diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
index 9cecc1d4..dc10fd32 100644
--- a/LICENSE.txt
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -1,674 +1,20 @@
- GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
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-reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates
-an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the
-Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a
-copy of the Program in return for a fee.
-
- END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
-
- How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
-
- If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
-possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
-free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
-
- To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
-to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
-state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
-the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
-
- {one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.}
- Copyright (C) {year} {name of author}
-
- This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
- it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
- the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
- (at your option) any later version.
-
- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
- GNU General Public License for more details.
-
- You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
- along with this program. If not, see .
-
-Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
-
- If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short
-notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
-
- {project} Copyright (C) {year} {fullname}
- This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
- This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
- under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
-
-The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
-parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands
-might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box".
-
- You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school,
-if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary.
-For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see
-.
-
- The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program
-into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you
-may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with
-the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General
-Public License instead of this License. But first, please read
-.
+MIT License
+
+Copyright 2017-2021 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index fe81519b..83ebbbe7 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -65,6 +65,6 @@ the additional sectors.
# Licence
The code in PyPSA-Eur-Sec is released as free software under the
-[GPLv3](http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.en.html), see LICENSE.txt.
+[MIT License](https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT), see `LICENSE.txt`.
However, different licenses and terms of use may apply to the various
input data.
diff --git a/config.default.yaml b/config.default.yaml
index 6671bbe9..5734e52a 100644
--- a/config.default.yaml
+++ b/config.default.yaml
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ electricity:
# regulate what components with which carriers are kept from PyPSA-Eur;
# some technologies are removed because they are implemented differently
-# (e.g. battery or H2 storage) or have different year-dependent costs
+# (e.g. battery or H2 storage) or have different year-dependent costs
# in PyPSA-Eur-Sec
pypsa_eur:
Bus:
@@ -223,7 +223,8 @@ sector:
co2_vent: true
SMR: true
co2_sequestration_potential: 200 #MtCO2/a sequestration potential for Europe
- co2_sequestration_cost: 20 #EUR/tCO2 for transport and sequestration of CO2
+ co2_sequestration_cost: 10 #EUR/tCO2 for sequestration of CO2
+ co2_network: false
cc_fraction: 0.9 # default fraction of CO2 captured with post-combustion capture
hydrogen_underground_storage: true
use_fischer_tropsch_waste_heat: true
@@ -335,7 +336,7 @@ solving:
plotting:
map:
- boundaries: [-11, 30, 34, 71]
+ boundaries: [-11, 30, 34, 71]
color_geomap:
ocean: white
land: whitesmoke
@@ -420,6 +421,7 @@ plotting:
lines: k
transmission lines: k
H2: m
+ H2 liquefaction: m
hydrogen storage: m
battery: slategray
battery storage: slategray
@@ -466,6 +468,7 @@ plotting:
hot water storage: '#BBBBBB'
hot water charging: '#BBBBBB'
hot water discharging: '#999999'
+ CO2 pipeline: '#999999'
CHP: r
CHP heat: r
CHP electric: r
diff --git a/doc/index.rst b/doc/index.rst
index 1bf307f5..0c6f929d 100644
--- a/doc/index.rst
+++ b/doc/index.rst
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ it.
Licence
=======
-The code in PyPSA-Eur-Sec is released as free software under the `GPLv3
-`_, see
+The code in PyPSA-Eur-Sec is released as free software under the
+`MIT license `_, see
`LICENSE `_.
However, different licenses and terms of use may apply to the various input data.
diff --git a/doc/release_notes.rst b/doc/release_notes.rst
index 5e92c897..6361563b 100644
--- a/doc/release_notes.rst
+++ b/doc/release_notes.rst
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ Future release
.. note::
This unreleased version currently requires the master branches of PyPSA, PyPSA-Eur, and the technology-data repository.
+* With this release, we change the license from copyleft GPLv3 to the more
+ liberal MIT license with the consent of all contributors.
* Extended use of ``multiprocessing`` for much better performance
(from up to 20 minutes to less than one minute).
* Compatibility with ``atlite>=0.2``. Older versions of ``atlite`` will no longer work.
@@ -60,6 +62,14 @@ Future release
These are included in the environment specifications of PyPSA-Eur.
* Consistent use of ``__main__`` block and further unspecific code cleaning.
* Distinguish costs for home battery storage and inverter from utility-scale battery costs.
