diff --git a/doc/supply_demand.rst b/doc/supply_demand.rst index 16ca40cb..1c3652ab 100644 --- a/doc/supply_demand.rst +++ b/doc/supply_demand.rst @@ -371,30 +371,30 @@ Annual energy demands for land transport, aviation and shipping for every countr *Land transport* -Both road and rail transport is combined as `land transport demand `_ although electrified rail transport is excluded because the energy is included in the electricity demand. +Both road and rail transport is combined as `land transport demand `_ although electrified rail transport is excluded because that demand is included in the current electricity demand. -The most important settings for land transport are the exogenously fixed fuel mix. In the `config file `_, the share of battery electric vehicles (BEV) and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCEV) can be set. The remaining percentage will be treated as internal combustion engines (ICE) that consume oil products. +The most important settings for land transport are the exogenously fixed fuel mix (an option enabling the endogeous optimization of transport electrification is planned but not yet implemented) . In the `config file `_, the share of battery electric vehicles (BEV) and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCEV) can be set. The remaining percentage will be treated as internal combustion engines (ICE) that consume oil products. -*Electric vehicles (BEV)* +*Battery Electric vehicles (BEV)* -For the electrified land transport, country-specific factors are computed by comparing the `current car final energy consumption per km in `_ (average for Europe 0.7 kWh/km) to the 0.18 kWh/km value assumed for battery-to-wheels efficiency in EVs. The characteristic `weekly profile `_ provided by the German Federal Highway Research Institute (BASt) is used to obtain hourly time series for European countries taking into account the corresponding local times. Furthermore, a temperature dependence is included in the time series to account for heating/cooling demand in transport. For temperatures `below `_/`above `_ certain threshold values, e.g. 15C/20C, `temperature coefficients `_ of typically 0.98%/C and 0.63%/C are assumed, based on the `paper `_. +For the electrified land transport, country-specific factors are computed by comparing the `current car final energy consumption per km in `_ (average for Europe 0.7 kWh/km) to the 0.18 kWh/km value assumed for battery-to-wheels efficiency in EVs. The characteristic `weekly profile `_ provided by the German Federal Highway Research Institute (BASt) is used to obtain hourly time series for European countries taking into account the corresponding local times. Furthermore, a temperature dependence is included in the time series to account for heating/cooling demand in transport. For temperatures `below `_/`above `_ certain threshold values, e.g. 15C/20C, `temperature coefficients `_ of typically 0.98%/C and 0.63%/C are assumed, based on the `paper `_. For BEVs the user can define the `storage energy capacity `_, `charging power capacity `_, and `charging efficiency `_. -For BEV, smart charging is an option. A `certain share `_ of the BEV fleet can shift their charging time. The BEV state of charge is forced to be higher than a `set percentage `_, e.g. 75%, every day at a `specified hour `_, e.g., 7 am, to ensure that the batteries are sufficiently charged for peak usage in the morning. They also have the option to participate in vehicle-to-grid (V2G) services to facilitate system operation if that `is enabled `_ +For BEV, smart charging is an option. A `certain share `_ of the BEV fleet can shift their charging time. The BEV state of charge is forced to be higher than a `set percentage `_, e.g. 75%, every day at a `specified hour `_, e.g., 7 am, to ensure that the batteries are sufficiently charged for peak usage in the morning and they not behave as seasonal storage. They also have the option to participate in vehicle-to-grid (V2G) services to facilitate system operation if that `is enabled `_ The battery cost of BEV is not included in the model since it is assumed that BEV owners buy them to primarily satisfy their mobility needs. *Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCEV)* -The share of all land transport that is specified to be be FCEV will be converted to a demand for hydrogen [link to hydrogen] using the `FCEV effeciency +The share of all land transport that is specified to be be FCEV will be converted to a demand for hydrogen [link to hydrogen] using the `FCEV efficiency `_. FCEVs are typically used to simulate demand for transport that is hard to electrify directly, e.g. heavy construction machinery. But it may also be used to investigate a more widespread adoption of the technology. *Internal combustion engine vehicles (ICE)* -All land transport that is not specified to be either BEV or FCEV will be treated as conventional ICEs. The transport demand is converted to a demand for oil products [link to oil products] using the `ICE effeciency +All land transport that is not specified to be either BEV or FCEV will be treated as conventional ICEs. The transport demand is converted to a demand for oil products [link to oil products] using the `ICE efficiency `_. *Aviation* @@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ Shipping energy demand is covered by a combination of oil and hydrogen. Other fu To estimate the `hydrogen demand `_, the average fuel efficiency of the fleet is used in combination with the efficiency of the fuel cell defined in the technology-data repository. The average fuel efficiency is set in the `config file `_. -The consumed hydrogen comes from the general hydrogen bus where it can be produced by SMR, SMR+CC or electrolysers [link to hydrogen]. The fraction that is not converted into hydrogen use oil products, i.e., is connected to the general oil bus. +The consumed hydrogen comes from the general hydrogen bus where it can be produced by SMR, SMR+CC or electrolysers [link to hydrogen]. The fraction that is not converted into hydrogen use oil products, i.e. is connected to the general oil bus. The energy demand for liquefaction of the hydrogen used for shipping can be `included `_. If this option is selected, liquifaction will happen at the `node where the shipping demand occurs `_.