim"].keys()) - if len(o)>2: - share=float(o[2:]) - renewables_b = n.generators.carrier.str.contains("|".join(renewables)) - renewables_i = n.generators[renewables_b].index - conventionals_i = n.generators[~renewables_b].index - weightings = n.snapshot_weightings.generators - coeff_vres = pd.DataFrame({c: weightings for c in renewables_i}) - coeff_conv = pd.DataFrame({c: weightings for c in conventionals_i}) - vres = get_var(n, "Generator", "p")[renewables_i] - conv = get_var(n, "Generator", "p")[conventionals_i] - lhs = linexpr(((1 - share) * coeff_vres, vres)).sum().sum() - lhs += linexpr((- share * coeff_conv, conv)).sum().sum() - rhs = 0 - define_constraints(n, lhs, '>=', rhs, 'Carrier', 'min_generation_renewables') - else: - for tech in renewables: - filter = n.generators.query("carrier.str.match(@tech)").index - lhs= linexpr((1, get_var(n, "Generator", "p_nom").loc[filter])).sum() - rhs= config["electricity"]["renewable_aim"][tech] * 1000 #in GW - define_constraints(n, lhs, '>=', rhs, 'Carrier', f'min_capacity_{tech}') - -def add_base_load_constraint(n, config): - ''' - Adds the constraint that conventional carriers defined in the config have a base load namely p_min_pu. - To use this constraint simply add the wildcard BL in the opts wildcard. - ''' - carriers=config["electricity"]["base_load"].keys() - for carrier in carriers: - filter=n.generators.query("carrier==@carrier").index - n.generators.loc[filter,"p_min_pu"]=config["electricity"]["base_load"][carrier] def add_battery_constraints(n): """ @@ -618,16 +580,12 @@ def extra_functionality(n, snapshots): add_SAFE_constraints(n, config) if "CCL" in opts and n.generators.p_nom_extendable.any(): add_CCL_constraints(n, config) - if "BL" in opts: - add_base_load_constraint(n, config) reserve = config["electricity"].get("operational_reserve", {}) if reserve.get("activate"): add_operational_reserve_margin(n, snapshots, config) for o in opts: if "EQ" in o: add_EQ_constraints(n, o) - if 'RE' in o: - add_minRenew_constraints(n, config, o) add_battery_constraints(n) add_pipe_retrofit_constraint(n) diff --git a/workflow.png b/workflow.png deleted file mode 100644 index 9c149766..00000000 Binary files a/workflow.png and /dev/null differ