+* Add option to regionally resolve CO2 storage and add CO2 pipeline transport because geological storage potential,
+ CO2 utilisation sites and CO2 capture sites may be separated.
+ The CO2 network is built from zero based on the topology of the electricity grid (greenfield).
+ Pipelines are assumed to be bidirectional and lossless.
+ Furthermore, neither retrofitting of natural gas pipelines (required pressures are too high, 80-160 bar vs <80 bar)
+ nor other modes of CO2 transport (by ship, road or rail) are considered.
+ The regional representation of CO2 is activated with the config setting ``sector: co2_network: true`` but is deactivated by default.
+ The global limit for CO2 sequestration now applies to the sum of all CO2 stores via an ``extra_functionality`` constraint.
* Added option for hydrogen liquefaction costs for hydrogen demand in shipping.
This introduces a new ``H2 liquid`` bus at each location.
It is activated via ``sector: shipping_hydrogen_liquefaction: true``.
@@ -72,6 +82,7 @@ Future release
The transport costs are determined based on the `JRC-EU-Times Bioenergy report `_
in the new optional rule ``build_biomass_transport_costs``.
Biomass transport can be activated with the setting ``sector: biomass_transport: true``.
+* Compatibility with ``xarray`` version 0.19.
PyPSA-Eur-Sec 0.5.0 (21st May 2021)
===================================
diff --git a/doc/spatial_resolution.rst b/doc/spatial_resolution.rst
index b4e65417..83a33f73 100644
--- a/doc/spatial_resolution.rst
+++ b/doc/spatial_resolution.rst
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ then distributed by population density within)
and transport of solid biomass is possible.
CO2: single node for Europe, but a transport and storage cost is added for
-sequestered CO2.
+sequestered CO2. Optionally: nodal, with CO2 transport via pipelines.
Liquid hydrocarbons: single node for Europe, since transport costs for
liquids are low.
diff --git a/scripts/add_existing_baseyear.py b/scripts/add_existing_baseyear.py
index 47c31c0e..2faa50f5 100644
--- a/scripts/add_existing_baseyear.py
+++ b/scripts/add_existing_baseyear.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ def add_build_year_to_new_assets(n, baseyear):
# Give assets with lifetimes and no build year the build year baseyear
for c in n.iterate_components(["Link", "Generator", "Store"]):
- assets = c.df.index[~c.df.lifetime.isna() & c.df.build_year.isna()]
+ assets = c.df.index[~c.df.lifetime.isna() & c.df.build_year==0]
c.df.loc[assets, "build_year"] = baseyear
# add -baseyear to name
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ def add_existing_renewables(df_agg):
}
for tech in ['solar', 'onwind', 'offwind']:
-
+
carrier = carriers[tech]
df = pd.read_csv(snakemake.input[f"existing_{tech}"], index_col=0).fillna(0.)
@@ -112,9 +112,9 @@ def add_power_capacities_installed_before_baseyear(n, grouping_years, costs, bas
Parameters
----------
n : pypsa.Network
- grouping_years :
+ grouping_years :
intervals to group existing capacities
- costs :
+ costs :
to read lifetime to estimate YearDecomissioning
baseyear : int
"""
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ def add_power_capacities_installed_before_baseyear(n, grouping_years, costs, bas
build_year=grouping_year,
lifetime=costs.at[generator, 'lifetime']
)
-
+
else:
n.madd("Link",
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ def add_heating_capacities_installed_before_baseyear(n, baseyear, grouping_years
df.fillna(0., inplace=True)
# convert GW to MW
- df *= 1e3
+ df *= 1e3
cc = pd.read_csv(snakemake.input.country_codes, index_col=0)
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ def add_heating_capacities_installed_before_baseyear(n, baseyear, grouping_years
efficiency = cop[heat_pump_type][nodes[name]]
else:
efficiency = costs.at[costs_name, 'efficiency']
-
+
for i, grouping_year in enumerate(grouping_years):
if int(grouping_year) + default_lifetime <= int(baseyear):
@@ -378,7 +378,7 @@ def add_heating_capacities_installed_before_baseyear(n, baseyear, grouping_years
build_year=int(grouping_year),
lifetime=costs.at[name_type + ' gas boiler', 'lifetime']
)
-
+
n.madd("Link",
nodes[name],
suffix=f" {name} oil boiler-{grouping_year}",
@@ -410,7 +410,8 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
simpl='',
clusters=45,
lv=1.0,
- sector_opts='Co2L0-168H-T-H-B-I-solar3-dist1',
+ opts='',
+ sector_opts='Co2L0-168H-T-H-B-I-solar+p3-dist1',
planning_horizons=2020,
)
diff --git a/scripts/build_population_layouts.py b/scripts/build_population_layouts.py
index 57934fb2..6c229797 100644
--- a/scripts/build_population_layouts.py
+++ b/scripts/build_population_layouts.py
@@ -90,8 +90,8 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
for key, pop in pop_cells.items():
- ycoords = ('y', cutout.coords['y'])
- xcoords = ('x', cutout.coords['x'])
+ ycoords = ('y', cutout.coords['y'].data)
+ xcoords = ('x', cutout.coords['x'].data)
values = pop.values.reshape(cutout.shape)
layout = xr.DataArray(values, [ycoords, xcoords])
diff --git a/scripts/plot_network.py b/scripts/plot_network.py
index cd74d3ea..5182123b 100644
--- a/scripts/plot_network.py
+++ b/scripts/plot_network.py
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ def plot_h2_map(network):
title='Electrolyzer capacity',
handler_map=make_handler_map_to_scale_circles_as_in(ax)
)
-
+
ax.add_artist(l2)
handles = []
@@ -398,7 +398,8 @@ def plot_series(network, carrier="AC", name="test"):
supply = pd.DataFrame(index=n.snapshots)
for c in n.iterate_components(n.branch_components):
- for i in range(2):
+ n_port = 4 if c.name=='Link' else 2
+ for i in range(n_port):
supply = pd.concat((supply,
(-1) * c.pnl["p" + str(i)].loc[:,
c.df.index[c.df["bus" + str(i)].isin(buses)]].groupby(c.df.carrier,
@@ -522,10 +523,11 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
snakemake = mock_snakemake(
'plot_network',
simpl='',
- clusters=48,
- lv=1.0,
- sector_opts='Co2L0-168H-T-H-B-I-solar3-dist1',
- planning_horizons=2050,
+ clusters=45,
+ lv=1.5,
+ opts='',
+ sector_opts='Co2L0-168H-T-H-B-I-solar+p3-dist1',
+ planning_horizons=2030,
)
overrides = override_component_attrs(snakemake.input.overrides)
diff --git a/scripts/prepare_sector_network.py b/scripts/prepare_sector_network.py
index c2fec14f..99afc5d6 100644
--- a/scripts/prepare_sector_network.py
+++ b/scripts/prepare_sector_network.py
@@ -36,6 +36,8 @@ def define_spatial(nodes):
global options
spatial.nodes = nodes
+
+ # biomass
spatial.biomass = SimpleNamespace()
@@ -51,6 +53,21 @@ def define_spatial(nodes):
spatial.biomass.industry_cc = ["solid biomass for industry CC"]
spatial.biomass.df = pd.DataFrame(vars(spatial.biomass), index=nodes)
+
+ # co2
+
+ spatial.co2 = SimpleNamespace()
+
+ if options["co2_network"]:
+ spatial.co2.nodes = nodes + " co2 stored"
+ spatial.co2.locations = nodes
+ spatial.co2.vents = nodes + " co2 vent"
+ else:
+ spatial.co2.nodes = ["co2 stored"]
+ spatial.co2.locations = ["EU"]
+ spatial.co2.vents = ["co2 vent"]
+
+ spatial.co2.df = pd.DataFrame(vars(spatial.co2), index=nodes)
def emission_sectors_from_opts(opts):
@@ -87,6 +104,40 @@ def get(item, investment_year=None):
return item
+def create_network_topology(n, prefix, connector=" -> "):
+ """
+ Create a network topology like the power transmission network.
+
+ Parameters
+ ----------
+ n : pypsa.Network
+ prefix : str
+ connector : str
+
+ Returns
+ -------
+ pd.DataFrame with columns bus0, bus1 and length
+ """
+
+ ln_attrs = ["bus0", "bus1", "length"]
+ lk_attrs = ["bus0", "bus1", "length", "underwater_fraction"]
+
+ candidates = pd.concat([
+ n.lines[ln_attrs],
+ n.links.loc[n.links.carrier == "DC", lk_attrs]
+ ]).fillna(0)
+
+ positive_order = candidates.bus0 < candidates.bus1
+ candidates_p = candidates[positive_order]
+ swap_buses = {"bus0": "bus1", "bus1": "bus0"}
+ candidates_n = candidates[~positive_order].rename(columns=swap_buses)
+ candidates = pd.concat([candidates_p, candidates_n])
+
+ topo = candidates.groupby(["bus0", "bus1"], as_index=False).mean()
+ topo.index = topo.apply(lambda c: prefix + c.bus0 + connector + c.bus1, axis=1)
+ return topo
+
+
def co2_emissions_year(countries, opts, year):
"""
Calculate CO2 emissions in one specific year (e.g. 1990 or 2018).
@@ -108,7 +159,7 @@ def co2_emissions_year(countries, opts, year):
co2_emissions = co2_totals.loc[countries, sectors].sum().sum()
# convert MtCO2 to GtCO2
- co2_emissions *= 0.001
+ co2_emissions *= 0.001
return co2_emissions
@@ -135,17 +186,14 @@ def build_carbon_budget(o, fn):
#emissions at the beginning of the path (last year available 2018)
e_0 = co2_emissions_year(countries, opts, year=2018)
-
- #emissions in 2019 and 2020 assumed equal to 2018 and substracted
- carbon_budget -= 2 * e_0
-
+
planning_horizons = snakemake.config['scenario']['planning_horizons']
t_0 = planning_horizons[0]
if "be" in o:
# final year in the path
- t_f = t_0 + (2 * carbon_budget / e_0).round(0)
+ t_f = t_0 + (2 * carbon_budget / e_0).round(0)
def beta_decay(t):
cdf_term = (t - t_0) / (t_f - t_0)
@@ -353,6 +401,9 @@ def patch_electricity_network(n):
update_wind_solar_costs(n, costs)
n.loads["carrier"] = "electricity"
n.buses["location"] = n.buses.index
+ # remove trailing white space of load index until new PyPSA version after v0.18.
+ n.loads.rename(lambda x: x.strip(), inplace=True)
+ n.loads_t.p_set.rename(lambda x: x.strip(), axis=1, inplace=True)
def add_co2_tracking(n, options):
@@ -379,26 +430,26 @@ def add_co2_tracking(n, options):
)
# this tracks CO2 stored, e.g. underground
- n.add("Bus",
- "co2 stored",
- location="EU",
+ n.madd("Bus",
+ spatial.co2.nodes,
+ location=spatial.co2.locations,
carrier="co2 stored"
)
- n.add("Store",
- "co2 stored",
+ n.madd("Store",
+ spatial.co2.nodes,
e_nom_extendable=True,
- e_nom_max=options['co2_sequestration_potential'] * 1e6,
+ e_nom_max=np.inf,
capital_cost=options['co2_sequestration_cost'],
carrier="co2 stored",
- bus="co2 stored"
+ bus=spatial.co2.nodes
)
if options['co2_vent']:
- n.add("Link",
- "co2 vent",
- bus0="co2 stored",
+ n.madd("Link",
+ spatial.co2.vents,
+ bus0=spatial.co2.nodes,
bus1="co2 atmosphere",
carrier="co2 vent",
efficiency=1.,
@@ -406,6 +457,28 @@ def add_co2_tracking(n, options):
)
+def add_co2_network(n, costs):
+
+ logger.info("Adding CO2 network.")
+ co2_links = create_network_topology(n, "CO2 pipeline ")
+
+ cost_onshore = (1 - co2_links.underwater_fraction) * costs.at['CO2 pipeline', 'fixed'] * co2_links.length
+ cost_submarine = co2_links.underwater_fraction * costs.at['CO2 submarine pipeline', 'fixed'] * co2_links.length
+ capital_cost = cost_onshore + cost_submarine
+
+ n.madd("Link",
+ co2_links.index,
+ bus0=co2_links.bus0.values + " co2 stored",
+ bus1=co2_links.bus1.values + " co2 stored",
+ p_min_pu=-1,
+ p_nom_extendable=True,
+ length=co2_links.length.values,
+ capital_cost=capital_cost.values,
+ carrier="CO2 pipeline",
+ lifetime=costs.at['CO2 pipeline', 'lifetime']
+ )
+
+
def add_dac(n, costs):
heat_carriers = ["urban central heat", "services urban decentral heat"]
@@ -419,7 +492,7 @@ def add_dac(n, costs):
locations,
suffix=" DAC",
bus0="co2 atmosphere",
- bus1="co2 stored",
+ bus1=spatial.co2.df.loc[locations, "nodes"].values,
bus2=locations.values,
bus3=heat_buses,
carrier="DAC",
@@ -850,7 +923,8 @@ def insert_electricity_distribution_grid(n, costs):
marginal_cost=n.generators.loc[solar, 'marginal_cost'],
capital_cost=costs.at['solar-rooftop', 'fixed'],
efficiency=n.generators.loc[solar, 'efficiency'],
- p_max_pu=n.generators_t.p_max_pu[solar]
+ p_max_pu=n.generators_t.p_max_pu[solar],
+ lifetime=costs.at['solar-rooftop', 'lifetime']
)
n.add("Carrier", "home battery")
@@ -898,7 +972,7 @@ def insert_gas_distribution_costs(n, costs):
# TODO options?
f_costs = options['gas_distribution_grid_cost_factor']
-
+
print("Inserting gas distribution grid with investment cost factor of", f_costs)
capital_cost = costs.loc['electricity distribution grid']["fixed"] * f_costs
@@ -907,7 +981,7 @@ def insert_gas_distribution_costs(n, costs):
gas_b = n.links.index[n.links.carrier.str.contains("gas boiler") &
(~n.links.carrier.str.contains("urban central"))]
n.links.loc[gas_b, "capital_cost"] += capital_cost
-
+
# micro CHPs
mchp = n.links.index[n.links.carrier.str.contains("micro gas")]
n.links.loc[mchp, "capital_cost"] += capital_cost
@@ -1069,10 +1143,11 @@ def add_storage(n, costs):
if options['methanation']:
n.madd("Link",
- nodes + " Sabatier",
+ spatial.nodes,
+ suffix=" Sabatier",
bus0=nodes + " H2",
bus1="EU gas",
- bus2="co2 stored",
+ bus2=spatial.co2.nodes,
p_nom_extendable=True,
carrier="Sabatier",
efficiency=costs.at["methanation", "efficiency"],
@@ -1084,10 +1159,11 @@ def add_storage(n, costs):
if options['helmeth']:
n.madd("Link",
- nodes + " helmeth",
+ spatial.nodes,
+ suffix=" helmeth",
bus0=nodes,
bus1="EU gas",
- bus2="co2 stored",
+ bus2=spatial.co2.nodes,
carrier="helmeth",
p_nom_extendable=True,
efficiency=costs.at["helmeth", "efficiency"],
@@ -1100,11 +1176,12 @@ def add_storage(n, costs):
if options['SMR']:
n.madd("Link",
- nodes + " SMR CC",
+ spatial.nodes,
+ suffix=" SMR CC",
bus0="EU gas",
bus1=nodes + " H2",
bus2="co2 atmosphere",
- bus3="co2 stored",
+ bus3=spatial.co2.nodes,
p_nom_extendable=True,
carrier="SMR CC",
efficiency=costs.at["SMR CC", "efficiency"],
@@ -1155,7 +1232,7 @@ def add_land_transport(n, costs):
suffix=" EV battery",
carrier="Li ion"
)
-
+
p_set = electric_share * (transport[nodes] + cycling_shift(transport[nodes], 1) + cycling_shift(transport[nodes], 2)) / 3
n.madd("Load",
@@ -1166,8 +1243,8 @@ def add_land_transport(n, costs):
p_set=p_set
)
-
- p_nom = nodal_transport_data["number cars"] * options.get("bev_charge_rate", 0.011) * electric_share
+
+ p_nom = nodal_transport_data["number cars"] * options.get("bev_charge_rate", 0.011) * electric_share
n.madd("Link",
nodes,
@@ -1199,7 +1276,7 @@ def add_land_transport(n, costs):
if electric_share > 0 and options["bev_dsm"]:
- e_nom = nodal_transport_data["number cars"] * options.get("bev_energy", 0.05) * options["bev_availability"] * electric_share
+ e_nom = nodal_transport_data["number cars"] * options.get("bev_energy", 0.05) * options["bev_availability"] * electric_share
n.madd("Store",
nodes,
@@ -1279,7 +1356,7 @@ def add_heat(n, costs):
"services urban decentral",
"urban central"
]
-
+
for name in heat_systems:
name_type = "central" if name == "urban central" else "decentral"
@@ -1361,16 +1438,16 @@ def add_heat(n, costs):
p_nom_extendable=True
)
-
+
if isinstance(options["tes_tau"], dict):
tes_time_constant_days = options["tes_tau"][name_type]
else:
logger.warning("Deprecated: a future version will require you to specify 'tes_tau' ",
"for 'decentral' and 'central' separately.")
tes_time_constant_days = options["tes_tau"] if name_type == "decentral" else 180.
-
+
# conversion from EUR/m^3 to EUR/MWh for 40 K diff and 1.17 kWh/m^3/K
- capital_cost = costs.at[name_type + ' water tank storage', 'fixed'] / 0.00117 / 40
+ capital_cost = costs.at[name_type + ' water tank storage', 'fixed'] / 0.00117 / 40
n.madd("Store",
nodes[name] + f" {name} water tanks",
@@ -1453,7 +1530,7 @@ def add_heat(n, costs):
bus1=nodes[name],
bus2=nodes[name] + " urban central heat",
bus3="co2 atmosphere",
- bus4="co2 stored",
+ bus4=spatial.co2.df.loc[nodes[name], "nodes"].values,
carrier="urban central gas CHP CC",
p_nom_extendable=True,
capital_cost=costs.at['central gas CHP', 'fixed']*costs.at['central gas CHP', 'efficiency'] + costs.at['biomass CHP capture', 'fixed']*costs.at['gas', 'CO2 intensity'],
@@ -1583,9 +1660,9 @@ def create_nodes_for_heat_sector():
# rural are areas with low heating density and individual heating
# urban are areas with high heating density
# urban can be split into district heating (central) and individual heating (decentral)
-
+
sectors = ["residential", "services"]
-
+
nodes = {}
for sector in sectors:
nodes[sector + " rural"] = pop_layout.index
@@ -1596,10 +1673,10 @@ def create_nodes_for_heat_sector():
nodes[sector + " urban decentral"] = pop_layout.index[pop_layout.ct.isin(urban_decentral_ct)]
else:
nodes[sector + " urban decentral"] = pop_layout.index
-
+
# for central nodes, residential and services are aggregated
nodes["urban central"] = pop_layout.index.symmetric_difference(nodes["residential urban decentral"])
-
+
return nodes
@@ -1720,7 +1797,7 @@ def add_biomass(n, costs):
bus1=urban_central,
bus2=urban_central + " urban central heat",
bus3="co2 atmosphere",
- bus4="co2 stored",
+ bus4=spatial.co2.df.loc[urban_central, "nodes"].values,
carrier="urban central solid biomass CHP CC",
p_nom_extendable=True,
capital_cost=costs.at[key, 'fixed'] * costs.at[key, 'efficiency'] + costs.at['biomass CHP capture', 'fixed'] * costs.at['solid biomass', 'CO2 intensity'],
@@ -1774,7 +1851,7 @@ def add_industry(n, costs):
bus0=spatial.biomass.nodes,
bus1=spatial.biomass.industry,
bus2="co2 atmosphere",
- bus3="co2 stored",
+ bus3=spatial.co2.nodes,
carrier="solid biomass for industry CC",
p_nom_extendable=True,
capital_cost=costs.at["cement capture", "fixed"] * costs.at['solid biomass', 'CO2 intensity'],
@@ -1807,12 +1884,13 @@ def add_industry(n, costs):
efficiency2=costs.at['gas', 'CO2 intensity']
)
- n.add("Link",
- "gas for industry CC",
+ n.madd("Link",
+ spatial.co2.locations,
+ suffix=" gas for industry CC",
bus0="EU gas",
bus1="gas for industry",
bus2="co2 atmosphere",
- bus3="co2 stored",
+ bus3=spatial.co2.nodes,
carrier="gas for industry CC",
p_nom_extendable=True,
capital_cost=costs.at["cement capture", "fixed"] * costs.at['gas', 'CO2 intensity'],
@@ -1871,9 +1949,9 @@ def add_industry(n, costs):
if shipping_hydrogen_share < 1:
shipping_oil_share = 1 - shipping_hydrogen_share
-
+
p_set = shipping_oil_share * nodal_energy_totals.loc[nodes, all_navigation].sum(axis=1) * 1e6 / 8760.
-
+
n.madd("Load",
nodes,
suffix=" shipping oil",
@@ -1881,7 +1959,7 @@ def add_industry(n, costs):
carrier="shipping oil",
p_set=p_set
)
-
+
co2 = shipping_oil_share * nodal_energy_totals.loc[nodes, all_navigation].sum().sum() * 1e6 / 8760 * costs.at["oil", "CO2 intensity"]
n.add("Load",
@@ -1900,7 +1978,7 @@ def add_industry(n, costs):
)
if "EU oil Store" not in n.stores.index:
-
+
#could correct to e.g. 0.001 EUR/kWh * annuity and O&M
n.add("Store",
"EU oil Store",
@@ -1943,7 +2021,7 @@ def add_industry(n, costs):
nodes + " Fischer-Tropsch",
bus0=nodes + " H2",
bus1="EU oil",
- bus2="co2 stored",
+ bus2=spatial.co2.nodes,
carrier="Fischer-Tropsch",
efficiency=costs.at["Fischer-Tropsch", 'efficiency'],
capital_cost=costs.at["Fischer-Tropsch", 'fixed'],
@@ -2032,11 +2110,12 @@ def add_industry(n, costs):
)
#assume enough local waste heat for CC
- n.add("Link",
- "process emissions CC",
+ n.madd("Link",
+ spatial.co2.locations,
+ suffix=" process emissions CC",
bus0="process emissions",
bus1="co2 atmosphere",
- bus2="co2 stored",
+ bus2=spatial.co2.nodes,
carrier="process emissions CC",
p_nom_extendable=True,
capital_cost=costs.at["cement capture", "fixed"],
@@ -2067,7 +2146,7 @@ def add_waste_heat(n):
def decentral(n):
- """Removes the electricity transmission system."""
+ """Removes the electricity transmission system."""
n.lines.drop(n.lines.index, inplace=True)
n.links.drop(n.links.index[n.links.carrier.isin(["DC", "B2B"])], inplace=True)
@@ -2100,7 +2179,7 @@ def maybe_adjust_costs_and_potentials(n, opts):
if attr == 'p_nom_max':
comps = {"Generator", "Link", "StorageUnit"}
elif attr == 'e_nom_max':
- comps = {"Store"}
+ comps = {"Store"}
else:
comps = {"Generator", "Link", "StorageUnit", "Store"}
for c in n.iterate_components(comps):
@@ -2126,10 +2205,11 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
snakemake = mock_snakemake(
'prepare_sector_network',
simpl='',
- clusters=48,
+ clusters=45,
lv=1.0,
+ opts='',
sector_opts='Co2L0-168H-T-H-B-I-solar3-dist1',
- planning_horizons=2020,
+ planning_horizons=2030,
)
logging.basicConfig(level=snakemake.config['logging_level'])
@@ -2157,7 +2237,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
define_spatial(pop_layout.index)
if snakemake.config["foresight"] == 'myopic':
-
+
add_lifetime_wind_solar(n, costs)
conventional = snakemake.config['existing_capacities']['conventional_carriers']
@@ -2210,6 +2290,9 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
if "noH2network" in opts:
remove_h2_network(n)
+ if options["co2_network"]:
+ add_co2_network(n, costs)
+
for o in opts:
m = re.match(r'^\d+h$', o, re.IGNORECASE)
if m is not None:
diff --git a/scripts/solve_network.py b/scripts/solve_network.py
index a46acc30..9534a123 100644
--- a/scripts/solve_network.py
+++ b/scripts/solve_network.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
import pypsa
import numpy as np
+import pandas as pd
from pypsa.linopt import get_var, linexpr, define_constraints
@@ -150,8 +151,26 @@ def add_chp_constraints(n):
define_constraints(n, lhs, "<=", 0, 'chplink', 'backpressure')
+def add_co2_sequestration_limit(n, sns):
+
+ co2_stores = n.stores.loc[n.stores.carrier=='co2 stored'].index
+
+ if co2_stores.empty or ('Store', 'e') not in n.variables.index:
+ return
+
+ vars_final_co2_stored = get_var(n, 'Store', 'e').loc[sns[-1], co2_stores]
+
+ lhs = linexpr((1, vars_final_co2_stored)).sum()
+ rhs = n.config["sector"].get("co2_sequestration_potential", 200) * 1e6
+
+ name = 'co2_sequestration_limit'
+ define_constraints(n, lhs, "<=", rhs, 'GlobalConstraint',
+ 'mu', axes=pd.Index([name]), spec=name)
+
+
def extra_functionality(n, snapshots):
add_battery_constraints(n)
+ add_co2_sequestration_limit(n, snapshots)
def solve_network(n, config, opts='', **kwargs):